对中国药典2005年版二部抗生素微生物检定浊度法的商榷(一)

抗生素微生物检定浊度法在《美国药典》、《英国药典》和《欧州药典》中均得到了广泛的应用，浊度法具备方法简单、快速准确的优点，《中国药典》2005年版（下称“中国药典”）也收载了该法。     

微生物絮凝剂废水处理实验研究

从工业废水处理厂的活性污泥中分离出具有絮凝活性的菌株,并将选取的菌株用高岭土悬浊液做絮凝实验,选出絮凝活性高的菌株,并应用实际废水,实验证实微生物絮凝剂在废水处理中具有很好的絮凝效果。     

微生物制药与微生物药物研究现状

微生物制药是一种新型的制药技术,微生物药物是由微生物制药催生的生物药物,对于制药产业的发展及药物的创新、改革以及开发微生物资源具有极大的意义。本文首先简单介绍微生物药物及微生物制药的定义,简单介绍微生物制药的历史;然后逐一介绍目前微生物制药的现况及微生物药物在实际应用中的重要意义。最后结语阐述微生物制药所具有的优势和发展前景。     

漫谈结膜炎的治疗

由于各种病原微生物广泛存在于自然界,结膜又直接与外界接触,所以病原微生物常可通过手、物、水等媒介的直接接触传播,引起结膜炎。结膜炎传播的主要途径有两个：患眼-水-健眼、患眼-手或物-健眼。可见结膜炎传播方式简单、方便,而且广泛。     

基因芯片技术在临床微生物检验中的应用和优势

基因芯片技术作为一种前沿生物技术,具有灵敏、快速、高通量的优点,在医学的各个领域和临床微生物检验中都有广泛的应用。该文就基因芯片技术在临床微生物检验中的应用和优势进行了简要综述。     

药用辅料中的絮凝剂与反絮凝剂

综述了絮凝剂与反絮凝剂的概念、机理、分类和在药用辅料中的应用,及其对微晶原料和中药药液的助滤、纯化和超细微药物、混悬液、口服液的制备及药厂水处理中的应用。     

猪脾转移因子生产工艺的改进

目的在Laurence制备方法的基础上 ,改进转移因子的生产工艺。方法找到适当的絮凝剂和助滤剂 ,将过滤方法应用到转移因子生产工艺中。结果新工艺具有生产周期短、产品质量稳定、产量高、含量高等特点。结论改进后的工艺方法简单 ,生产成本低 ,可适用于大规模工业生产。     

beta葡聚糖的药理作用研究进展

葡聚糖广泛分布于高等植物、地衣、海藻、动物和微生物中。微生物来源的葡聚糖是至今研究得比较详细的一类多糖,其中关注最多的是beta葡聚糖,其广泛的生物活性使得其成为微生物药物的一类重要组成部分,在新药研发中受到越来越多的重视。本文对迄今为止国内外所发现的葡聚糖的药用生物活性及其临床应用进行了综述。     

2002-2004年某院抗微生物药物使用情况分析

抗微生物药物是应用十分广泛的一类药物,在临床用药中占很重要的地位,随着临床抗微生物药物的广泛使用,细菌耐药性逐渐产生,细菌对药物的敏感性不断产生变化,给临床医生有针对性地应用抗微生物药物带来困难,影响医疗质量.如何合理应用抗微生物药物,已是目前迫切需要解决的问题.本研究就某院抗微生物药物的用药频度和消耗金额进行统计分析,从而了解该院抗微生物药物的临床使用情况、特点及发展趋势,为临床合理用药提供参考.     

2005～2008年我院抗微生物药应用分析

目的：了解我院抗微生物药应用现状及趋势。方法：对我院2005～2008年抗微生物药销售金额、用药频度等指标进行统计、分析。结果：抗微生物药销售金额逐年上升,销售金额最大的为头孢菌素类,用药频度最高的为头孢菌素类。结论：头孢菌素类、氟喹诺酮类和抗病毒药为我院应用最广泛的抗微生物药。     

Corneal ulceration in pediatric patients: a brief overview of progress in topical treatment

Pediatric microbial keratitis is a rare but potentially devastating condition. The condition is similar to adult microbial keratitis, but is often characterized by a more severe inflammatory response. The micro-organisms that cause microbial keratitis in children are similar to the causative agents in adults, with herpes simplex and bacteria being the predominant causative agents, and fungi being less frequent. Of the bacterial pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and alpha-hemolytic streptococci are common. The risk factors for pediatric keratitis include colonization of the eyes during birth and trauma to the cornea. Certain microbial factors involved in microbial keratitis are common to all micro-organisms, including adhesion to the cornea, penetration into the cornea, destruction of the corneal stroma (usually by microbial and/or host proteases), and recruitment of white blood cells to help defend the eye. Specific inflammatory responses that occur during pediatric microbial keratitis are not known in detail, but it is likely that cytokines and polymorphonuclear leucocytes are major factors, as they are in adult microbial keratitis. Treatment for pediatric microbial keratitis is usually the same as treatment for adult microbial keratitis; topical application of antimicrobial agents initially, followed by application of anti-inflammatory agents. With pediatric microbial keratitis, extra care must be taken to ensure nontoxicity due to blood adsorption. New microbial keratitis treatments are being developed and these mainly focus on new antimicrobials, antivirulence agents (such as vaccination against microbial toxins) or specific anti-inflammatory agents. There remains a clear need for increased research into the specific responses during microbial keratitis in children which will help progress new therapies as well as the development of new antimicrobials, especially new antifungal therapies.     

Time-dependent effect of composted tannery sludge on the chemical and microbial properties of soil

Composting has been suggested as an efficient method for tannery sludge recycling before its application to the soil. However, the application of composted tannery sludge (CTS) should be monitored to evaluate its effect on the chemical and microbial properties of soil. This study evaluated the time-dependent effect of CTS on the chemical and microbial properties of soil. CTS was applied at 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20?Mg?ha^?1 and the soil chemical and microbial properties were evaluated at 0, 45, 75, 150, and 180 days. Increased CTS rates increased the levels of Ca, Cr, and Mg. While Soil pH, organic C, and P increased with the CTS rates initially, this effect decreased over time. Soil microbial biomass, respiration, metabolic quotient, and dehydrogenase increased with the application of CTS, but decreased over time. Analysis of the Principal Response Curve showed a significant effect of CTS rate on the chemical and microbial properties of the soil over time. The weight of each variable indicated that all soil properties, except β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase and microbial quotient, increased due to the CTS application. However, the highest weights were found for Cr, pH, Ca, P, phosphatase and total organic C. The application of CTS in the soil changed the chemical and microbial properties over time, indicating Cr, pH, Ca, phosphatase, and soil respiration as the more responsive chemical and microbial variables by CTS application.     

Biodegradability and microbial toxicity of aircraft fuel system icing inhibitors

In a pollution prevention and chemical substitution effort, the U.S. Air Force and Navy formed a joint initiative to find safer, more environmentally acceptable jet fuel system icing inhibitors (FSII) for military aircraft. Standard biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) analysis and variations of the BOD procedure were used as simple screening tools to evaluate the potential for aquatic biodegradation and microbial toxicity of proposed FSIIs. This laboratory evaluation of biological properties allows prediction of the biotreatability of the chemicals in wastewater treatment plants, and their potential application as biocides at higher concentrations. The current FSII, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DiEGME) was evaluated along with two new candidate compounds, dipropylene glycol and glycerol formal. At a low concentration (3.5 mg/L), DiEGME exerted a BOD₅ of about 27% of theoretical oxygen demand. Test concentrations of ≥7 mg/L had decreasing oxygen consumption rate and extent, typical of a material with potential aquatic microbial toxicity. Dipropylene glycol began to moderately degrade only after more than 3 weeks exposure to microorganisms obtained from raw sewage. Glycerol formal showed no signs of biodegradation during a 5-week test period. In a simple microbial toxicity test DiEGME was most toxic, dipropylene glycol was moderately toxic, and glycerol formal showed little toxicity. At low concentrations (7 mg/L), none of the chemicals significantly inhibited microbial activity (P=0.34). ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 14: 383–390, 1999     

微生物多糖的发酵生产及其在创面敷料中的应用

微生物多糖是细菌、真菌等微生物在代谢过程中产生的高分子碳水化合物。微生物多糖结构功能多样，生产周期短，质量不受地理环境影响，可通过生物发酵技术实现工业化生产，在化工、食品、医药等领域应用前景广阔。本文综述了黄原胶、透明质酸和细菌纤维素等微生物多糖的理化性质、发酵生产及创面应用等方面的研究进展，以期推动微生物多糖在创面应用中的深入研究，扩大微生物多糖的市场应用范围。     

微生物转化在现代中药研发中的应用

Microbial transformation refers to using one or more microbial enzymes to convert a compound into another structure-related compound which has economic value under certain conditions. In recent years, microbial transformation technology has been more and more applied to the research of traditional Chinese medicine. The purpose includes improving the efficacy, reducing toxicity, removing impurities, helping the active ingredients to be metabolized in the body, and producing new active ingredients. In addition, microbial transformation has many advantages, such as a wide variety of reaction types, strong specificity, few by-products, mild and controllable reaction conditions, environmental protection and less pollution and thus it has unique advantages in the transformation of traditional Chinese medicine. This article summarizes the application and prospect of microbial transformation technology in the research of traditional Chinese medicine in recent     

微生物转化在现代中药研发中的应用

微生物转化是指利用微生物的一种或多种酶,在一定条件下,把一种化合物转变为结构相关的有经济价值的另一种化合物。近年来,微生物转化技术越来越多地应用于中药的研发,目的在于提高中药药效,降低毒性,去除杂质,帮助有效成分在体内代谢,产生新的活性成分等。此外,微生物转化具有反应类型广、特异性强、副产物少、反应条件温和可控、环保无污染等优点,在中药转化领域具有独特优势。本文总结了近年来微生物转化技术在中药研发中的应用情况并进行了展望。     

微生态制剂在儿科的临床应用情况分析

目的:了解我院微生态制剂的应用情况。方法:采用回顾性方法,对我院2007～2008年门诊微生态制剂的应用情况进行统计、分析。结果:我院门诊微生态制剂的应用率为14.32%,占药品零售总金额的4.16%;合理应用率为81.26%。结论:我院微生态制剂应用基本合理,但仍需加强其合理应用监管,预防超范围应用,降低患儿的医药费用。     

2010-2012年某院门诊肠道微生态药物应用分析与评价

目的 了解2010-2012年该院门诊肠道微生态药物的使用情况及发展趋势,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法 采用限定日剂量（DDD）法,对2010~2012年该院门诊肠道微生态药物的销售金额、用药频度（DDDs）及限定日费用（DDC）和序号比进行统计、分析。结果 该院门诊肠道微生态药物的销售金额逐年增长,复合乳酸菌胶囊的销售金额连续3年高居首位,其DDDs三年来稳居前列,大部分微生态药物DDDs呈增长趋势,但总的用药频度在2011年呈负增长趋势。结论 复合乳酸菌胶囊在该院门诊应用广泛,该院门诊肠道微生态药物的应用与国内其他医疗机构总体用药情况相似,用药基本合理。     

用絮凝和大网格吸附法提取螺旋霉素

本文报道用絮凝法预处理螺旋霉素发酵液和用大网格吸附法提取螺旋霉素。试验结果表明:絮凝剂F-A加量为0.6～0.9％,F-B为40ppm,絮凝时pH7.5,筛选出S10和4006两种国产大网格吸附树脂,在pH8.5、流速1/25～1/35 1/分时进行吸附,用醋酸丁酯解吸,解吸收率可达96％,该工艺适用于工业生产。     

环境分离菌在药品微生物检验中的应用

目的：讨论环境分离菌在药品微生物检验中的应用。方法：通过对各国药典、法规、指导原则、行业标准和行业指南等文件的梳理和分析,列出了环境分离菌在药品微生物检验中的应用建议和要求,并结合实例,进一步介绍了环境分离菌的应用范围。结果：各国药典和行业指南均要求或建议在消毒剂效能验证、抑菌效力检查、培养基方法适用性（培养基促生长试验）、检验方法的适用性、快速微生物检验方法和微生物检验替代方法验证等检验项目中增加使用环境分离菌（包括生产检验过程中人员、环境以及样品中分离菌）。结论：与标准菌株相比,环境分离菌更能够反映样品或环境实际存在微生物的情况,因此,在药品微生物检验中应用环境分离菌能够使检验结果对产品质量或环境做出更客观和科学的评价。可根据检验项目、药品的生产工艺和产品本身的特点,在风险评估的基础上选择适当的环境分离菌应用于检验过程中。