番茄红素防治神经退行性疾病的研究进展

番茄红素是一种广泛存在于番茄、西瓜、石榴等植物体内的天然色素,属于类胡萝卜素家族成员,具有抗氧化应激、诱导细胞间隙连接通讯、调控细胞增殖等生物学功能。近年来,大量研究证实,番茄红素在防治神经退行性疾病方面发挥积极作用,其机制与抑制氧化应激、维持线粒体功能、抗细胞凋亡等多靶点作用密切相关。本文概述了近几年国内外有关番茄红素在神经退行性疾病中预防和治疗方面的研究进展。     

微量元素与神经退行性疾病

综述了铝、锰、锌、铜在神经退行性疾病发生中的作用,提出保持体内各种微量元素的动态平衡,对神经退行性疾病的预防和治疗具有积极作用。     

一氧化氮神经毒性作用与神经退行性疾病

一氧化氮 (NO)作为神经系统中一种重要的信使分子 ,具有“双面刀”效应 ,既有重要的生理功能 ,同时又表现出神经毒性 ,与老年性痴呆、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病的发生密切相关。以往的研究已证实NO引起的神经细胞损伤是神经退行性疾病的致病环节之一。本文就NO在神经退行性疾病中的作用及其机制作一概述。     

无创神经脑刺激在儿童心理障碍治疗中的应用

无创神经脑刺激治疗儿童心理障碍是当下较为先进的物理治疗手段.本文着重介绍了无创神经脑刺激的两种代表技术-经颅磁刺激与经颅直流电刺激的工作原理,两者分别在儿童抑郁症、注意缺陷多动障碍与孤独症谱系障碍中的治疗应用,以及对无创神经脑刺激在儿童心理障碍治疗中存在的问题与未来的发展,其中人工智能的引用是其发展很具潜力的方向.     

RNA干扰在神经退行性疾病发病机制研究和治疗方面的进展

神经退行性疾病是一类适用于RNA干扰疗法的疾病,其发病机制的复杂性又使RNA干扰成为探讨其发病机制的有效工具。本文针对RNA干扰在神经退行性疾病发病机制研究和治疗方面的应用进展进行了综述。通过小RNA干扰技术,在神经退行性疾病的模式动物中找到一批RNA的基因,创建模式动物中RNA组数据库,发现或/和揭示与一些重要生命现象和神经退行性疾病相关的RNA,建立一些以RNA为靶标的预防和治疗技术。     

无创呼吸机在呼吸系统疾病的研究进展分析

无创呼吸机是人类医疗器械发展的一大创举,能够帮助呼吸系统功能受损的患者完成呼吸需求自主通气.无创呼吸机在满足患者呼吸功能需求的基础上,减少对患者的创伤,降低患者的痛苦,提升患者生活质量.文章从四个方面进行详细探究,旨在丰富医疗器械呼吸系统疾病中的研究理论,推动医疗事业的发展.     

无创呼吸机支持治疗在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者中的应用

目的:分析无创呼吸机支持治疗在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭中的应用效果。方法:选择本院2016年2月~2018年2月接收的慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者100例。研究中根据双盲原理将患者分为对照组和观察组,两组患者均50例。对照组患者采用常规方法治疗,观察组患者应用无创呼吸机治疗。对照分析两组患者的临床治疗效率。结果:经统计,对照组患者的治疗有效率为74.0%,低于观察组的96.0%,检验两组数据P<0.05,具有统计学意义;治疗前两组患者肺功能指标和呼吸频率无差异,治疗后所有患者各项指标均改善,且观察组患者改善效果优于对照组,经数据比较P<0.05,符合统计学意义。结论:慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者采用无创呼吸机治疗可显著提高治疗效率,并能够改善肺功能与心率,临床应用效果较理想。     

无创脑电阻抗检测在大面积脑梗死中的应用

目的观察大面积脑梗塞患者脑水肿的变化特点及脑水肿无创监测的可行性。方法应用BORN-BE无创脑水肿动态监护仪监测大面积脑梗塞患者双侧大脑半球脑电阻抗(CEI)扰动系数的变化,通过设定无颅脑疾患健康志愿者,腔隙性脑梗塞,脑出血患者为各个对照组比较分析。揭示大面积脑梗塞患者脑电阻抗(CEI)扰动系数的特点。测定脑梗死体积及周围水肿灶体积了解其与病侧CEI扰动系数相关性。结果大面积脑梗塞患者急性期病灶侧CEI扰动系数均高于健侧p<0.05。无颅脑疾患健康志愿者对照组患者双侧CEI扰动系数对称p>0.05。腔隙性脑梗塞健患两侧CEI扰动系数相近p>0.05。起病6小时大面积脑梗塞患侧CEI扰动系数与腔隙性脑梗塞患侧CEI扰动系数配对t检验结果p<0.05。脑出血患者血肿侧脑电阻抗呈现先降低后升高的特点。起病24小时脑梗塞患者的病侧CEI扰动系数与病灶体积正相关(r=0.8496,p<0.01)。结论①无创脑电阻抗扰动系数可反映脑水肿动态变化特点。②可及时敏感的发现大面积脑梗塞后早期脑水肿,可应用于大面积脑梗塞的早期诊断。③可鉴别早期大面积脑梗塞和腔隙性脑梗塞。     

无创机械通气在老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭治疗中的应用价值分析

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并呼吸衰竭是一种病死率极高的疾病,可改变pH,降低血二氧化碳分压（PaCO）,提高血氧分压（PaO2）,治疗COPD成功率为80%～85％。由于无创正压通气具有无创和并发症少，治疗成功率高等优点。已成为COPD合并呼吸衰竭治疗的重要措施之一。     

BiPAP无创通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病呼吸衰竭

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病呼吸衰竭的治疗。方法对20例慢性阻塞性肺疾病进行常规治疗。包括抗感染、平喘、应用支气管扩张剂、使用激素及呼吸兴奋剂,纠正电解质紊乱和营养支持治疗。治疗组使用BiPAP无创通气治疗。对照组鼻导管吸氧,吸氧量1～2L/min。结果两组临床指标比较,两组治疗前后比较,各指标均有显著改变,差异有显著性。(Ρ0.05)。4h后治疗组PaO2、pH明显增加,PaCO2、心率和呼吸频率均下降,差异有显著性(Ρ0.05),24h后进一步改善。结论呼吸衰竭患者因管腔阻塞,气道的高反应,呼吸增快,引起呼吸肌疲劳,BiPAP具有呼吸末正压和压力支持通气作用,可降低吸气肌负荷,减少呼吸功能消耗,有利于呼吸肌休息。     

The Interaction of Polyphenols and the Gut Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants and play a potential role in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NND) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) due to their unique physiological functions such as acting as antioxidants, being anti-inflammatory, being neuroprotective, and promoting intestinal health. Since dietary polyphenols exist in plant foods in the form of glycosylation or esterification or are combined with polymers, they need to undergo extensive metabolism through phase I and phase II biotransformations by various intestinal enzymes, as well as metabolism by the intestinal microbiota before they can be fully absorbed. Polyphenols improve intestinal microbiota disorders by influencing the structure and function of intestinal microbiota, inducing beneficial bacteria to produce a variety of metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), promoting the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters, and playing an important role in the prevention and treatment of NND by affecting the microbe–gut–brain axis. We review the ways in which some polyphenols can change the composition of the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites in AD or PD animal models to exert the role of slowing down the progression of NND, aiming to provide evidence for the role of polyphenols in slowing the progression of NND via the microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis.     

电极锁定装置在帕金森病脑深部电刺激术中应用效果观察

目的探讨帕金森病脑深部电刺激（DBS）术中应用电极锁定装置（stimloc）的安全性和有效性。方法对我院神经外科功能神经外科组2008年至2010行双侧DBS手术的帕金森患者18例进行随访,手术疗效和并发症进行回顾分析。结果在帕金森病进行双侧丘脑底核脑深部电刺激术的过程中,使用Stimloc可以降低电极移位的风险,并未增加感染等相关并发症。结论 Stimloc在DBS手术中的应用安全有效,可减少电极移位的发生,避免调整电极产生创伤,是DBS手术的重要组成部分。     

功能性电刺激与脑机接口在医学中的应用

本文回顾了功能性电刺激（Functional Electrical Stimulation,FES）在治疗脑损伤和脊髓损伤所造成的运动功能和吞咽障碍方面的应用;总结了脑机接口（Brain Computer Interface,BCI）技术在现代医学中的应用以及基于BCI的FES的研究现状。结果 显示,BCI、FES及二者相结合技术在现代康复工程领域中是极具应用前景的新技术。     

Genetically Predicted Milk Intake and Risk of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Milk intake has been associated with risk of neurodegenerative diseases in observational studies. Nevertheless, whether the association is causal remains unknown. We adopted Mendelian randomization design to evaluate the potential causal association between milk intake and common neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Genetic associations for neurodegenerative diseases were obtained from the International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium (n = 80,094), FinnGen consortium (n = 176,899), AD GWAS (n = 63,926), Web-Based Study of Parkinson’s Disease (n = 308,518), PDGene (n = 108,990), and ALS GWAS (n = 80,610). Lactase persistence variant rs4988235 (LCT-13910 C > T) was used as the instrumental variable for milk intake. Genetically predicted higher milk intake was associated with a decreased risk of MS and AD and with an increased risk of PD. For each additional milk intake increasing allele, the odds ratios were 0.94 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.91–0.97; p = 1.51 × 10⁻⁴) for MS, 0.97 (0.94–0.99; p = 0.019) for AD and 1.09 (95%CI: 1.06–1.12, p = 9.30 × 10⁻⁹) for PD. Genetically predicted milk intake was not associated with ALS (odds ratio: 0.97, 95%CI: 0.94–1.01, p = 0.135). Our results suggest that genetically predicted milk intake is associated with a decreased risk of MS and AD but with an increased risk of PD. Further investigations are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms.     

Modulation of Human Motor Cortical Excitability and Plasticity by Opuntia Ficus Indica Fruit Consumption: Evidence from a Preliminary Study through Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation

Indicaxanthin (IX) from Opuntia Ficus Indica (OFI) has been shown to exert numerous biological effects both in vitro and in vivo, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuro-modulatory activity in rodent models. Our goal was to investigate the eventual neuro-active role of orally assumed fruits containing high levels of IX at nutritionally-relevant amounts in healthy subjects, exploring cortical excitability and plasticity in the human motor cortex (M1). To this purpose, we applied paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) in basal conditions and followed the consumption of yellow cactus pear fruits containing IX or white cactus pear fruits devoid of IX (placebo). Furthermore, resting state-functional MRI (rs-fMRI) preliminary acquisitions were performed before and after consumption of the same number of yellow fruits. Our data revealed that the consumption of IX-containing fruits could specifically activate intracortical excitatory circuits, differently from the placebo-controlled group. Furthermore, we found that following the ingestion of IX-containing fruits, elevated network activity of glutamatergic intracortical circuits can homeostatically be restored to baseline levels following a-tDCS stimulation. No significant differences were observed through rs-fMRI acquisitions. These outcomes suggest that IX from OFI increases intracortical excitability of M1 and leads to homeostatic cortical plasticity responses.     

姜黄素的研究进展及其在消化系统疾病中的应用前景

姜黄素是从姜黄中提取的一种植物多酚，在临床上是否具有抗癌、防癌、抗炎、抗氧化、保护肝脏和抗人类免疫缺陷病毒等多种药理作用有待进一步临床研究。本文归纳了近年来姜黄素对消化系统作用的实验研究和临床应用方面的进展。     

Neuroprotective Role of Lactoferrin during Early Brain Development and Injury through Lifespan

Early adverse fetal environments can significantly disturb central nervous system (CNS) development and subsequently alter brain maturation. Nutritional status is a major variable to be considered during development and increasing evidence links neonate and preterm infant impaired brain growth with neurological and psychiatric diseases in adulthood. Breastfeeding is one of the main components required for healthy newborn development due to the many “constitutive” elements breastmilk contains. Maternal intake of specific nutrients during lactation may alter milk composition, thus affecting newborn nutrition and, potentially, brain development. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a major protein present in colostrum and the main protein in human milk, which plays an important role in the benefits of breastfeeding during postnatal development. It has been demonstrated that Lf has antimicrobial, as well as anti-inflammatory properties, and is potentially able to reduce the incidence of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which are particularly frequent in premature births. The anti-inflammatory effects of Lf can reduce birth-related pathologies by decreasing the release of pro-inflammatory factors and inhibiting premature cervix maturation (also related to commensal microbiome abnormalities) that could contribute to disrupting brain development. Pre-clinical evidence shows that Lf protects the developing brain from neuronal injury, enhances brain connectivity and neurotrophin production, and decreases inflammation in models of perinatal inflammatory challenge, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). In this context, Lf can provide nutritional support for brain development and cognition and prevent the origin of neuropsychiatric diseases later in life. In this narrative review, we consider the role of certain nutrients during neurodevelopment linking to the latest research on lactoferrin with respect to neonatology. We also discuss new evidence indicating that early neuroprotective pathways modulated by Lf could prevent neurodegeneration through anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory processes.