苹果多酚对脂多糖刺激的RAW264.7细胞COX-2/PGE2和iNOS/NO表达的研究

目的 研究苹果多酚(APE)对脂多糖(LPS)诱发的RAW264.7细胞炎症COX-2/PGE2和iNOS/NO表达的抑制作用.方法 采用APE干预LPS刺激的小鼠单核/巨噬细胞RAW264.7,然后用Griess Reagent法和ELISA法检测细胞分泌的一氧化氮(NO)和前列腺素E2(PGE2)的水平,并且采用RT-qPCR和Western blotting技术检测APE对诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和环氧化酶-2(COX-2)水平的影响以及核转录因子(NF-κB)的蛋白表达.结果 APE能显著抑制LPS刺激的RAW264.7细胞中NO、PGE2的含量,下调iNOS及COX-2的表达及NF-κB的磷酸化.结论 APE通过下调NF-κB的活性及iNOS与COX-2表达而发挥抗炎作用.     

山萘酚对脂多糖诱导RAW264.7细胞中COX-2和iNOS表达及产物生成的影响

目的探讨山萘酚对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)诱导RAW 264.7细胞COX-2及iNOS表达的影响。方法四氮唑盐法(monote-trazolium test,MTT)检测山奈酚对RAW264.7细胞生长增殖的影响,放射免疫测定法(RIA)检测山萘酚对PGE2和NO生成的影响,免疫印迹法(western blotting)检测COX-2及iNOS蛋白的表达。结果山萘酚抑制LPS诱导的RAW 264.7细胞PGE2和NO的生成,同时下调LPS诱导的RAW 264.7细胞COX-2及iNOS蛋白的表达。结论山萘酚抑制2个诱导酶COX-2和iNOS的表达,从而减少炎性产物PGE2和NO的生成,这可能是山萘酚抗炎的机制之一。     

原花青素对脂多糖诱导RAW2647细胞COX-2酶活性、mRNA及蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨原花青素对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞株RAW264.7细胞COX-2酶活性及蛋白表达的影响。方法放射免疫法检测COX-2酶活性，RT-PCR检测COX-2 mRNA表达，Western blotting检测COX-2蛋白表达。结果原花青素(0.8，4和20 mg·L^-1)不影响LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞COX-2酶活性，可下调LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞COX-2 mRNA表达；原花青素(4和20 mg·L^-1)下调LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞COX-2蛋白表达。结论原花青素不影响LPS诱导RAW2647细胞COX-2酶活性，但对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞COX-2 mRNA及蛋白表达抑制作用明显。     

原花青素对RAW264.7细胞膜相关前列腺素E2合成酶-1表达的影响

目的探讨原花青素对RAW264.7细胞膜相关前列腺素E2合成酶-1(mPGES-1)表达的影响。方法酶免疫测定法(EIA)检测原花青素对PGE2生成的影响,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测mPGES-1mRNA的表达,Western blotting检测mPGES-1蛋白的表达。结果脂多糖(LPS)可以促进RAW264.7细胞PGE2的生成同时上调mPGES-1mRNA和蛋白的表达,而原花青素(4、20 mg.L-1)下调LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞mPGES-1mRNA和蛋白的表达,从而抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞PGE2的生成。结论原花青素在mRNA和蛋白水平抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞mPGES-1表达从而减少PGE2的合成,这可能是原花青素抗炎的机制之一。     

原花青素对RAW264.7细胞膜相关前列腺素E2合成酶-1表达的影响

目的 探讨原花青素对RAW264.7细胞膜相关前列腺素E2合成酶-1(mPGES-1)表达的影响.方法 酶免疫测定法(EIA)检测原花青素对PGE2生成的影响,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测mPGES-1mRNA的表达,Western blotting检测mPGES-1蛋白的表达.结果 脂多糖(LPS)可以促进RAW264.7细胞PGE2的生成同时上调mPGES-1mRNA和蛋白的表达,而原花青素(4、20mg·L-1)下调LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞mPGE-1mRNA和蛋白的表达,从而抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞PGE2的生成.结论 原花青素在mRNA和蛋白水平抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞mPGES-1表达从而减少PGE2的合成,这可能是原花青素抗炎的机制之一.     

蟛蜞菊内酯对脂多糖诱导RAW264.7细胞环氧化酶2、NO及TNF-α的影响

目的:研究蟛蜞菊内酯对脂多糖(lipopo-lysaccharide,LPS)诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞环氧化酶2(COX-2)、NO及TNF-α的作用。方法:ELISA方法检测0.2、2、20μmol/L不同浓度蟛蜞菊内酯对终浓度为10μg/mL LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞产生TNF-α、NO及前列腺素E2(PGE2)的影响,Western blot方法检测蟛蜞菊内酯对LPS诱导COX-2酶蛋白表达的影响。结果:LPS能够明显诱导小鼠RAW264.7细胞产生的COX-2酶蛋白,蟛蜞菊内酯低中高3个浓度均能抑制LPS诱导产生的COX-2酶蛋白表达。PGE2可以被LPS诱导增加,与空白组比有显著差异。蟛蜞菊内酯低中高3个浓度均能抑制LPS诱导产生的PGE2、NO和TNF-α,呈现剂量依赖性。结论:蟛蜞菊内酯抗炎的作用机制可能为抑制COX-2的蛋白表达,进而抑制PGE2的生成,也可能与抑制NO和TNF-α生成有关。     

染料木素通过TIPE 2负性调控Akt活性促进脂多糖活化的巨噬细胞凋亡

目的探究染料木素(genistein,GEN)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)活化的RAW264.7细胞凋亡的影响及其可能的药理学作用机制。方法GEN预孵育RAW264.7细胞或慢病毒介导的肿瘤坏死因子α诱导蛋白8样分子2(tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8-like 2,TIPE 2)过表达细胞2 h,再与LPS共孵育24 h,采用CCK 8试剂盒检测细胞活力,Annexin V-FITC/PI试剂盒检测细胞凋亡水平,qRT-PCR检测TNF-α、IL-6、caspase-8、caspase-3和TIPE 2 mRNA,Western blot检测iNOS、COX-2、caspase-8、caspase-3、TIPE 2、Akt和p-Akt蛋白表达。结果LPS促进RAW264.7细胞TNF-α、IL-6、iNOS、COX-2合成;GEN抑制LPS活化的RAW264.7细胞活力,凋亡细胞增多,并上调caspase-8、caspase-3、TIPE 2 mRNA及蛋白表达;TIPE 2过表达上调活化RAW264.7细胞caspase-8、caspase-3 mRNA及蛋白表达,减少Akt磷酸化,且与GEN具有协同作用。结论GEN可能通过上调TIPE 2抑制Akt活性,激活外源性凋亡途径,促进LPS活化的RAW264.7细胞凋亡。     

穿心莲内酯对巨噬细胞环氧化酶2及其产物表达的影响

目的研究穿心莲内酯对巨噬细胞环氧化酶2(COX-2)表达及其主要产物前列腺素E2(PGE2)生成的影响。方法取生长良好的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,加入不同浓度的穿心莲内酯(终浓度1、10、50μmol/L)进行预干预,1h后再加入脂多糖(LPS,终浓度1μg/mL)刺激,并设空白组和穿心莲内酯单独作用组作为对照组。取培养18h细胞上清,用Elisa法检测PGE2生成量;取培养24h细胞,提取总蛋白,用WesternBlot法检测穿心莲内酯对COX-2蛋白表达的影响。结果 LPS可以显著诱导RAW264.7细胞COX-2表达和PGE2的生成,与对照组比较P<0.01;穿心莲内酯预干预可以抑制LPS诱导的COX-2蛋白表达,下调PGE2的生成。结论穿心莲内酯可通过降低LPS诱导的巨噬细胞COX-2表达和PGE2生成,发挥抗炎作用,这可能是其抗炎的作用机制之一。     

白木香叶提取物对LPS诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症因子的影响

目的 采用LPS刺激巨噬细胞RAW264.7,建立体外的炎症模型,探讨白木香叶提取物抗炎活性和作用机制.方法 采用MTT法检测白木香叶提取物( ASPE)对RAW264.7细胞的毒性作用;采用ELISA法检测ASPE对IL-6表达情况;采用Western blotting检测iNOS和COX-2蛋白表达情况,结果 ASPE能抑制LPS刺激RAW264.7所产生的炎症反应,其作用机制可能与其抑制iNOS和COX-2蛋白表达有关.结论 白木香叶提取物有抗炎活性.     

赤芍801对小鼠巨噬细胞COX-1和COX-2活性、mRNA及蛋白表达的影响

目的研究赤芍801(propyl gallate,PrG)对环氧酶(cy-c looxygenase,COX)活性、mRNA及蛋白表达的影响。方法采用基于小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的COX-1和COX-2体外筛选模型,用钙离子导入剂(calc ium ionophore A23187)短时刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,测定培养上清液中的6酮--前列腺素F1α(6-keto-PGFlα)的量反映COX-1活性;用脂多糖(lipopolysac-charide,LPS)长时间刺激细胞,测定培养上清液中的前列腺素E2(PGE2)的量反映COX-2活性。半定量RT-PCR法检测PrG对LPS刺激的Raw小鼠巨噬细胞COX-1、COX-2 mRNA表达的影响。W estern b lot法检测PrG对LPS刺激的Raw小鼠巨噬细胞COX-1、COX-2蛋白表达的影响。结果PrG体外10,5μmol.L-1浓度下不影响6-keto-PGFαl生成(P>0.05),而在1,0.5,0.1,0.05μmol.L-1浓度下则诱导6-keto-PGF1α生成(P<0.01),并呈较好的剂量依赖性。PrG体外1,10μmol.L-1可抑制PGE2生成(P<0.05)。PrG不同浓度对LPS刺激的Raw小鼠巨噬细胞COX-1、COX-2 mR-NA表达无明显影响。PrG(100,10,1μmol.L-1)浓度下可抑制COX-2蛋白表达,但对COX-1蛋白表达无影响。结论在0.05~10μmol.L-1浓度范围内,PrG低浓度时促进6-keto-PGF1α生成,高浓度时抑制PGE2生成,提示其高浓度时抑制COX-2,低浓度时激活COX-1;不同浓度PrG对COX-1、COX-2 mRNA表达均无明显影响。PrG(1~100μmol.L-1)浓度下可抑制COX-2蛋白表达,但对COX-1蛋白表达无影响。     

Effect of Sairei-to and its ingredients on prostaglandin E2 production by mouse macrophage-like cells

Sairei-to and its twelve ingredients were investigated for their activity to stimulate prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. LPS significantly stimulated the production and extracellular secretion of PGE2 by RAW 264.7 cells. Sairei-to concentration-dependently modified the LPS-stimulated PGE2 production. Among Sairei-to ingredients, Scutellariae radix inhibited the LPS-stimulated PGE2 production to the greatest extent, followed by Zingiberis rhizoma, Glycyrrhizae radix, Atractylodis lanceae rhizoma and Pinelliae tuber. On the other hand, Bulpeuri radix, Alismatis rhizoma, Zizyphi fructus, Polyporus, Hoelen, ginseng radix and Cinnamomi cortex further enhanced the LPS-stimulated PGE2 production. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Sairei-to unexpectedly enhanced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein level, but did not significantly affect phospholipase A2 protein level. The present study suggests that the modification of the enzyme activity of COX-2 may be involved in the concentration-dependent effect of Sairei-to on PGE2 production by macrophages.     

Wogonin, baicalin, and baicalein inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expressions induced by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and lipopolysaccharide

We previously reported that oroxylin A, a polyphenolic compound, was a potent inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In the present study, three oroxylin A structurally related polyphenols isolated from the Chinese herb Huang Qui, namely baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin, were examined for their effects on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and iNOS and COX-2 gene expressions in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results indicated that these three polyphenolic compounds inhibited LPS-induced NO production in a concentration-dependent manner without a notable cytotoxic effect on these cells. The decrease in NO production was in parallel with the inhibition by these polyphenolic compounds of LPS-induced iNOS gene expression. However, these three compounds did not directly affect iNOS enzyme activity. In addition, wogonin, but not baicalin or baicalein, inhibited LPS-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and COX-2 gene expression without affecting COX-2 enzyme activity. Furthermore, N-nitro-L-arginine (NLA) and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) pretreatment enhanced LPS-induced iNOS (but not COX-2) protein expression, which was inhibited by these three polyphenolic compounds. Wogonin, but not baicalin or baicalein, similarly inhibited PGE2 production and COX-2 protein expression in NLA/LPS or L-NAME/LPS-co-treated RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicated that co-treatment with NOS inhibitors and polyphenolic compounds such as wogonin effectively blocks acute production of NO and, at the same time, inhibits expression of iNOS and COX-2 genes.     

Inhibitory effects of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside on experimental inflammation and cyclooxygenase 2 activity

The inhibitory effects of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-d-glucoside (THSG), extracted from the roots of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb, on inflammatory activity in animal models and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse RAW264.7 macrophage cells were investigated. The carrageenin (CGN)-induced rat paw oedema model and dimethylbenzene-induced mouse ear oedema model were prepared; MTT assay, semi-quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot and ELISA were adopted. THSG 2.3, 4.6 and 9.2 mg kg(- 1) by oral administration inhibited mouse ear oedema and the percentage of inhibition of THSG 9.2 mg kg(- 1) is 87%. THSG 3.2, 6.4 and 12.8 mg kg(- 1) by oral administration dose-dependently inhibited rat paw oedema and the percentage of inhibition of THSG 12.8 mg kg(- 1) is 56% at 6 h. Indomethacin 13 and 9 mg kg(- 1) showed 90% and 57% inhibition in the same animal models, respectively. LPS 1 microg ml(- 1) significantly up-regulated prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production (inducing COX-2 activity) by 35% (exogenous arachidonic acid, AA), which was dose-dependently decreased by THSG 1, 10, and 100 micromol L(- 1) and the percentage of inhibition of THSG 10 micromol L(- 1) was 40%. NS-398 10 micromol L(- 1) decreased PGE(2) production by 42%. THSG 1, 10, 100 micromol L(- 1) was shown to markedly inhibit the LPS-induced COX-2 protein and mRNA expression in RAW264.7 cells (P < 0.05) but had no effect on COX-1 protein and mRNA (P>0.05). In summary, the data showed that THSG possessed an anti-inflammatory effect, which was perhaps related to the inhibition of COX-2 enzyme activity and expression in RAW264.7 macrophage cells.     

2-(2, 4-二氯苯基)-3-(3, 5-二甲氧基苯基)-苯丙烯酰胺对 iNOS及COX-2的抑制作用

 目的：观察新型非甾体抗炎药2-(2, 4-二氯苯基)-3-(3, 5-二甲氧基苯基)-苯丙烯酰胺（AL-017）对诱 导型一氧化氮合酶（inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS）及环氧化酶2（cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2）的抑制作 用,探讨其分子机制。方法：体外培养小鼠巨噬细胞（RAW264.7）,用脂多糖（LPS）刺激,观察AL-017对一氧化氮 （nitrogen monoxidum,NO）释放、iNOS总酶活、iNOS及COX-2的mRNA表达水平、p38信号通路有无影响。结果：AL-017 可以显著抑制LPS引起的NO的释放,使LPS刺激下增高的iNOS酶活性降低,同时显著下调LPS诱导的iNOS及COX-2 mRNA表 达水平的升高,并可明显抑制LPS刺激下p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p38MAPK）的磷酸化。结论：AL-017可有效抑制LPS引 起的小鼠巨噬细胞炎症反应,其抗炎机制可能与抑制p38MAPK磷酸化有关。     

Polygonum cuspidatum, compared with baicalin and berberine, inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expressions in RAW 264.7 macrophages

Polygonum cuspidatum water extract (PCWE) was shown to be a potent inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). PCWE was compared to baicalin isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and berberine of Coptidis rhizoma and Phellodendri cortex, for their effects on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and iNOS and COX-2 gene expressions in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Both PCWE and the compounds inhibited LPS-induced NO production in a concentration-dependent manner without a cytotoxicity. The decrease in NO production was in parallel with the inhibition of LPS-induced iNOS gene expression by PCWE and the compounds. In contrast, iNOS enzyme activity was not inhibited by PCWE and two agents. In addition, only PCWE inhibited LPS-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and COX-2 gene expression without affecting COX-2 enzyme activity, while baicalin or berberine did not. Furthermore, N-nitro-L-arginine (NLA) and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) pretreatment enhanced LPS-induced iNOS protein expression, which was inhibited by these PCWE and two agents, although LPS-induced COX-2 protein expression was not affected by NLA and L-NAME. PCWE inhibited PGE2 production and COX-2 protein expression in NLA/LPS or L-NAME/LPS-co-treated RAW 264.7 cell, however, baicalin or berberine did not. From the results, it was concluded that co-treatment with NOS inhibitors and PCWE effectively blocks acute production of NO and inhibits expression of iNOS and COX-2 genes.     

Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors of Chinese herbs III. Rheum palmatum

In this paper, the effects of bioactive compounds of Rheum palmatum L. on the inhibition of NO production from RAW 264.7 cells were explored. Seven main anthraquinone derivatives were isolated from the root of R. palmatum, and of these, emodin and rhein significantly inhibited nitrite production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. The IC(50) values for inhibition of nitrite production by emodin and rhein were 60.7 and 67.3 microM, respectively. After iNOS enzyme activity was stimulated by LPS for 12 h, treatment with emodin or rhein at 20 microg/ml for 18 h did not significantly inhibit NO production. The data show that the inhibitory activity of emodin and rhein is not due to direct inhibition of iNOS enzyme activity. However, expression of iNOS and the COX-2 protein was inhibited by emodin in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells, and PGE(2) production was reduced. Rhein also inhibited LPS-induced iNOS protein expression, but not COX-2 or PGE(2) production. On the other hand, inhibition effects on NO production from RAW 264.7 cells were enhanced and cytotoxic effects decreased by co-treatment with emodin and rhein. In conclusion, emodin and rhein are major iNOS inhibitors of R. palmatum and may possibly serve as bioactive substances for anti-inflammation effects.