职业性铅暴露人群血铅的危险因素研究

目的探讨引起工人血铅超标的危险因素,为制订预防血铅超标的防控措施提供科学依据。方法选择韶关市具有代表性的一家铅酸蓄电池企业作为本次研究的采样对象,采集刷头、板栅、包片、化成、称片、烧接、涂片、装配8个工作场所的空气标本,以上每个工作岗位随机采集30名工人的静脉血进行检测,采用统一调查表对个人职业史、生活习惯、教育程度等进行调查,然后进行单因素及多因素分析。结果本次对8个工种的40个点进行了采样,仅有6个点的检测结果合格,合格率为15.00%。本次研究共采集了240名工人的静脉血,平均血铅水平为(536.27±95.32)μg/L,其中血铅浓度400μg/L的有38人,占15.83%;血铅浓度≥400μg/L有202人,占84.16%。进行单因素统计分析发现,工人性别、是否吸烟、户籍所在地、文化状况和车间空气铅浓度是血铅升高的危险因素;经过多因素条件logistic回归分析,车间空气铅浓度和工人的户籍所在地是引起工人血铅超标的危险因素。结论车间空气铅浓度和户籍所在地是引起工人血铅超标的危险因素,在工作中必须要加以预防。     

职业性铅暴露人群血铅的危险因素及其预防措施分析

目的探讨职业性铅暴露人群血铅的危险因素及其预防措施分析。方法选取2013年7月~2016年8月同一所工厂的员工128例,检测血铅浓度,并对体检者进行个人职业史、生活习惯、文化程度等问卷调查,并用Logistic分析职业性铅暴露人群血铅的危险因素,同时探讨其预防措施。结果铅中毒观察对象107例,铅中毒21例,血铅总异常率16.41%;工人的性别、文化程度、有无吸烟史、户籍所在地等是血铅升高的危险因素(P<0.05);多因素Logistic分析显示,户籍所在地是导致工人血铅超标的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论定期组织工人进行健康体检,对工人进行生产安全和铅暴露接触的防范措施的教育宣教。     

蓄电池制造业工人铅暴露及血铅影响因素分析

目的了解蓄电池制造行业铅污染状况,分析接铅工人血铅影响因素,为铅中毒的预防提供科学依据。方法通过对生产车间铅烟铅尘浓度检测和接铅工人职业健康检查收集数据,采用SPSS13.0统计软件对数据进行分析。血铅水平单因素分析采用t检验、方差分析,多因素分析采用有序logis-tic回归分析。结果生产车间铅尘、铅烟的短时间接触浓度均数为分别为0.191mg/m3、0.067mg/m3,超标率分别为41.67%、18.75%。单因素分析表明性别、年龄、工龄、抽烟、饮酒、工作所在部门、工种均是接铅工人血铅水平的影响因素。多因素分析表明性别、饮酒、工种是血铅水平等级提高的危险因素。结论加强对铅尘、铅烟重点超标岗位的治理。铸造/铅粉、裁减、研磨、焊接等工种的男性接铅工人为慢性铅中毒的高危人群,提倡戒酒,加强个体防护。     

蓄电池厂工人血铅水平的相关因素研究

目的探讨铅作业工人体内血铅水平的影响因素。方法选择扬州市某蓄电池厂从事涂膏、打磨、铸造、化成、总装、装配等男性铅作业工人130人,采用统一设计的调查问卷,对其吸烟、饮酒等生活和卫生习惯进行调查记录,测定其血铅含量,并对其工作岗位空气中铅浓度进行现场检测。在此基础上,进行相关因素的单因素分析和多元逐步回归分析。结果检测在正常生产时进行,共设检测点32个,合格点4个,合格率12.5%。铅尘最高超过时间加权平均容许浓度(PC-TWA)174倍(叠片岗位),铅烟最高超标17倍(烧焊岗位);工人的平均血铅水平(238.08±6.71)μg/L,范围64.96～505.80μg/L。单因素分析显示工人是否吸烟、饮酒、每天饮水量、进食饮水前洗手习惯和平时所从事体力劳动的强度、工作时空气中的铅浓度高低均可对血铅水平产生一定影响(P<0.20);进一步对铅接触工人铅中毒的危险因素进行多元线性回归分析表明,随着工作场所铅浓度的升高,血铅值也随之升高,吸烟者的血铅值亦比不吸烟者要高。结论该厂的工作场所空气中铅浓度合格率低,工人血铅水平普遍较高;工作场所空气中铅浓度较高和吸烟是工人血铅水平增高的危险因素。     

某铅锌冶炼厂工人血铅水平的影响因素分析

目的 对某铅锌冶炼厂职业接铅人员血铅水平进行生物监测,分析血铅水平的影响因素,为采取有效的职业病预防控制措施,预防职业性慢性铅中毒提供参考。方法 以该厂182名职业性铅暴露工人为研究对象,通过调查问卷获取研究对象的基础资料和工作中接触铅的情况;采集肘静脉血用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定血铅浓度。应用SPSS统计软件分析不同因素与血铅水平之间的关系并确定造成血铅水平升高的影响因素。结果 研究对象的血铅浓度中位数为326.9(237.6,471.0)μg/L,其中男性血铅浓度高于女性（Z=-5.300,P<0.05）。各工龄组间血铅浓度差异具有统计学意义（H=22.126,P<0.05）,工龄≥15年组血铅浓度高于其他工龄组,各车间及各工作岗位之间血铅浓度差异亦分别具有统计学意义（H=41.386,P<0.05;H=69.773,P<0.05）,铅锌冶炼车间工人血铅水平高于电解锌车间和稀贵金属车间,其中烧结岗位、熔炼前床岗位工人血铅浓度高于其他岗位。中位数回归分析结果表明工作场所空气中铅浓度、工龄、男性、烧结岗位和熔炼前床岗位是接铅人员血铅水平升高的影响因素。结论 该铅...     

铅作业工人热应激蛋白70水平的分析

目的 研究职业铅接触人群热应激蛋白70（HSP70）水平的变化与空气中铅浓度和血铅等因素的关系,探讨HSP70作为职业铅接触生物标志物的可能性.方法 以72名铅接触工人为暴露组,41名不接触铅等职业有害因素的工人为对照组,对两组人群进行职业接触、体检及健康调查;按照GB/T 16010-1995标准对车间空气中铅烟、铅尘浓度进行监测;用ELISA方法检测暴露组工人血清中HSP70水平,用原子吸收光谱法检测血铅水平;用多元线性回归对HSP70水平及血铅水平进行多因素分析.结果 空气中铅浓度及铅接触量均对机体内HSP70水平及血铅水平有影响,血清中HSP70的水平与血铅水平呈正相关关系（r=0.501,P＜0.01）.结论 血清中HSP的水平对职业铅接触的相关因素敏感,有可能作为职业铅接触人群的敏感性健康检测指标.     

某铅酸蓄电池厂作业工人血铅异常情况及危险因素研究

目的 了解河南省某铅酸蓄电池厂作业工人血铅异常情况及主要危险因素,为企业进一步加强职业性慢性铅中毒的防控提供科学依据。方法 以2020年12月在该厂进行职业健康体检的2 550名工人作为研究对象,测定其血铅浓度,通过统一调查表收集工人一般人口学特征资料以及职业史等相关信息,同时对接铅工人经常接触铅尘或铅烟的代表性岗位进行空气中铅浓度检测,运用SPSS 21.0建立数据库并进行统计学分析。结果 5个常年接铅岗位空气中铅浓度都存在超标现象,合格率为12.5%～62.5%。共246人发生血铅异常,血铅异常率为9.64%。非条件logistic回归分析显示：与其他不接触铅的岗位相比,铸板、涂板、分刷片、包片、装配等岗位发生职业性慢性铅中毒的风险分别提高到7.800倍、23.996倍、30.893倍、16.380倍以及18.003倍（P <0.01）;与接铅工龄<1年的作业工人相比,接铅工龄为1～年、2～年、3～年、4～年、5～7年的作业工人发生职业性慢性铅中毒的风险分别提高到12.960倍、17.557倍、19.127倍、25.037倍以及29.096倍（P <0.01）;吸...     

通州市钢丝绳生产企业铅职业危害调查

目的了解钢绳生产企业铅职业危害状况及对作业工人的健康影响,采取有效措施防止铅中毒发生,为环境治理和防护提供依据。方法对17家钢丝绳厂接铅作业的240名工人进行健康体检并对工厂作业环境进行检测,采用火焰原子吸收法测定工人血铅,车间铅浓度用DFC-3BF气体采样器采集,以气相色谱法测定。结果钢绳生产热处理车间的司炉操作处和下线操作处空气中铅烟、烟尘浓度超过国家规定的车间空气最高容许浓度;下线工、司炉工与上线工的血铅超标率分别为78.57%、69.05%、37.21%;血铅超标率与工种、工龄有一定的关系,与工人的性别、工作时戴口罩、车间进行湿式清扫、吸烟、喝酒、症状等不具相关性(P>0.05)。结论作业环境中铅烟、铅尘浓度超标是接铅工人体内铅含量超标的主要危险因素;血铅与工人的性别、卫生习惯、个人防护等因素的关系还有待进一步分析研究。     

职业性铅暴露工人血铅和血尿酸的相关性分析

目的 研究职业性铅作业工人血铅和尿酸的变化,探讨血铅浓度变化和血尿酸指标之间的关系.方法 车间空气中铅烟的短时间接触浓度用原子吸收火焰法检测.选择一般情况可比的非铅作业工人作为对照,根据接触铅的浓度是否超过职业限值将263名铅接触工人分为职业限值内组及超职业限值组.分析不同血铅水平和血尿酸指标的变化.结果 (1)车间空气中铅烟的时间加权平均容许浓度(PC-TWA)达0.13 mg/m3,超标率为68.61％; (2)接铅超职业限值组血铅浓度达(3.16±0.03) μmol/L、尿酸为(528±109.48) μmol/L,均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05); (3)血铅浓度的变化和尿酸异常率存在一致的变化趋势.结论 职业性铅接触引起血铅浓度升高和血尿酸升高,且血铅浓度越高,血尿酸升高程度越大.     

3家建筑陶瓷企业工人呼吸功能影响因素的logistic回归分析

目的探讨建筑陶瓷工人呼吸功能异常的相关危险因素,为保障建筑陶瓷工人的健康提出合理建议。方法选择3家建筑陶瓷企业289名接触粉尘的工人为调查对象,了解工人的人口学资料、生活习惯、作业情况、工作环境、防护用品的使用情况和肺功能健康检查等指标,进行单因素分析和非条件多因素logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析显示,工龄、吸烟、使用电风扇、使用局部通风排气设备和粉尘浓度与肺通气障碍有关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。非条件logistic回归分析显示,工龄、吸烟、使用电风扇和粉尘浓度增高为肺通气障碍危险因素,局部通风设备是肺功能障碍的保护因素。结论接触粉尘危害建筑陶瓷工人的健康,应当引起重视,须对作业工人加强宣传和防护。     

Past occupational exposure to lead: association between current blood lead and bone lead

Mobilization of lead from bone is known to increase with age. The authors performed the current study to determine whether there was an association between current blood lead and bone lead in workers with no current exposure but with significant past workplace exposure. The authors assessed 58 men, aged 40 to 76 years, who had earlier exposure to lead and determined both current blood lead levels and bone lead levels. At the time of the current assessment, the average blood lead level was 10.9 microg/dL and tibia bone lead concentrations ranged from -12.5 to 223.3. The authors divided workers into 3 groups by age (40-49, 50-59, and 60-76). Correlations between blood lead and bone lead were highest in the 2 oldest age groups (.49 and .75, respectively). Hierarchical regression analysis was significant for an interaction between bone lead and age in predicting blood lead (the combination of age and bone lead significantly predicted an increase in current blood lead levels). The results support the hypothesis that lead stored in bone is a significant source of blood lead later in life. Older workers with past occupational exposure may face a particular risk for recirculation of lead in blood with advancing age.     

职业性石英粉尘暴露者红细胞膜T-SOD活性影响因素的Logistic回归分析

目的探讨职业性石英粉尘暴露者红细胞膜T-SOD活性的主要影响因素。方法运用流行病学整群抽样研究方法,调查了健康职业性石英粉尘暴露人员179名,均抽取外周静脉血2ml,以肝素钠抗凝,运用黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）活力,以考马斯亮蓝法测定膜蛋白含量,计算T-SOD的平均活性水平作为参考值;利用自制的调查表对8个可能的影响因素进行调查,同时,对厂内各工序点的生产环境噪声及粉尘浓度2个因素进行现场监测;将职业工人红细胞膜T-SOD活性分为大于和小于参考值水平的二分变量,并以此二分变量为应变量,以被调查和监测的10个可能影响因素为自变量,运用成组资料的非条件Logistic回归分析模型进行筛选,寻找主要影响因素。结果职业工人的接尘工龄、工序点的粉尘浓度、防护口罩使用情况、饮茶习惯及吸烟等5个因素,在α=0.05的检验水平上最终进入了回归方程。结论职业性石英粉尘暴露者红细胞膜T-SOD活性的主要影响因素有工龄、粉尘浓度、使用防护口罩、饮茶习惯及吸烟等5个方面。     

某铅蓄电池厂工人健康状况及其影响因素分析

[目的]了解某铅蓄电池厂铅作业工人健康状况及其影响因素,为企业健康监护提供基础资料。[方法]以该铅蓄电池厂1 179名铅作业工人作为研究对象,进行问卷调查和健康体检。[结果]1 179名研究对象血铅值中位数和第25、75百分位数[M(P25,P75)]为152.2(65.4,356.7)μg/L,血铅超标(血铅值≥400μg/L)120人,超标率为10.2%。男性心电图异常率为14.3%,高于女性的2.2%,血常规异常率为7.1%,低于女性的18.1%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:铅接触组发生血铅异常的危险性是不接触组的7.469倍(95%CI:2.817~19.804);男性发生心电图异常的危险性是女性的7.974倍(95%CI:4.099~15.511),血铅水平在300~μg/L组发生心电图异常的危险性是对照组(血铅水平<100μg/L)的3.450倍(95%CI:1.724~15.690);男性发生贫血的危险性是女性的34.2%(95%CI:0.235~0.499),血铅200~μg/L组、300~μg/L组发生贫血的危险性分别是对照组(<100μg/L)的3.020倍(95%CI:1.234~8.562)、3.870倍(95%CI:1.985~16.398)。[结论]心电图异常率男性高于女性,贫血发生率则是女性高于男性;血铅是铅作业工人健康状况的独立危险因素,应进一步加强监测,组织工人定期体检,保护工人健康。     

An inverse lead air to lead blood relation: the impact of air-stream helmets

Summary At a secondary smelter (24 smelting workers, 13 refinery workers), data on exposure to lead were collected by systematic observation of hygienic behaviour, a questionnaire, personal sampling of lead dust in ambient air (PbA) and determination of lead in the blood level (PbB). The smelting workers showed a negative relation between PbA and PbB. The 53% variance in PbB levels in the smelting workers can be explained by the combination of PbA, the percentage of time an air-stream helmet is worn, the frequency of cigarette smoking at the workplace and the amount of spitting. Air-stream helmets and spitting contribute to a lower PbB, whereas smoking contributes to a higher PbB. Moreover, expected PbB levels were computed by using several regression equations for the relation between PbA and PbB, as suggested in the Final OSHA Standard for Occupational Exposure to Lead (OSHA 1978). As the percentage of time an air-stream helmet is worn increases, the deviation from the expected PbB falls substantially. The refinery workers showed the expected weak positive correlation coefficient between PbA and PbB. No direct relation between the PbB level and the observed hygienic behaviour could be established. However, there was a positive relation between the level of education and the level of PbB. Moreover, the level of education was related to the frequency of eating at the workplace and negative as far as the percentage of time gloves are worn is concerned. Our conclusion is that hygienic behaviour is a major factor that modifies the relation between PbA and PbB in groups of workers. Incorporation of hygienic behaviour in the PbA-PbB model substantially improves the accuracy of predicting PbB levels and makes unexpected outliers and/or systematic deviations from the expected relation understandable. Adding a behavioural approach to the toxicological approach appears to make sense in explaining the bias in the relation between PbA and PbB.     

Exposure to lead of boatyard workers in southern Thailand

Lead oxide is used extensively in the construction and repair of wooden boats in Thailand, but the behaviors of boatyard workers that could place them at risk of contamination have not previously been documented. Baseline data on practices and behaviors of boatyard workers and on the level of worker and workplace contamination with lead were therefore collected. Fifty workers in two boatyards participated in this study. Lead exposure of workers was assessed by determining airborne and blood lead levels. A questionnaire was administered to collect information on work history, suspected exogenous lead sources, personal behavior and knowledge about lead. Evidence obtained by the study indicated that safety behavior and personal hygiene were poor--workers used no mask, gloves or hood, wore open sandals, smoked, drank, chewed and ate during work and did not wash their hands before drinking or eating. Some workers had lunch in the working area. The mean personal airborne lead of caulkers (36.4 microg/m3) was higher than that of carpenters (8.3 microg/m3). Forty-eight percent of all workers and 67% of caulkers had a blood lead level (BLL) exceeding 40 microg/dl. Multiple linear regression indicated that blood lead levels of workers were significantly related to job and education level, with significant differences between boatyards. In addition, the potential for "take-home" contamination was high; none of the workers took a shower or changed their clothes prior to going home. These results indicate a problem of lead exposure of sufficient magnitude to be a public health concern.