尿道板斜切延长纵切卷管尿道成形术在尿道下裂中的应用CSCD

目的 总结尿道板斜切延长纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂的经验。方法 回顾性分析2015年6月至2015年11月收治的21例行尿道板斜切延长纵切卷管尿道成形术的尿道下裂患儿的临床资料。本组年龄1岁6个月～4岁11个月,平均2.8岁。阴茎体型17例,阴茎阴囊型4例。所有病例均为首次手术病例。手术方法：保留尿道板,将阴茎皮肤脱套至阴茎根部,充分伸直阴茎。于尿道板正中纵切增宽尿道板,于阴茎弯曲最明显处斜切延长尿道板,留置导尿管,卷管成形尿道。结果 本组手术时间65～100 min,平均78 min。术后近期发生尿道瘘3例（14.3%）,尿道狭窄4例（19.0%）,均在1～3次尿道扩张后缓解。术后3个月发生尿道瘘2例,无尿道狭窄、尿道憩室患儿,3个月并发症发生率为9.5%。阴茎伸直效果满意。结论 尿道板斜切延长纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂近期效果满意,术后并发症发生率较低,且容易在基层医院开展。     

尿道板正中纵切移植皮片卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂

目的探讨尿道板正中纵切后在皮损区移植皮片卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂的疗效及优势。方法2010年3月至2012年10月应用尿道板正中纵切移植皮片卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂23例，其中阴茎体型19例，阴茎阴囊型2例，外院行一期阴茎矫直术后1例，手术后尿道裂开1例；年龄1．5—6．0岁，平均年龄3．75岁，均采取尿道板正中纵切后在皮损区移植皮片卷管尿道成形术治疗。结果患儿均顺利完成手术，均于出院后随访6个月，所有患儿阴茎外观形似包皮环切术后，尿道外口位于阴茎头尿道沟正位，呈裂隙状。一期治愈22例（95．7％），术后尿道瘘1例，1个月后自愈；无尿道狭窄发生。结论尿道板正中纵切移植皮片卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂效果满意，一期愈合率高，术后并发症的发生率较低，方法简单，容易开展。     

尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术在失败的尿道下裂治疗中的应用

目的 探讨尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术（Snodgrass法）在失败的尿道下裂病例治疗中的应用。方法 2001～2005年应用Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗失败的尿道下裂病例84例。年龄2～16岁，平均3．7岁。并与在同期应用Duplay尿道成形术修复的阴茎皮肤充裕的失败尿道下裂76例作比较。结果 应用Snodgrass手术84例，成功64例（76．2％）；尿道瘘14例，尿道狭窄6例。Duplay手术76例，成功61例（80．3％），尿道瘘11例，尿道狭窄5例。结论Snodgrass尿道成形术用于阴茎腹侧皮肤少的失败尿道下裂病例修复，可取得满意效果。     

尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂22例

目的 探讨尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术（Snodgrass法）手术治疗尿道下裂的适应证、手术技巧、并发症。方法 2005年9月～2006年11月本院应用Snodgrass手术治疗尿道下裂22例。年龄2～18岁。首次手术16例，采用尿道板正中切开卷管。再次手术6例，采用残余尿道板或阴茎皮肤正中切开卷管。卷管长度1～10cm。新尿道采用F6或飚号的硅胶气囊尿管作为支架管，术后10～14d拔除。结果 22例中18例一次手术成功，阴茎伸直良好，外形美观，排尿正常，成功率81．8％（18／22）。尿瘘3例，均已行尿瘘修补术痊愈。尿瘘并尿道狭窄1例，尿道扩张后狭窄改善，尿瘘待手术。结论 Snodgrass手术操作相对简单，手术者容易掌握，术后外形美观，并发症少。     

巨尿道口伴完整包皮(MIP)型尿道下裂的认识和处理

目的 探讨巨尿道口伴完整包皮型尿道下裂的认识和处理.方法 回顾性分析2004年7月至2010年2月同一治疗组收治的巨尿道口伴完整包皮型尿道下裂病例.本组13例,年龄4岁5个月至12岁1个月,平均8岁1个月.就诊原因包括尿道口位置异常2例、阴茎外观短小1例、包茎10例.尿道开口于冠状沟3例,开口于阴茎远段10例.10例行尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(TIP)尿道成形,3例行Duplay尿道成形.术后随访3～45个月,平均9个月.结果 9例患儿成形尿道0.5～1.3 cm,平均0.9cm.术后尿瘘1例,再次手术矫治满意.其余病例外观满意,呈包皮环切术后外观,尿流尿线正常.结论 MIP型尿道下裂常因包茎手术时发现,阴茎弯曲多不明显,矫治时可保留尿道板,Duplay或TIP手术矫治效果满意.     

预置"尿道板"的分期手术治疗严重尿道下裂

目的 评价分期手术治疗严重尿道下裂的效果.方法 2001年12月至2009年8月治疗27例严重尿道下裂患儿,年龄8个月至17岁,平均4.3岁.近端型伴重度阴茎下弯23例,既往手术失败组织挛缩4例.Ⅰ期手术:完全脱套包皮,切除阴茎腹侧纤维束带或瘢痕组织,完全伸直阴茎,游离带蒂岛状包皮内板转移至腹侧填补缺损,预置"尿道板",包皮内板缺乏侧取下唇口腔黏膜皮瓣.术后6个月Ⅱ期手术:手术方式采用尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术.4例皮瓣与尿道板连接处出现瘢痕愈合,予瘢痕切除,口腔黏膜镶嵌后卷管成形尿道.结果 27例患儿中,无尿道狭窄、皮瓣坏死等发生,4例术后尿瘘,6个月后再修补.结论 严重尿道下裂病例采用预置"尿道板"的分期手术,单次的手术操作简化,充分结合了传统尿道板卷管术式的优点,成功率高,整形效果好.     

预置"尿道板"的分期手术治疗严重尿道下裂

目的 评价分期手术治疗严重尿道下裂的效果.方法 2001年12月至2009年8月治疗27例严重尿道下裂患儿,年龄8个月至17岁,平均4.3岁.近端型伴重度阴茎下弯23例,既往手术失败组织挛缩4例.Ⅰ期手术:完全脱套包皮,切除阴茎腹侧纤维束带或瘢痕组织,完全伸直阴茎,游离带蒂岛状包皮内板转移至腹侧填补缺损,预置"尿道板",包皮内板缺乏侧取下唇口腔黏膜皮瓣.术后6个月Ⅱ期手术:手术方式采用尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术.4例皮瓣与尿道板连接处出现瘢痕愈合,予瘢痕切除,口腔黏膜镶嵌后卷管成形尿道.结果 27例患儿中,无尿道狭窄、皮瓣坏死等发生,4例术后尿瘘,6个月后再修补.结论 严重尿道下裂病例采用预置"尿道板"的分期手术,单次的手术操作简化,充分结合了传统尿道板卷管术式的优点,成功率高,整形效果好.     

镶嵌式唇黏膜尿道成形术在复杂尿道下裂治疗中的应用

目的探讨复杂尿道下裂的治疗以及术后尿道狭窄的预防。方法从2005年5月至2005年10月，我们在Snodgrass尿道成形术基础上，通过将游离的自体唇黏膜瓣镶嵌于劈开的“尿道板”再卷管形成新尿道的方法对23例经过至少1次手术的复杂尿道下裂病例进行再次手术治疗并评价其效果。结果所有病例术后均无明显的尿道狭窄，尿瘘发生率17．4％（4／23）。无尿道憩室形成和尿道口黏膜增生外翻。结论镶嵌式唇黏膜尿道成形术兼有Snodgrass尿道成形术和游离移植物代尿道成形术的优点，是治疗尿道下裂合并尿道狭窄的有效方法；对于尿道板发育不良或经阴茎伸直术后的重度尿道下裂病例，镶嵌唇黏膜具有预防尿道狭窄的作用。     

预置"尿道板"的分期手术治疗严重尿道下裂

目的 评价分期手术治疗严重尿道下裂的效果.方法 2001年12月至2009年8月治疗27例严重尿道下裂患儿,年龄8个月至17岁,平均4.3岁.近端型伴重度阴茎下弯23例,既往手术失败组织挛缩4例.Ⅰ期手术:完全脱套包皮,切除阴茎腹侧纤维束带或瘢痕组织,完全伸直阴茎,游离带蒂岛状包皮内板转移至腹侧填补缺损,预置"尿道板",包皮内板缺乏侧取下唇口腔黏膜皮瓣.术后6个月Ⅱ期手术:手术方式采用尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术.4例皮瓣与尿道板连接处出现瘢痕愈合,予瘢痕切除,口腔黏膜镶嵌后卷管成形尿道.结果 27例患儿中,无尿道狭窄、皮瓣坏死等发生,4例术后尿瘘,6个月后再修补.结论 严重尿道下裂病例采用预置"尿道板"的分期手术,单次的手术操作简化,充分结合了传统尿道板卷管术式的优点,成功率高,整形效果好.     

前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂

目的探讨前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂的疗效。方法总结分析2002年1月～2004年6月对12例尿道下裂患儿实行的前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形术的治疗经验。结果全部12例患儿阴茎外观满意。尿道口位置正常，仅有1例出现尿瘘，未发现尿道狭窄病例。结论对于远端尿道板薄弱同时合并明显阴茎下曲的尿道下裂患儿如行常规游离包皮内板尿道成形则原系带处保留的皮桥过薄，容易发生尿瘘且有部分患儿出现术后尿道口回缩，前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形是一种较好的手术治疗方法，阴茎伸直充分且可保证尿道开口于正常位置。尤其适用于阴茎及阴茎头发育良好的患儿。     

Modified Snodgrass tubularized incised plate urethroplasty prevents fistula formation in hypospadias

Urethrocutaneous fistula is a common complication after redo urethroplasty for hypospadias, or urethroplasty for patients with thin urethral plate. We modified Snodgrass' tubularized incised plate urethroplasty (STIPU) by stripping the most superficial skin from both sides of the U-shaped incision to expose more subcutaneous tissue along the suture line. Our modified STIPU would appear to be effective in preventing postoperative urethrocutaneous fistula formation in redo urethroplasty for hypospadias, and urethroplasty for patients with thin urethral plate.     

Outcome analysis of tubularized incised urethral plate using dorsal dartos flap for proximal penile hypospadias repair

PurposeTo assess the outcome of tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty in conjunction with a dorsal dartos flap for primary proximal penile hypospadias.Materials and methodsForty-nine patients with proximal penile hypospadias underwent a one-stage TIP urethroplasty with single-layer closure using polyglactin suture. A dorsal dartos (subcutaneous) flap, harvested from the dorsal penile shaft was used to cover the neourethra ventrally. Glanuloplasty was also performed in all cases. All patients had a well preserved urethral plate after straightening of the penis. Complications and cosmetic appearance were documented during follow-up.ResultsMean patient age at surgery was 23 months (16–72 months). Mean operative time was 180 min (154–240 min). At the mean follow-up of 36 months, the overall complication rate was 12% (4 fistulae, 1 meatal stenosis). Glandular dehiscence occurred in one patient, and 38 patients (78%) required dorsal Nesbit plication. No patient had residual chordee, neourethral stricture or a urethral diverticulum, and the neomeatus with a slit-like appearance was positioned at the glans tip.ConclusionsTIP urethroplasty with dorsal dartos layer covering the neourethra is an effective treatment for primary proximal penile hypospadias with a preserved urethral plate and without severe curvature. There is a good cosmetic outcome with low risk of complications.     

Tubularized incised plate hypospadias repair for distal hypospadias

PurposeWe report surgical technique and outcomes in consecutive patients with primary distal hypospadias.Materials and methodsA prospectively maintained database of all patients operated by WS in 2000–2008 was reviewed for pertinent data in consecutive patients.ResultsA total of 551 consecutive patients of mean age 17 months underwent distal tubularized incised plate hypospadias repair by urethral plate tubularization with (459) or without (92) midline incision. Follow up occurred for 426 (77%) at a mean of 8.2 months. Calibration and/or uroflowmetry were obtained in 279 (65%). Complications developed in 19 (4%), including nine fistulas, nine glans dehiscences and one delayed meatal stenosis from balanitis xerotica obliterans. These complications could not be attributed to meatal location, urethral plate configuration or incision, suture materials or methods for urethroplasty and glansplasty, or to use or not of a dartos flap barrier layer.ConclusionsNo contraindication to urethral plate tubularization with or without incision was found in 551 consecutive patients operated for distal hypospadias. Reliability of the procedure was confirmed by the low complication rate and success using varied suture materials and methods.     

The midterm success rates of tubularized incised plate urethroplasty in reoperative patients with distal or midpenile hypospadias

To review the midterm results of tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty (Snodgrass method) in reoperative patients with distal or midpenile hypospadias. The results of TIP urethroplasty in 37 patients who had previously failed hypospadias repair were reviewed. Of the patients, 21 (56.8%) had coronal, 11 (29.7%) had subcoronal, and 5 (13.5%) had midpenile hypospadias. The mean age was 4.1 (2–16) years. Twenty-three patients had one operation and 14 patients had two operations previously. Of all the patients, 14 did not have a foreskin because of circumcision. The urethral plate had been disturbed in 6 patients, but there was not apparent scarring of the plate. Postoperative follow-up was 2.3 years with a range of 1.1–3.9 years. Genital examination, urethral calibration, and uroflowmetry were performed in control. Satisfaction of the families about the function and appearance of penis was also evaluated. Successful functional and cosmetic results were achieved in 29 patients (78.4%). All the families were happy with penile aesthetic appearance. The urethral plate seemed healthy at the operation in nine patients who had undergone TIP urethroplasty before and the outcomes were successful in eight of them. The operation was successful in 19/23 (82.6%) patients who had undergone one operation before and in 10/14 (71.4%) patients with two operations as well (P<0.05). In addition, sufficient outcomes were obtained in also 11 of the 14 patients with circumcision. The success rate was higher in patients <5 years (P<0.05). The rate was also higher during the recent period (2001–2003) since the experience we had increased (P<0.05). TIP urethroplasty was unsatisfied in four of the six patients who had had disturbed urethral plate before and in five of eight patients who did not have sufficient amount of dartos tissue for flap to cover neourethra. Complication was observed in eight patients (21.6%): four had a pinpoint fistula, two had wound dehiscence, one had meatal stenosis, and one had mild meatal regression and a short neourethral stricture. All of these complications were repaired successfully at a later date. The mean hospital stay was 4.6 days. TIP urethroplasty provides good functional and cosmetic midterm outcomes in most of the reoperative patients with distal or midpenile hypospadias unless contraindicated by previous resection or gross scarring of the urethral plate. This procedure seems not to disturb the urethral plate and, therefore, it can be applied on reoperative patients who had undergone TIP urethroplasty before. It can also be used in a circumcised patient when there is a lack of foreskin.     

Snodgrass手术在治疗失败尿道下裂中的应用

目的探讨尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(Snodgrass法)对治疗失败尿道下裂的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析广州军区总医院泌尿外科2002年3月-2011年4月接受Snodgrass法治疗的81例阴茎皮肤少的治疗失败尿道下裂患者的临床资料,并与36例同期应用Duplay尿道成形术修复的阴茎皮肤相对充裕的治疗失败尿道下裂患者进行比较。2种治疗方法均留置尿道U形支架管,U形支架管两端分别从会阴部尿道及尿道外口引出,均采用肉膜瓣覆盖成形尿道。结果随访6个月～2 a,应用Snodgrass手术治疗81例,成功65例(80.2%),术后并尿道瘘11例,尿道狭窄5例。Duplay尿道成形术治疗36例,成功29例(80.6%),术后并尿道瘘5例,尿道狭窄2例。2组手术成功率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 Snodgrass手术用于儿童阴茎皮肤少的治疗失败尿道下裂的修复,可取得满意效果。     

Observational retrospective study on acquired megalourethra after primary proximal hypospadias repair and its recurrence after tapering

IntroductionAcquired megalourethra (AMU) after repair of proximal hypospadias can be a serious complication. An observational retrospective study of its incidence among different types of repair was performed.Materials and methodsClinical charts of patients operated on for proximal hypospadias were reviewed. Inclusion criteria: all primary hypospadias operated in 1991–2004, with the meatus positioned in proximal penile, scrotal or perineal position.ResultsOf 770 hypospadias cases treated, 130 (16%) were proximal. Seventy-two patients (55%) were treated using preputial flaps: 36 with a tubularized preputial island flap (TIF) and 36 an onlay island flap (OIF). Fifty-eight patients (45%) underwent staged repairs: Belt-Fuquà (BF) in 18 and Bracka procedure in 40 cases. After a mean follow up of 16 years (range 6–19) the overall incidence of complications for each technique was: TIF 36%; OIF 33%; BF 25%; two-stage Bracka 7.5%. The most common complication encountered was neo-urethral fistula. AMU occurred in only 5 cases, none with associated distal urethral stenosis, all in the TIF and OIF groups, and all successfully treated by reduction re-do urethroplasty.ConclusionA very small number of the patients operated using preputial island flaps techniques developed AMU. None of the staged repairs developed AMU, and this is the preferred choice in proximal hypospadias when the urethral plate requires division and/or substitution. All cases of AMU resolved after urethral tapering.     

The Single Stage Dorsal Inlay Skin Graft for Hypospadias Reoperations: Long-Term Follow-Up

PurposeDespite high success rates for primary hypospadias repair, some patients still require multiple sessions for ultimate functional reconstruction. We report our long-term experience with single stage dorsal inlay urethroplasty using skin grafts for complex hypospadias reoperations.Material and Methods35 patients (mean 13.8 years) with failed hypospadias surgery (mean 4.2 times) were included. Indications comprised fistulas, strictures, diverticula, and repair breakdown. The urethral plate had been removed or was scarred in all patients. After excision of fibrotic tissue a free penile or groin skin graft was sutured and quilted to the corpora cavernosa. The neourethra was tubularized followed by glanuloplasty in a single stage. Clinical outcome was considered a failure when any postoperative instrumentation was needed.ResultsPenile skin was used in 31 and inguinal skin in 4 cases.The average graft length was 4.87 cm. Initial graft healing was successful in all cases. We did not note complications from the graft donor sites. After a mean follow up of 55.73 +/- 18.26 months 5 patients underwent redo surgery leaving a complication rate of 14.3 %. Urethral stricture of the proximal anastomosis was the most frequent finding. Single internal urethrotomy was sufficient for 2 boys whereas 2 finally required another urethroplasty using the same technique.ConclusionsThis single stage approach using dorsal inlay skin grafts is a reliable method to create a substitute urethral plate for tubularization. Complication rates are equivalent to those of staged strategies with the advantage of only one hospital stay. Residual penile skin should be used as a graft donor site to optimize the outcome if available. Given the excellent long term follow-up, this approach represents a safe option for hypospadias re-operations even if the urethral plate or midline penile skin is grossly scarred.     

Combined use of perimeatal-based flap urethroplasty (Mathieu) with midline incision or urethral plate in hypospadias repair.

Perimeatal-based flap urethroplasty is commonly used for the primary correction of distal hypospadias. The Mathieu repair provides excellent function and satisfactory cosmetic results, but the risk of devascularisation of the neourethral flap is an inherent problem of this technique. The midline incision of the urethral plate is part of the Snodgrass method, which offers good urethral calibre and tension-free closure. Our aim was to test the effectiveness of the use of the perimeatal-based flap combined with a midline incision of the urethral plate in hypospadias repair. 19 boys, aged 20 months to 5 years, with distal hypospadias, underwent a one-stage repair using the above-described modification of the Mathieu technique. The meatal-based flap with a midline incision of the urethral plate was similar in all cases. The hypospadias repair was successful in all patients, only one boy developed a urethrocutaneous fistula which required subsequent operation. There was no postoperative scarring, chordee or urethral stricture during follow-up. Hypospadias repair using a perimeatal-based skin flap and combined with an incision of the urethral plate reduces complication rates and offers good cosmetic results.     

三种保留尿道板手术在轻中型尿道下裂矫治中的应用

目的探讨 TIP 手术、TIP 加游离包皮内板镶嵌式移植（inlay）手术和横行带蒂岛状包皮瓣加盖式尿道成形（onlay）三种手术在轻中型尿道下裂中的应用价值。方法2013年1月至2014年3月本中心收治104例可保留尿道板尿道下裂病例,其中70例采取 tip 术、19例采取 inlay 术和15例 on-lay 手术,回顾性分析三种术式治疗情况。结果本组104例,年龄14个月至21岁,平均42个月,术后随访（18～31）个月,平均22个月。TIP 组70例,成形尿道0.7～3 cm,平均1.53 cm,术后阴茎头裂开3例（4.3％）,尿道皮肤瘘5例（7.1％）,尿道狭窄2例（2.9％,经尿道扩张2～3次缓解）。Inlay 组19例,成形尿道0.8～2.3cm,平均1.37 cm,术后尿道皮肤瘘1例（5.3％）。Onlay 组15例,成形尿道2.0～3.2 cm,平均2.45 cm,术后阴茎头裂开1例（6.7％）,尿道皮肤瘘1例（6.7％）。结论对于可保留尿道板的轻中型尿道下裂病例,根据尿道板特点采用 TIP、inlay 或 onlay 手术,可得到较好的矫治效果。     

445例先天性尿道下裂的治疗

目的 探讨不同术式对445例不同类型先天性尿道下裂患儿的手术治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析我院1988年—2003年445例先天性尿道下裂病例资料，其中采用阴茎阴囊纵隔带蒂皮瓣尿道成型术311例，包皮内板带蒂皮瓣尿道成型术52例，包皮及阴茎阴囊联合皮瓣尿道成型术61例，膀胱粘膜代尿道术21例。每例均同时行耻骨上膀胱造瘘术。结果 治愈率90．6％，并发症为9．4％。其中尿道狭窄11例，尿瘘31例。尿道狭窄中膀胱粘膜法1例，包皮内板法2例，阴茎阴囊纵隔法5例，联合皮瓣法3例；尿瘘中膀胱粘膜法1例，包皮内板法3例，阴茎阴囊纵隔法24例，联合皮瓣法3例。结论 根据尿道下裂类型选择不同的术式 尿流改道，并严格遵守整形外科的原则是尿道下裂手术成功的关键。