耐多药结核分枝杆菌KatG及rpoB基因变异的研究

目的用聚合酶链反应（PCR）一直接测序法检测肺结核患者临床痰分离株结核分枝杆菌KatG及rpoB基因突变：了解耐药分子机制及探索痰标本结核分枝杆菌耐异烟肼（INH）、利福平（RFP）直接检测的可行性。方法对47例耐INH、RFP的结核分枝杆菌临床痰分离株行PCR一直接测序法检测KatG及rpoB基因突变。结果47例耐INH、RFP分离株结核分枝杆菌KatG及rpoB基因突变阳性分别为29／47（61．7％）、43／47（91．5％），两者同时突变26例（55．3％）。结论PCR一直接测序法敏感、特异，可快速检测结核分枝杆菌KatG及rpoB基因突变，适合于临床肺结核患者痰标本耐药性的快速检测。     

结核分枝杆菌对利福平和异烟肼耐药基因突变快速检测方法的建立

目的建立结核分枝杆菌对利福平和异烟肼耐药基因突变的快速检测方法。方法根据结核分枝杆菌标准株H37Rv序列，自行设计覆盖rpoB、katG、inhA基因突变区的系列寡核苷酸探针，并检测临床样品中结核分枝杆菌的基因突变情况，以此来判断耐药结果。结果在56个利福平耐药菌株中，有50个菌株都在rpoB基因上榆出有突变，利福平耐药突变检出率为89．3％（50／56）；有30个利福平敏感菌株rpoB基因上都未检出突变。有58个异烟肼培养的耐药菌株中有47个在katG或inhA基因上检出有突变，异烟肼耐药突变检出率为81．0％（47／58）；有30个异烟肼敏感菌株katG或inhA基因上未检出突变。结论用膜芯片检测结核分枝杆菌对利福平和异烟肼的耐药性，具有较高的特异性和敏感性，可用于临床结核分枝杆菌耐药性的检测。     

结核分枝杆菌katG、inhA、ahpC等突变与异烟肼耐药关系的研究

目的：了解结核分枝杆菌katG、inhA、ahpC、fabG1、sodA及sodC基因突变的特征及其与耐异烟肼的关系。方法对127例活动性肺结核患者痰标本进行菌型鉴定及结核分枝杆菌药敏试验,提取结核分枝杆菌菌株DNA,应用PCR扩增katG、inhA及ahpC、fabG1、sodA及sodC基因片段,并进行DNA序列分析。结果结核分枝杆菌药物敏感试验显示127株结核分枝杆菌中,其中47株耐异烟肼,80株对异烟肼敏感,耐异烟肼率为37.01%。47株耐异烟肼中,29株存在katG和（或）inhA基因突变,其中22株（46.81%,22/47）存在katG基因单位点突变,3株（6.38%,3/47）存在inhA基因单位点突变,4株（8.51%,4/47）存在katG及inhA基因联合位点突变。22株katG基因单位点突变中,20株为AGC315ACC、AGC315AAC （42.55%,20/47）突变,2株（2.13%,1/47）分别为CTG378CCG（Leu378Pro）、ACG394ATG（Thr394Met）突变,该突变位点及突变形式尚未见文献报道。18株katG及inhA未突变结核分枝杆菌均未检测到ahpC、fabG1、sodA及sodC基因突变。结论结核分枝杆菌对异烟肼耐药主要与katG和inhA基因突变有关。耐异烟肼结核分枝杆菌临床分离株378和394新突变位点的发现为进一步研究耐药机制以及耐药结核病的快速检测提供了依据。     

DNA芯片法检测耐多药结核分支杆菌耐药性

目的 :应用新型DNA芯片快速检测结核分枝杆菌对异烟肼利福平的耐药性。方法 :2 0株耐INH、RFP结核分支杆菌临床分离株 ,PCR扩增并荧光标记包含结核分支杆菌katG、rpoB基因突变热点的片段 ,与芯片杂交。结果 :耐INH、RFP2 0株经DNA芯片检测 ,14株katG基因突变 ( 70 % )、17株rpoB基因突变 ( 85 % )。结论 :用DNA芯片检测结核分支杆菌株耐药性有较高的特异性和灵敏度 ,且快捷     

PCR-DNA测序技术检测结核分支杆菌耐多药基因突变的研究

目的应用PCR—DNA测序技术快速检测同时耐利福平和异烟肼结核分支杆菌分离株rpoB、KatG基因突变，评价其在检测结核分支杆菌耐多药性方面的价值。方法47株耐利福平和异烟肼结核分支杆菌临床分离株及30株结核分支杆菌敏感分离株用PCR—DNA测序技术分别检测rpoB、KatG基因突变。结果47株耐多药结核分支杆菌分离株中，检出43株rpoB基因突变，突变检出率为91．5％（43／47）；31株KatG基因突变，突变检出率为66．0％（31／47）；rpoB和KatG基因同时突变者31株，突变检出率为66．0％（31／47）。30株结核分支杆菌敏感株检出1株KatG基因突变。结论PCR—DNA测序技术方法敏感、准确、特异，可快速检测结核分支杆菌rpoB、KatG耐药基因突变，有利于耐多药结核分支杆菌耐药性的快速检测。     

基因芯片技术检测结核分支杆菌耐利福平基因突变的研究

目的建立基因芯片检测结核分支杆菌耐利福平基因突变，结合基因测序和常规药物敏感性试验进行比较，探讨其实用价值。方法根据结核菌rpoβ基因突变特点，设计不同的寡核苷酸探针，点样制备可检测rpoβ基因突变的芯片，检测利福平（Rifompicin，RFP）株的rpoβ变异情况。结果137株临床分离结核菌，49株耐RFP，占35．8％，平均MIC为179．6±135．0ug／mL。Rpop突变率为95．7％（47／49），主要为点突变。突变点依次为531 Ser（TCG）→Leu（TTG）（40．8％）、531 Ser（TCG）→Trp（TGG）（12．2％）、526 His（CAC）→Tyr（TAC）（6．1％）、526His（CAC）→Asp（GAC）（6．1％）。526 His（CAC）→Asn（AAC）（6．1％）、526 His（CAC）→Pro（CCC）（8．2％）、516Asp（GAC）→Val（GTC）（12．2％）、533 Leu（CTG）→Arg（CGG）（4．1％）和513 GIn（CAA）→Pro（CCA）（2．1％）。结论本研究建立的检测结核菌rpoβ基因突变的基因芯片技术敏感性高，特异性强，可应用于结核菌耐RFP基因的检测。     

RIFO杂交和限制性片段长度多态性检测耐利福平和异烟肼的结核分枝杆菌

目的评价利福平寡核苷酸探针杂交技术（RIFO杂交）和PCR-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）在结核分枝杆菌（MTB）耐利福平（RIF）和异烟肼（INH）快速检测中的应用价值。方法选取121株北京地区MTB菌株，分别采用RIFO杂交技术和PCR—RFLP检测RIF耐药相关基因rpoB核心区和INH耐药相关基因katG315位点突变，并对所有菌株的rpoB基因核心区进行测序验证。结果RIFO杂交检测发现，91，5％（65／71）的RIF耐药株和92．9％（52／56）的耐多药菌株（至少对RIF和INH耐药）存在rpoB基因核心区突变，而RIF敏感株中未发现突变；RIFO杂交与测序结果完全一致，测序结果中有突变的位点在RIFO杂交中均有相应的野生型杂交信号缺失；PCR-RFLP结果显示，INH耐药株中katG315突变率为60.6％（40／66）。结论rpoB基因核心区可作为RIF耐药检测的分子标志及耐多药的筛选指标；RIFO杂交技术是检测MTB耐RIF的快速、准确的实验方法，具有推广及潜在的临床应用价值；PCR—RFLP可检测出大部分INH耐药株，可作为临床INH耐药性检测的辅助手段。     

结核分支杆菌耐异烟肼分子机制的研究

目的探讨耐异烟肼结核分支杆菌KatG基因突变在结核分支杆菌耐异烟肼耐药性测定中的应用价值。方法采用聚合酶链反应——单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)分析72株结核分支杆菌KatG基因突变。其中32株为异烟肼(INH)敏感株,40株为INH耐药株,用PCR-SSCP图谱鉴定扩增产物有无突变,H37RV标准株作对照。结果所有INH敏感株SSCP带谱与对照相同;40株INH耐药株中15株与对照相同,25株有不同程度的差异,INH耐药KatG基因突变或缺失的阳性率为62.5%。结论多数结核分支杆菌耐INH是由于其KatG基因突变所致,用PCR-SSCP筛选突变株可达到快速检测结核分支杆菌INH耐药的目的。     

PCR-SSCP快速检测结核分枝杆菌耐利福平rpoB基因的研究

目的探讨PCR—SSCP技术检测结核分枝杆菌耐利福平rpoB基因作为新的分子药敏试验方法的价值。方法应用PCR—SSCP技术检测结核分枝杆菌耐利福平rpoB基因核心区的突变，同时对片段长度为215bp的PCR扩增产物进行测序分析。受试菌为23株利福平敏感结核分枝杆菌以72．35株利福平抗性结核分枝杆菌。结果23株利福平敏感结核分枝杆菌分别用PCR—SSCP和PCR扩增片段测序均没有检测到巾0B碱基突变。而在35株利福平抗性菌株中，PCR—SSCP检测到31株与H37Rv标准株不同的带谱，PCR—SSCP检测基因突变的敏感度和特异度分别为88．6％（31／35）和100％（23／23）。对35株利福平抗性菌株PCR扩增产物进行测序分析，在其中32株中检出了基因突变。测序分析检测基因突变的敏感度和特异度分别为91．4％（32／35）和100％（23／23）。卡方检验，PCR—SSCP和PCR扩增片段测序两种方法的敏感度之间没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）。若以DNA测序为标准，则PCR—SSCP检测基因突变的准确度、敏感度和特异度分别为93．1％（54／58），96．9％（31／32）和100％（23／23）。结论PCR—SSCP检测结核分枝杆菌耐利福平rpoB基因突变可用于利福平药物敏感度的快速测定。     

PCR—SSCP快速检测结核分枝杆菌耐利福平rpoB基因的研究

目的探讨PCR—SSCP技术检测结核分枝杆菌耐利福平rpoB基因作为新的分子药敏试验方法的价值。方法应用PCR—SSCP技术检测结核分枝杆菌耐利福平rpoB基因核心区的突变，同时对片段长度为215bp的PCR扩增产物进行测序分析。受试菌为23株利福平敏感结核分枝杆菌以72．35株利福平抗性结核分枝杆菌。结果23株利福平敏感结核分枝杆菌分别用PCR—SSCP和PCR扩增片段测序均没有检测到巾0B碱基突变。而在35株利福平抗性菌株中，PCR—SSCP检测到31株与H37Rv标准株不同的带谱，PCR—SSCP检测基因突变的敏感度和特异度分别为88．6％（31／35）和100％（23／23）。对35株利福平抗性菌株PCR扩增产物进行测序分析，在其中32株中检出了基因突变。测序分析检测基因突变的敏感度和特异度分别为91．4％（32／35）和100％（23／23）。卡方检验，PCR—SSCP和PCR扩增片段测序两种方法的敏感度之间没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）。若以DNA测序为标准，则PCR—SSCP检测基因突变的准确度、敏感度和特异度分别为93．1％（54／58），96．9％（31／32）和100％（23／23）。结论PCR—SSCP检测结核分枝杆菌耐利福平rpoB基因突变可用于利福平药物敏感度的快速测定。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.