微型螺钉交叉内固定治疗Bennett骨折

目的评估微型螺钉内固定治疗Bennett骨折的疗效。方法对14例Bennett骨折均行切开复位加微型螺钉交叉内固定。结果本组得到3～24个月的随访,术后6～12个月取出内固定,骨折均顺利愈合,功能良好。结论采用微型螺钉交叉内固定Bennett骨折,允许早期功能锻炼,是一种简单易行、疗效确切的治疗方法。     

后路空心加压螺钉结合抗滑动钢板内固定治疗LetenneurⅠ型Hoffa骨折

目的 探讨后路空心加压螺钉结合抗滑动钢板内固定治疗Letenneur Ⅰ型Hoffa骨折的临床疗效.方法 2006年8月至2009年10月共收治10例Letenneur Ⅰ型Hoffa骨折患者,男7例,女3例;年龄22～61岁,平均40.1岁;左侧6例,右侧4例;均为外髁骨折.受伤至手术时间为3～12 d,平均6.4 d.10例患者均采用后侧人路,以2枚空心加压螺钉由后向前固定,同时使用抗滑动钢板固定,术后进行功能锻炼.结果 10例患者术后获10～18个月(半均12.7个月)随访.所有患者骨折均获骨性愈合,愈合时间为2～5个月,平均3.6个月.按照Letenneur等的Hoffa骨折术后功能恢复评估系统评定疗效:优6例,良3例,差1例.结论 后路空心加压螺钉配合抗滑动钢板内固定治疗Letenneur Ⅰ型Hoffa 骨折具有固定可靠、可早期功能锻炼及膝火节功能恢复好的优点.     

肩后入路内固定治疗不稳定性肩胛骨骨折

目的：探讨不稳定性肩胛骨系列骨折的手术适应证与开放复位内固定的治疗效果。方法：22例肩胛骨骨折，男18例，女4例，年龄25～65岁，平均35．5岁。根据术前X线片与CT扫描对骨折进行分型，确定手术指征，经肩后入路行切开复位，采用重建钢板、微型钢板、拉力螺钉内固定，术后早期功能锻炼。结果：22例均获9～28个月随访，平均17．5个月，疗效优14例，良5例，可2例，差1例，优良率86．4％。所有骨折平均在术后8．5周骨性愈合。结论：对不稳定性肩胛骨骨折行开放复位内固定、早期功能锻炼可恢复较好的肩关节功能。     

Herbert加压螺钉内固定治疗Mason Ⅱ型桡骨头骨折

目的探讨Herbert加压螺钉内固定治疗MasonⅡ型桡骨小头骨折的临床疗效。方法 10例桡骨小头骨折患者,其中男6例,女4例;年龄18～50岁,平均32岁。损伤原因：跌伤6例,坠落伤2例,交通事故伤2例。均为闭合性骨折。伤后至手术时间2～7天,平均5.2天。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。10例患者均获随访,随访时间6～18个月,平均12.3个月。X线片复查示骨折均愈合,愈合时间8～12周;术后未见肘关节骨化性肌炎,无桡骨头缺血性坏死发生。末次随访时肘关节功能按照Broberg和Morrey评分标准：获优9例,良1例,优良率100%。结论采用切开复位Herbert加压螺钉内固定治疗MasonⅡ型桡骨头,固定可靠稳定,可早期进行功能锻炼,满意疗效。     

肩胛骨骨折的手术治疗

目的：评价户胛骨骨折的手术治疗效果。方法：20例肩胛骨骨折，男16例，女4例，年龄25-53岁，平均36.5岁，经肩后入路行切开复位，采用重建钢板、微型钢板、拉力螺钉内固定，术后早期功能锻炼。结果：20例均获随访9-28个月，平均16.5个月，疗效优14例，良4例，可2例，优良率90%，所有骨折平均在术后8.5周骨性愈合。结论：对不同类型的肩胛骨骨折在严格掌握手术指征的基础上行内固定治疗、早期功能锻炼可恢复较好的肩关节功能。     

无头加压螺钉治疗Mason Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型桡骨头骨折

目的探讨应用无头加压螺钉治疗MasonⅡ型及Ⅲ型桡骨头骨折的疗效。方法 2009年5月-2011年5月,采用Acutrak无头加压螺钉行切开复位内固定治疗18例MasonⅡ、Ⅲ型桡骨头骨折。男10例,女8例;年龄25～62岁,平均38岁。损伤原因:摔伤12例,高处坠落伤4例,交通事故伤2例。均为闭合性骨折。伤后至手术时间2～10 d,平均6.2 d。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。18例患者均获随访,随访时间6～18个月,平均12.3个月。X线片复查示骨折均愈合,愈合时间8～12周;随访期间无桡骨头缺血性坏死发生。末次随访时肘关节功能按照Broberg和Morrey评分标准:获优12例,良4例,可1例,差1例,优良率88.9%。结论对于MasonⅡ型及部分Ⅲ型桡骨头骨折患者采用切开复位无头加压螺钉固定治疗,患者能早期进行功能锻炼,并获满意疗效。     

抗滑移技术治疗肱骨小头骨折

目的：探讨抗滑移技术治疗Ⅳ型肱骨小头骨折的临床疗效。方法：收集2011年8月～2013年8月本医院收治的22例Bryan and MorreyIV型肱骨小头骨折患者,男9例,女13例;年龄17—71岁,平均45．5岁;其中左侧10例,右侧12例;21例为新鲜骨折,1例为陈旧骨折（伤后12周）。所有患者均采用外侧入路,2枚Herbert螺钉由前向后固定骨折,同时使用抗滑移微型接骨板固定,术后早期进行功能锻炼。结果：22例手术中均无血管、神经损伤,术后伤口一期愈合;所有病例获得随访,平均随访8．3个月（4—14个月）,均获骨性愈合,临床愈合时间平均10周（8～12周）,X线片显示21例解剖复位,1例患者术后骨折再移位,骨折畸形愈合。所有患者均未出现骨化性肌炎、创伤性关节炎、肱骨小头缺血性坏死等并发症。疗效评估使用Cassebanm评分系统,结果优良18例,可4例,优良率81-8％。平均活动度：屈肘124°,伸肘24°。结论：抗滑移接骨板治疗Ⅳ型肱骨小头骨折,术中骨折解剖复位,抗滑移接骨板抵消冠状面剪切应力,使骨折固定牢固,防止复位固定后再次移位,早期进行肘关节主动伸屈功能锻炼,临床效果满意。     

Bennett骨折10例螺钉内固定及早期功能锻炼

目的观察螺钉内固定辅以功能康复治疗Bennett骨折的疗效,评价其对骨折修复的作用.方法切开复位以螺钉内固定治疗Bennett骨折10例,结合术后早期功能康复.结果术中骨折均解剖复位,术后早期功能康复,4个月后去除内固定,骨折一期愈合,功能良好.结论螺钉内固定辅以术后早期功能康复治疗Bennett骨折有确实的疗效.     

Bennett骨折10例螺钉内固定及早期功能锻炼

目的 观察螺钉内固定辅以功能康复治疗Bennett骨折的疗效，评价其对骨折修复的作用。方法 切开复位以螺钉内固定治疗Bennett骨折10例，结合术后早期功能康复。结果 术中骨折均解剖复合，术后早期功能康复，4个月后去除内固定，骨折一期愈合，功能良好。结论 螺钉内固定辅以术后早期功能康复治疗Bennett骨折有确实的疗效。     

AO微型髁接骨板治疗掌指骨髁部骨折

目的 探讨AO微型髁接骨板螺钉内固定治疗掌指骨髁部骨折的原理、技术及疗效。方法 对18例23处掌指骨髁部骨折，采用AO微型髁接骨板螺钉进行内固定治疗，于术后早期行功能锻炼。结果 术后随访3～15个月，平均9．2个月，用TAM评定标准评价疗效，优良率为86．96％。所有病例均无骨不连发生，并重返工作岗位。结论 对于掌指骨髁部骨折，可首选AO微型髁接骨板螺钉内固定，效果更优于普通的微型钢板螺钉固定。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.