前路ADS联合后路PRSS应用治疗重度僵硬脊柱侧弯

[目的]研究前后路联合矫形治疗僵硬脊柱侧弯畸形。[方法]男6例,女12例;年龄11~18岁,平均15.2岁,先天性胸腰段侧凸8例,胸段侧凸 胸腰段侧凸9例,其中Luque氏棒后路矫形后翻修1例。均采用前路松解后,进行ADS(anterior derotation spondylodese,ADS)前路矫形,2周后再进行后路PRSS(plate-rod system forscoliosis)矫形。[结果]本组病例获得6个月~2年(平均18个月)随访,其矫形效果满意。术前平均Cobb s角99.4°(70°~110°),术后平均Cobb s角42.4°(30°~64°),平均矫正率57.4%。侧弯(冠状面畸形)矫正效果良好,平背或后凸畸形者与腰椎前凸术后基本达到正常的矢状重建。无明显并发症。仅内固定棒断裂1例。[结论]前后路联合矫形治疗重度脊柱侧弯畸形可取得较好的矫正结果。     

胸腰段特发性脊柱侧凸的前路矫正术

目的评价胸腰段/腰段特发性脊柱侧凸经前路矫正术的临床效果。方法1998年1月~2004年1月,76例胸腰段/腰段特发性脊柱侧凸患者接受前路选择性矫正融合术。患者共76例,男19例,女57例,平均年龄为16.2岁(13~27岁)。按照Lenke分型,Ⅴ型41例,Ⅵ型35例。其中Lenke Ⅴ型术前胸腰段侧凸Cobb角平均51.3°(38°~65°),胸段侧凸Cobb角平均35.5°(23°~41°);Lenke Ⅵ型术前胸腰段侧凸Cobb角平均53.4°(46°~68°),胸段侧凸Cobb角平均39.2°(27°~51°)。所有患者均接受侧前路矫正选择性胸腰段融合。术后以及随访中对胸腰段侧凸矫正以及胸段代偿矫正情况进行分析对比,同时采用SRS-22评分评价患者手术前后的功能状况。结果患者均安全完成手术,无严重并发症发生。所有患者均随访2年以上(2~5年)。Lenke Ⅴ型组术后胸腰段侧凸Cobb角平均11.2°(3°~15°),胸段侧凸Cobb角平均8.3°(2°~11°),最终随访时分别为13.2°(5°~17°)和10.1°(4°~15°),无躯干冠状面失代偿发生;LenkeⅥ型组术后Cobb角平均16.3°(8°~21°),胸段侧凸Cobb角平均13.7°(11°~19°),最终随访时分别为17.5°(11°~24°)和15.2°(14°~21°);仅1例发生躯干冠状面失代偿,但不需要进一步治疗。两组之间无统计学差异。所有患者均在术后以及最终随访时填写了SRS-22评分表,结果显示两组患者均对治疗结果表示满意。结论胸腰段/腰段特发性脊柱侧凸经前路矫正、选择性融合可以获得良好矫正,术后胸段弯曲能够获得较好的代偿矫正,并在远期随访中维持矫正效果和躯干冠状面的平衡。     

后路矫形固定融合治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的疗效分析

[目的]回顾性分析15例先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形经后路矫形植骨固定矫正术的治疗效果。[方法]2002年7月～2008年8月,先天性脊柱侧后凸患者15例,男8例,女7例;平均年龄11.6岁。术前拍摄站立位的脊柱正侧位X线片及左右Bending位X线片、CT及全脊柱MRI;其中,先天性半椎体11例,Chiari畸形/脊髓空洞症3例,神经纤维瘤病1例。侧凸Cobb’s角平均78°(35°～156°),后凸平均25°(15°～38°)。对于先天性半椎体引起脊柱侧后凸畸形的患者9例行后路经椎弓根半椎体切除、椎弓根螺钉(美国,史赛克)固定术,2例行后路长节段矫形卢氏环内固定融合术;对于Chiari畸形/脊髓空洞症的3例及神经纤维瘤病1例患者行后路长节段矫形代偿弯固定融合术。[结果]平均手术时间5.5h(3.5～7.5h);平均术中出血850ml(300～2100ml);平均随访43个月(10～82个月),术后侧凸平均28°(11°～38°),矫正率64%;术后后凸平均16°(7°～33°),矫正率36%,均骨性融合;1例神经纤维瘤病患者术中发生大出血,经大量输血后,病情平稳。长期随访发现内固定断裂3例,曲轴现象2例,但无其他术后并发症发生。[结论]先天性脊柱侧后突畸形是复杂的骨骼神经肌肉系统疾病,应针对不同的病因采用个体化治疗方案;其中,半椎体切除短节段椎弓根钉内固定植骨融合对先天性半椎体畸形是有效、安全的方法。     

青少年先天性半椎体脊柱侧凸畸形的手术治疗

[目的]探讨治疗青少年先天性半椎体脊柱侧凸畸形的手术方法及治疗效果。[方法]对18例青少午先天性半椎体脊柱侧凸患者,按照术式分为侧前路矫正、前后路联合矫正。首先通过胸腰段、腰段脊柱侧凸的半椎体、椎间盘切除,然后采用侧前路短节段椎体螺钉固定,旋转棒的三维旋转矫正脊柱的畸形7例;采用前后路联合入路,经后路行残余半椎体的关节突、椎板切除,凸侧加压、凹侧支撑固定11例。[结果]18例患者中侧凸平均矫正Cobb's角36.7°,矫正率77%,经18~28个月随访,达到满意的矫形效果,丢失率低,融合良好。[结论]小儿半椎体畸形应早期手术治疗。侧前路和前、后路联合半椎体切除临床效果满意,其中前路矫正手术用于胸腰椎、腰椎单一半椎体畸形。     

胸腔镜下前路矫形治疗青少年特发性胸椎侧凸

目的探讨胸腔镜下前路矫形治疗青少年特发性胸椎侧凸的疗效。方法青少年特发性胸椎侧凸33例,男7例,女26例;年龄10～18岁,平均13.6岁。Lenke分型均为Ⅰ型,其中24例为ⅠA型,9例为ⅠB型。术前Cobb角:冠状面原发性胸弯平均57.4°(43°～68°),代偿性腰弯平均32.0°(20°～47°);27例存在胸椎后凸不足畸形,胸椎后凸平均6.3°(0°～18°)。手术方法为前路胸腔镜下切除椎间盘进行松解,应用CDHorizonEclipse矫形内固定,同时在椎间隙植骨。随访期间测量冠状面Cobb角及矢状面胸椎后凸成角,了解冠状面和矢状面畸形矫正情况。结果固定节段包括T4～T12,平均7.4个。平均手术时间为3h48min,平均术中出血量为308ml,平均住院时间4.4d。全部病例随访6～36个月,平均20.6个月。末次随访时原发性胸弯平均矫正60.2%,代偿性腰弯自然矫正平均50.3%,胸椎后凸平均矫正20.4°。1例出现假关节形成及内固定折断,2例出现胸壁麻木。结论胸腔镜下前路矫形治疗胸椎侧凸具有创伤小、术后恢复快等优点,能达到与开胸前路矫形术同样的矫形效果。     

一期前后入路内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折18例

目的 探讨一期前后入路内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的治疗效果.方法 18例胸腰椎爆裂性骨折患者一期行后路弓根内固定系统撑开复位,前路椎体次全切钛脊柱重建融合.结果 本组访17例,随访时间13～30个月,平均24个月.后凸畸形矫正由40.5°(30°～45°)达到8°(5°～15°),矫正角度丢失1.5°(0°～10°),椎体高度恢复90%,融合率100%.结论 前后路联合手术是治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折一种优秀的治疗方法,有利于畸形矫正和维持.     

后路截骨联合椎弓根内固定矫形治疗僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形

目的探讨经后路截骨联合椎弓根内固定矫形治疗僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形疗效。方法对26例僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者进行后路截骨、椎弓根内固定矫形。8例行后路Ponte截骨,13例行椎弓根截骨术(PSO)联合Ponte截骨,5例行全椎体切除术(VCR)。比较患者术前、术后和末次随访时Cobb角的变化及C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离的变化。结果患者均获得随访,时间12~60个月。侧凸Cobb角:术前30°~135°(90.7°±30.6°),术后12°~30°(18°±5.6°),矫正率为82.5%,末次随访13°~32°(20°±5.8°),丢失4.3%;后凸Cobb角:术前20°~60°(40.6°±18.5°),术后10°~26°(16.8°±6.2°),矫正率为85%,末次随访13°~30°(20.5°±7.0°),丢失3.7%;C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离:术前3.8~6.5(5.1±1.3)cm,术后0.3~1.3(0.7±0.3)cm,末次随访0.4~1.7(0.8±0.3)cm。所有患者未发生神经损伤等并发症,仅1例患者术后3个月出现内固定松动,经延长固定节段后骨性融合。结论术前充分的评估,选择合适的后路截骨方式,联合椎弓根内固定矫形治疗僵硬性脊柱侧弯,能有效矫正畸形和恢复脊柱冠、矢状面平衡。     

保护膈肌的小切口胸腰段脊柱侧凸前路矫形

目的:探讨用保护膈肌的小切口行胸腰段脊柱侧凸前路矫形技术的可能性及临床应用效果。方法:胸腰段特发性脊柱侧凸患者17例(男3例,女14例),年龄12～19(平均14.6)岁,术前Cobb角44°～76°(平均56°),其中4例伴有胸腰段后凸10°～18°,其余病例矢状面正常。内固定节段T11～L312例,T11～L43例,T11～L22例。手术时取凸侧在上的侧卧位,在保护膈肌的前提下在膈肌上下各作长约8cm的切口,暴露至脊柱。内固定器械采用CDH。切除椎间盘后在脊椎上置钉。将矫形棒从膈肌角处小洞中穿过,应用去旋转技术完成腰椎前凸化,同时采用凸侧加压技术进一步矫正侧凸畸形。结果:手术时间为210~270min,平均240min,术中出血310～520ml,平均400ml。术后Cobb角4°～16°(平均10°,纠正率为80%),4例胸腰段后凸畸形术后矢状面恢复形态良好。无术中术后并发症,2例出现手术侧下肢皮温升高。随访3～11个月,无内固定并发症,2例出现6°的额状面纠正度丢失。结论:保护膈肌的小切口胸腰段脊柱侧凸前路矫形是可行的,在减少手术创伤的同时能够达到与传统入路相似的临床疗效,没有明显的并发症增加,具有较大的临床实用价值。     

胸腔镜下前路松解结合后路矫形治疗Scheuermann病后凸畸形

目的探讨胸腔镜下前路松解结合后路矫形治疗Scheuermann病后凸畸形的效果。方法对16例Scheuermann病后凸畸形患者在胸腔镜下行前路松解、椎间盘摘除、植骨融合,结合后路矫形内固定。手术前后及随访期间测量后凸畸形Cobb角,了解后凸畸形矫正情况。评定术前及术后Oswestry功能障碍指数,了解背部疼痛缓解情况。结果16例后凸畸形患者均获得满意矫形,术前Cobb角平均788°(70°～92°),术后平均405°(36°～47°),最后一次随访平均417°(36°～50°)。患者背部疼痛症状明显改善,Oswestry功能障碍指数术前平均373(0～72),术后平均64(0～30)。结论胸腔镜下前路松解结合后路矫形是一种较好的治疗Scheuermann病后凸畸形的手术方法。     

应用KASS系统前路矫正治疗特发性脊柱侧凸

[目的]探讨应用KASS系统前路矫正治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的临床效果。[方法]应用KASS系统治疗总123例病例。根据King分型法可分为：胸椎侧凸47例（其中Ⅱ型13例，Ⅲ型18例，Ⅳ型16例），胸腰椎或腰椎侧凸76例。所有病例中均对主要侧凸部位行前路矫形手术，平均随访7年7个月（2年～13年6个月）。[结果]所有病例均获骨性融合，胸椎生理性后凸和腰椎生理性前凸基本正常。胸椎侧凸部位矫正率为68％，胸腰椎或腰椎侧凸矫正率为81％。胸椎最底椎水平倾斜改善率分别为78％和83％，顶椎旋转矫正率分别为59％和70％。无神经血管及内置物引发的并发症。[结论]KASS系统可提供强有力的三维矫正效果，且融合节段少。     

Anterior and thoracoscopic scoliosis surgery for idiopathic scoliosis

Surgical management of idiopathic scoliosis is based on the natural history of this spinal disorder and on the likelihood of developing a worsening deformity. Anterior surgical treatments continue to evolve and provide advantages over posterior procedures in specific instances. Open and thoracoscopic anterior approaches allow direct access to the anterior stabilizing structures of the spine, enable mobilization of a rigid deformity, and provide a large surface area for arthrodesis. Thoracoscopic procedures provide a more cosmetically appealing alternative to a large midline posterior or anterolateral thoracotomy scar. Although the indications and contraindications for anterior versus posterior surgical intervention (for thoracic and thoracolumbar curve patterns) have been defined to some degree, there remains appropriate flexibility in the decision-making process, allowing the surgeon to make an optimal recommendation for each patient based on surgeon experience and patient needs.     

Congenital scoliosis

Congenital scoliosis is the most frequent congenital deformity of the spine. Congenital curvatures are due to anomalous development of the vertebrae (failure of formation and/or segmentation). Congenital scoliosis is believed to be related to an insult to the fetus during spine embryological development, and associated malformations (heart, spinal cord, kidney.) are frequently observed. A perfect understanding of the natural history of the deformity and the treatment principles will allow best management of these complex spine deformities. New imaging techniques like three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are important tools for analyzing the underlying deformity and understanding the evolution of the complex deformities. The mainstay of treatment is either observation or, in case of curve progression (>10 degrees /year), surgery. Different surgeries are described with two main principles: (1) prophylactic surgeries like hemiepiphysiodesis or in situ fusions that will prevent worsening or allow progressive correction over time, and (2) corrective surgeries, with spinal fusion with or without spinal resection. Exceptional procedures (e.g. spinal column resection or halo distraction) can be attempted in cases of very severe deformity. Congenital curves must be carefully observed to choose the least invasive procedure at the right time and to minimize spinal cord risks.     

Sciatic scoliosis

Sciatic scoliosis is a clinical syndrome resulting from a minor painful lesion in the muscles, fasciae or ligaments of the lower back, the intervertebral or sacroiliac joints, or a sciatica. It is characterized by a lateral tilt of the trunk and a variable disability. The deformity disappears when the symptoms are relieved. The symptoms when mild disappear readily. When severe or recurrent they tend to chronicity. The majority of patients can be cured by conservative measures as outlined. In a small per cent of selected cases operative intervention for the release of the attachment of the gluteal muscles or the fusion of the sacroiliac or lumbosacral joints is necessary. The diagnosis of sciatic scoliosis should not be made until a thorough study of the patient has excluded an organic disease of the spine, spinal cord, and the abdominal and pelvic organs.     

Congenital scoliosis

Congenital scoliosis, those scoliotic deformities owing to congenitally anomalous vertebrae, was for many years the least understood of the major causes of scoliosis. This was a result of the wide variety of anomalies, the variable natural history, the poor results of bracing, and the meager correction obtained at surgery. The past 20 years have, however, brought major understandings about the natural history and far better programs of treatment. This article provides a summary of these advances for the reader and defines the current state of understanding.     

Congenital scoliosis

The congenital scoliosis is a deformity of the spine in the frontal plane caused by abnormal development of the vertebral bodies during the first 6 weeks of fetal life. More than 75 percent of all congenital scolioses are progressive. Degree and speed of progression can usually be predetermined by the type and location of the anomaly. Corset treatment is inefficient in the treatment of congenital deformities. Operation is the treatment of choice. Operative techniques are posterior fusions in situ with or without instrumentation and combined anterior and posterior arthrodeses. Since the best results can be expected in an early stage when only few segments have to be fused, operation should be performed as soon as possible. Manifestations of dysrhaphia or tethered cord must be identified prior to surgery. Spur removal or release operation should be performed during the first session.     

Congenital scoliosis

Congenital scoliosis is caused by early embryologic errors in vertebral column formation. Defining the deformity, predicting the natural history, and applying the correct treatment can help ensure successful management. Most congenital spine anomalies can be classified, and many have a predictable natural history. Because the deformities are associated with other organ system anomalies in more than half of patients, the surgeon should look for cardiac, auditory, genitourinary, and renal anomalies. Intraspinal abnormalities are present in approximately one third of patients with congenital spine deformities. Curve progression is best documented by measuring identical landmarks on sequential radiographs. Magnetic resonance imaging is warranted when curve progression is established or when surgical intervention is planned. Management of progressive deformity is generally by early in situ fusion because orthotic treatment is rarely appropriate. Other surgical techniques include combined anterior and posterior epiphysiodesis, hemivertebra resection, and reconstructive osteotomies.