Primary vesicoureteral reflux in the black child

Primary vesicoureteral reflux is a polygenic abnormality due to a deficiency of the ureterovesical junction which allows urine in the bladder to ascend into the ureter and kidney. Fifty-one black children with primary vesicoureteral reflux were evaluated and treated at Children's Hospital from 1976 to 1986. The results of the evaluation and treatment were compared with those of 493 white patients with primary vesicoureteral reflux seen during the same time interval. The general approach to management was nonsurgical. There were no radical differences in the mode of presentation, age at presentation, and age at resolution. The distribution of reflux by maximum grade was not affected by race. Overall, 19 (37%) black children experienced spontaneous resolution of reflux. The mean duration of reflux in black children who had spontaneous resolution was 14.6 months. This duration was statistically significantly shorter than that in white patients with spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux (P less than .005). Surgical correction was believed to be required in 8 (16%) patients and 8 (16%) were lost to follow-up. Renal scarring demonstrated by intravenous pyelogram or renal scan was initially present in 12 (23%) black patients compared with 65 (13%) white patients. This was due to a higher percentage of renal scarring in black girls which was not explained by distribution of grades of reflux. There was no progression of scarring in our black patients, whereas 3 (0.6%) white patients had progression of scarring. Although vesicoureteral reflex is rarely seen in black patients (9% of series), it has similar demographic features.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Primary nephrotic syndrome during childhood in Turkey

BACKGROUND: Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) is the most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome (NS) during childhood. However, recent studies from different countries have reported an increasing incidence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in children. METHODS: This is a retrospective study in which 392 Turkish children who were diagnosed with NS during the last 10 years and were followed for at least 2 years, were evaluated. Mean age of the study group was 4.6 +/- 3.4 years (range 0.9-16 years) and 232 were male and 160 were female. RESULTS: In total, 280 patients were diagnosed as MCNS with their initial presentations, laboratory features, and clinical course. Kidney biopsy was performed in the remaining 112 children according to current recommendations. The results showed that membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) was the most common histopathologic diagnosis, 38 (34%) of the 112 patients were found to have MPGN. The number diagnosed as FSGS was 26 (23%). A significant difference was found between the age groups for both MPGN and FSGS, the former being more common in children >6 years of age and the latter more frequent in children 相似文献   

巨细胞病毒感染对儿童肾病综合征的影响初探

目的　为了探索巨细胞病毒 (CMV)感染与儿童特发性肾病综合征 (INS)的关系。方法　 采用聚合酶反应 (PCR)测定 140例住院儿童CMVDNA ,并对CMV阳性的INS患儿的临床特征及感染原因作一分析。结果　 4 0例INS患儿CMV阳性率 50 % ,而非肾脏病 10 0例儿童阳性率 2 3% (P<0 .0 1)。CMV阳性INS患儿具有年龄偏大 ,90 %为复发病例 ,病程相对长 ,肾炎型占 75% ,血IgG明显低于CMV阴性组 (P <0 .0 5) ,6 0 %对激素治疗不敏感的临床特点。结论　对CMV感染与INS患儿的关系应作深入研究 ,对CMV阳性的INS患儿应做肾活检测定CMV。     

儿童肾病综合征临床研究的展望

儿童肾病综合征 (ＮＳ)是小儿泌尿系统的主要疾病之一 ,其中部分病儿对治疗反应差 ,反复发作 ,迁延不愈 ,肾脏病理损害在不断地进展 ,最终发展至终末期肾病 (ＥＳＲＤ) ,危及小儿生命。如何阻止儿童ＮＳ进入ＥＳＲＤ是当今小儿肾脏病学研究领域里的重大课题 ,本期所发表的几篇有关儿童肾病综合征的论文 ,内容涉及临床与病理的关系、免疫平衡、小管间质功能监测、血脂紊乱与调脂治疗、肾病综合征患儿的生长障碍、心理卫生状况等方面的研究 ,这些内容均是目前儿童肾病综合征临床研究领域里思维较为活跃的几个方面 ,大多与防治小儿肾病综合征慢…     

儿童肾病综合征并发头孢曲松相关假性胆结石1例

患儿,男,4岁,因发现眼睑浮肿、尿少11d,咳嗽3 d入院。体查:眼睑、腹壁、阴囊及阴茎明显水肿、双下肢及足部可凹性水肿,咽部充血,双侧扁桃体Ⅱ度肿大,充血明显,腹部膨隆,移动性浊音阳性,心肺无异常。既往无胆道疾病。     

Autoimmune thyroiditis in a child with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome

Autoimmune thyroiditis is rarely described in association with nephrotic syndrome. Herein we report a girl who developed autoimmune thyroiditis insidiously during the course of minimal change nephrotic syndrome. She was streroid-sensitive, but developed severe steroid dependency and did not respond to cyclophosphamide therapy. She went into stable remission with levamisole. Five months after introduction of levamisole a mild goiter was found on systematic examination at school. The diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis was established with typical ultrasound appearance of the thyroid gland along with significant titers of antithyroid antibodies. It is very unlikely that levamisole was responsible for thyroiditis because experimental animal administration of high doses of levamisole inhibited lymphocyte infiltration of the thyroid. Since levamisole has had a beneficial effect on the nephrotic syndrome in our patient we decided to continue the treatment. She has been receiving levamisole for 3 years, and no adverse effects have been observed during the treatment period.     

Clinical spectrum of nephrotic syndrome]

AIM OF STUDY: A wide spectrum of glomerular diseases manifests as a nephritic syndrome with haematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, edema, and impaired renal function. Little is known about the presentation of each symptom and the distribution of the underlying glomerular diseases. METHODS: In order to delineate the clinical spectrum of glomerular disease presenting as a nephritic syndrome, we examined the records of 192 patients who had been followed in our paediatric nephrological outpatient clinic between 1973 and 1988 for a nephritic syndrome. RESULTS: Oligosymptomatic courses with microhaematuria and proteinuria predominated. The mean age at presentation was 8.1 years. In a broad spectrum of 29 diagnoses, postinfectious glomerulonephritis and Henoch-Sch?nlein nephritis were the most prevalent. End-stage renal failure developed in 16% of the patients. Prognosis was poor in cases of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Henoch-Sch?nlein nephritis and in autoimmune disease, with end-stage renal failure developing in more than 20% of each of these groups. CONCLUSIONS: The nephritic syndrome often manifests oligosymptomatically. An intensive nephrological workup is indicated in order to early diagnose serious--and potentially treatable--glomerular diseases.     

The effect of chronic nephrotic syndrome on the affected child

The effect of the nephrotic syndrome on various aspects of behavior and development was examined in a group of 44 patients. The results of parent interviews, teacher ratings, and psychological tests (using the Self Observation Scales and the Children's Service Questionnaire) were compared with a closely matched group of healthy children. Very few statistically significant differences were noted. Comparisons were made with results of other studies of chronic disorders and their effect on the child's behavior and development.     

Spontaneous Escherichia coli cellulitis in a child with nephrotic syndrome

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is the most common infectious complication of childhood nephrotic syndrome, and Streptococcus pneumoniae is the preponderant bacterial pathogen. Spontaneous bacterial cellulitis, especially of the lower extremities, is another common infection encountered in the same patient group given that chronic edema acts as a potential culture medium. Gram-positive bacteria, including streptococci and staphylococci, are the most common causes of bacterial cellulitis. We report a case of spontaneous Escherichia coli cellulitis in a patient with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome.     

Intracranial venous sinus thrombosis in nephrotic syndrome]

A 3-year old child was admitted for a third relapse of nephrotic syndrome associated with intracranial hypertension related to dural sinus thrombosis (tomodensitometry). The treatment consisted in the association of low dose heparin and fresh frozen plasma. After a 3 year-follow-up, there was no neurologic sequelae, and the nephrotic syndrome was on complete remission. The radiologic features and the management of sinus thrombosis are discussed.     

Group B streptococcal cellulitis in a child with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome

Although infectious complications of nephrotic syndrome are common, group B Streptococcus is a rare pathogen in these patients. We present a 4-year-old child with nephrotic syndrome who developed group B streptococcal cellulitis and bacteremia, an association not previously discussed in the literature, and review the factors that predispose patients with nephrotic syndrome to infection.