泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌交叉感染的防控策略

目的总结呼吸重症监护病房（RICU）防控泛耐药（PDR）鲍曼不动杆菌交叉感染的经验,探讨泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌以及其他泛耐药株交叉感染防控的新思路及有效方法。方法采用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）方法对分离自RICU的泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌进行分子分型,提出“降阶梯防控策略”并实施。结果自RICU4例患者检出的PDR鲍曼不动杆菌PFGE图形一致,存在交叉感染;采取降阶梯防控措施,未再有其他患者感染PDR鲍曼不动杆菌。结论4例RICU患者存在PDR鲍曼不动杆菌交叉感染,采取“降阶梯防控策略”对控制泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌以及其他泛耐药株交叉感染有重大意义。     

昆明地区烧伤病房鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性和分子流行病学调查

目的明确云南省烧伤中心病房鲍曼不动杆菌的分子流行病学及耐药特点,为临床预防和治疗鲍曼不动杆菌感染提供临床依据。方法采用细菌耐药监测软件WHONET5.6回顾分析云南省烧伤中心病房检出的鲍曼不动杆菌,应用脉冲场凝胶电泳对泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌（PDR-Ab）进行同源性分析。结果烧伤中心病房鲍曼不动杆菌标本类型以创面分泌物培养最多,占71.4%;其次是血液标本占16.3%;痰液标本培养感染占10.1%;其他占2.1%。98株鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为82.2%和81.6%,除了米诺环素和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦为25%左右以外,对其他类抗菌药物的耐药率基本在90%以上。31株泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌PFGE分型共分为A、B、C、D4型,其中A克隆16株,B克隆9株,C克隆4株,D克隆2株。结论昆明地区烧伤病房分离的鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性高,常常为多重耐药菌株或泛耐药菌株,但其对米诺环素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率相对偏低,可作为临床治疗药物选择。本地区烧伤中心有泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌流行,以A克隆为主。加强医护人员的感染控制观念,利用灵敏、可靠且分辨率强的分型技术进行PDR-Ab感染监控,对防止泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌在烧伤病房爆发流行至关重要。     

重症监护病房鲍曼不动杆菌爆发感染的分子流行病学调查研究

目的对重症监护病房(ICU)鲍曼不动杆菌(Ab)的爆发感染分子流行病学进行研究,并为临床防治Ab感染提供依据。方法对ICU集中检出的鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药情况耐药情况进行分析,收集流行病学资料,采用脉冲场凝胶电泳技术对收集菌株进行基因分型。结果 2011年10月从ICU患者连续检出鲍曼不动杆菌7株,同时从ICU呼吸机和床单上、床头柜检出鲍曼不动杆菌3株,有9株鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药表型和基因型基本一样。患者鲍曼不动杆菌检出标本来自呼吸道,对常用抗生素普遍耐药,耐药率达到90%。结论重症监护室由同一株鲍曼不动杆菌引起爆发感染,对临床常用抗菌药物普遍耐药,对碳氢霉烯类的耐药率有显著上升,应引起高度重视,同时采用必要措施切断传播流行。     

某医院患者鲍曼不动杆菌感染临床分布及耐药性变迁

目的了解住院患者鲍曼不动杆菌感染的临床分布及耐药性变迁,为合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法通过对某医院临床感染患者送检病原学标本的检测,了解鲍曼不动杆菌感染的临床分布和耐药性状况。结果该医院每年从临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌株数,由2006年的12株增加到2013年的72株;每年检出的鲍曼不动杆菌感染病人有50%以上来自重症监护病房。临床分离鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢类抗菌药物耐药率从2006年的50%以下,增加到2013年的94%以上;对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药率从2006年0,增加到2013年的60%以上。结论该医院住院病人鲍曼不动杆菌感染及耐药率均呈现逐年增加趋势,感染患者主要分布于重症监护病房,应加强监测,采取有效干预措施。     

泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌ICU交叉感染防控策略

目的探索防控泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌交叉感染的有效方法。方法2005年收集RICU患者分离的泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌共7株,采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行分型,分析相关临床资料,实施"降阶梯防控策略"。结果4例患者检出的5株泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌药物敏感试验相同,存在交叉感染高危因素,PFGE图形一致,明确存在交叉感染;采取"降阶梯防控策略"后,无其他患者发生交叉感染。结论"降阶梯防控策略"对控制泛耐药菌交叉感染有重要临床意义。     

重症监护病房碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药鲍曼不动杆菌耐药机制及同源性分析

目的分析耐碳青霉烯类抗生素鲍曼不动杆菌基因型,进行同源性分析,探讨碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率升高的原因。方法应用WHONET5.0分析广州医学院第一附属医院重症监护病房(ICU)分离的鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率变化。收集2008年1月至2009年12月ICU碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药鲍曼不动杆菌35株,应用VITEK-2全自动细菌鉴定仪进行菌株鉴定,采用K-B纸片扩散法测定15种抗菌药物的敏感性,PCR检测金属β内酰胺酶及碳青霉烯酶OXA基因,脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析同源性。结果该院分离的鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率显著增加,对美罗培南的耐药率从10.8%升高到62.3%,对亚胺培南的耐药率从13.5%升高到58.8%。PFGE分析存在8个克隆;blaOXA-51、blaOXA-23、blaOXA-58阳性的分别为33株(94.3%)、20株(57.1%)和6株(17.1%)。ISAba1相关blaOXA-23是碳青霉烯酶主要的存在形式。未检测到金属β内酰胺酶。结论该院ICU分离的鲍曼不动杆菌OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶基因检出率最高,并存在交叉感染的情况,应引起临床重视。     

某院重症监护病房鲍曼不动杆菌5年耐药变迁

目的了解襄阳市中医医院重症监护病房（ICU）鲍曼不动杆菌2006～2010年耐药变化状况,为临床医师合理用药提供依据。方法收集襄阳市中医医院2006～2010年ICU分离的343株鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果襄阳市中医医院ICU鲍曼不动杆菌2006～2007年耐药率比较稳定,2008～2010年呈逐年上升趋势。其中头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟耐药率从2008年58.8%、64.7%、51.4%增加至2010年的69.7%、70.8%、66.3%。襄阳市中医医院2006～2010年鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、米诺环素、哌拉西林/舒巴坦耐药率相对较低。对头孢子菌素、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、复方新诺明耐药率相对较高（〉50%）。结论 2006～2007年ICU病房鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率比较稳定;2008～2010年呈逐年上升趋势,而且多药耐药现象极为严重,应加强耐药性监测合理使用抗菌药物,防止或减慢耐药菌株的形成。     

重症监护病房鲍曼不动杆菌流行病学调查及耐药变迁

目的研究铜鲍曼不动杆菌(Ab)在重症监护病房的分布、耐药趋势、感染因素及防治措施。方法分析近3年Ab在重症监护病房的分布,采用K-B法进行药敏试验,并与同期环境监测结果对比分析Ab感染的感染因素。结果 Ab所感染的重症监护患者(≥65岁)3年中比率均超过了75%,多重耐药的Ab比率不断上升,免疫功能低下、气管切开和机械通气等已成为了感染的主要危险因素,呼吸机型肺炎是重症监护病房感染Ab的主要因素之一。结论Ab是中医院重症监护病房主要感染菌,控制Ab感染既要重视防,减少其侵入的机会,做好院感控制工作;又要重视治,合理应用抗生素,降低Ab感染的发生率和病死率。     

呼吸科和呼吸监护病房非发酵菌耐药性分析

目的研究我院呼吸科和呼吸监护病房(RICU)近5年呼吸道感染及耐药情况。方法收集2001—2005年我院呼吸科和RICU分离出的呼吸道感染病原菌,对其中621株非发酵菌作体外药敏试验,对其结果进行分析比较。结果5年中共分离出革兰阴性杆菌1288株,其中呼吸科907株,RICU381株。非发酵菌621株,占同期分离出的革兰阴性杆菌的48.3%。其中呼吸科306株,占革兰阴性杆菌的33.7%(306/907),铜绿假单胞菌最多见(146株,16.1%),其次为鲍曼不动杆菌(119株,13.1%),嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(24株,2.6%)和其他(17株,1.9%)。RICU315株,占革兰阴性杆菌的82.7%(315/381),鲍曼不动杆菌最多见(134株,35.2%),其次为铜绿假单胞菌(113株,29.7%),嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(50株,13.1%)和其他(18株,4.7%)。铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星的敏感率最高,为81.3%,对亚胺培南的敏感率较低(48.8%);鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的敏感率最高,为95.6%,对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦的敏感率仅为40.4%;嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦的敏感率最高,为86.8%,其次为左氧氟沙星(78.9%),头孢他啶(72.7%),对其他抗菌药的敏感率均很低。铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率在呼吸科和RICU有显著差异,而嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的耐药率在2个病房差异不显著。结论呼吸科中非发酵菌检出率高且耐药性强,在RICU分离菌株的耐药性明显高于普通病房,在应用抗菌药物治疗时应根据药敏结果和流行特点选择用药,避免进一步产生耐药菌。     

住院患者鲍曼不动杆菌感染调查与防控措施

目的了解医院住院患者鲍曼不动杆菌感染的临床分布及耐药性变迁,为制定防控措施提供依据。方法通过实验室信息系统(LIS)和查看病人,每日监控住院患者鲍曼不动杆菌检出情况,并进行分析。结果从感染患者送检标本中共检出鲍曼不动杆菌431株,占病原菌检出总数的5.35%。感染患者主要分布于重症监护病房,构成比达72.85%;其次为呼吸科(10.67%)和神经内科(3.94%)。检出的鲍曼不动杆菌对12种临床常用抗菌药物的耐药率达到70%以上,2011年后检出的鲍曼不动杆菌对丁胺卡那等抗菌药物的耐药率呈明显下降趋势。在检出的431株鲍曼不动杆菌中,有290株为多重耐药菌株。结论医院住院患者感染鲍曼不动杆菌比例较高,该菌普遍耐药,且呈现多重耐药现象。     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.     

Physician and Nurse Practitioner Teamwork and Job Satisfaction: Gender and Profession

Designing interprofessional primary care teams composed of physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) is a national priority. We assessed how profession and gender affect teamwork and job satisfaction among primary care physicians and NPs by using survey data from 186 physicians and 398 NPs practicing in New York State. Our regression models show profession (NP vs physician) moderates the associations of gender with teamwork and job satisfaction. Among NPs, men had higher job satisfaction than women. Among physicians, women had higher job satisfaction than men. Our results can benefit interprofessional primary care teams to optimize their professional and gender mix.