改良Snodgrass手术治疗小儿尿道下裂

目的 总结Snodgrass手术及其改良手术在治疗小儿尿道下裂中的经验与体会。方法 对120例采用Snodgrass手术及其改良手术行尿道成形的尿道下裂进行回顾分析。手术方法：施行Snodgrass手术时进行两方面的改进，即矫正阴茎下曲时行阴茎背侧折叠手术，同时游离近端尿道，以及仅在狭窄尿道板处正中纵向切开。结果 105例在阴茎皮肤脱套后仍有轻一中度阴茎下曲；其中24例采用阴茎背侧中线阴茎折叠术矫正阴茎下曲，75例在行阴茎折叠术同时游离近端尿道使阴茎下曲得到完全矫正，6例游离近端尿道阴茎下曲得到完全纠正。34例尿道板正中全程切开，86例仅行尿道板远段正中切开。术后随访6～15个月，96例获得满意效果。尿瘘18例（发生率为15％），6例尿道外口狭窄且经尿扩得到明显改善。结论 改良Snodgrass手术能Ⅰ期矫正冠状沟型、阴茎体型及部分阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂，对轻一中度阴茎下曲通过尿道外口近端尿道游离和阴茎背侧白膜折叠能得到矫正。     

重型尿道下裂一期重建手术

尿道下裂是常见的泌尿生殖系统畸形,手术是治疗本病的唯一方法,至今已知的术式多达300余种.根据矫正阴茎下弯后尿道口退缩位置,可将尿道下裂分为：远端型（阴茎头型、冠状沟型、阴茎远端1/3）,中段型（阴茎中、近端1/3）,近端型（阴茎阴囊型、阴囊型、会阴型）,其中近端型尿道下裂称为重型尿道下裂.重型尿道下裂由于阴茎下弯重,尿道缺损长,一期手术修复难度大.尤其是背侧包皮发育差、包皮不宽裕的患者,单独应用Duckett术往往较难获得成功,且Duckett段尿道过长,受血管蒂游离的长度限制,常不能满足新尿道的充分覆盖,术后易出现尿瘘、阴茎扭转等并发症;而采用游离组织修复虽可节省局部皮肤组织,但并发症较多且有继发创伤.因此对于重型尿道下裂常需多个皮瓣进行联合修复.目前学术界推崇保留尿道板的术式.以下介绍全剥离并保留尿道板加包皮岛状皮瓣尿道成形术一期修复重型尿道下裂的方法.     

显微外科技术在尿道下裂矫治中的应用

目的 探讨提高尿道下裂Ⅰ期手术疗效。方法 对本组87例尿道下裂患儿，年龄9个月-14岁，平均4岁，阴茎型36例，阴茎阴囊型39例，阴囊会阴型12例，应用显微外科技术选用尿道板皮瓣及部分带蒂皮瓣Ⅰ期修复。结果 阴茎型尿道下裂者36例，治愈33例(91．7％)，阴茎阴囊型39例，治愈34例(87．2％)，阴囊会阴型12例，治愈8例(66．7％)。不同年龄组手术结果：＜16个月者13例，均治愈(100％)；-＜3岁14例，治愈12例(85．7％)。结论 应用显微外科技术，选择适宜的手术方法，提早接受手术治疗的年龄，能明显提高尿道下裂Ⅰ期成形术的成功率。     

TIP术治疗小儿尿道下裂及尿瘘

目的评价尿道板切开成管尿道成形术(TIP术)治疗小儿尿道下裂及尿瘘的疗效。方法采用TIP术治疗年龄2～10岁男童尿道下裂及尿瘘共35例，其中巨尿道1例，阴茎型14例、阴茎阴囊型7例，阴囊型1例，尿道下裂Ⅰ期伸直术后7例，尿瘘5例。结果阴茎型尿道下裂成功13例，瘘1例；阴茎阴囊型成功6例，瘘1例；Ⅰ期伸直术后成功6例，瘘1例；尿瘘成功2例，瘘复发3例，阴囊型尿道下裂及巨尿道各1例均成功。结论TIP术治疗小儿尿道下裂，其手术方法操作相对简便，取材合理，术后效果好，值得推广。     

分期改良Koyanagi术在重型尿道下裂治疗中的应用

目的探讨尿道板重建分期卷管尿道成形术（改良Koyanagi术）在重型尿道下裂矫治中的应用。方法回顾性分析2006年6月至2011年5月作者采用改良Koyanagi术治疗的15例重型尿道下裂患儿临床资料。年龄2岁11个月至6岁,平均3岁9个月。均于1年前行阴茎下曲矫正、尿道板重建术。入院后采取改良Koyanagi术,并与同期重型尿道下裂一期Duplay＋Duckett尿道成形术进行比较,术后随访7—24个月。结果15例患儿中,13例治愈,2例发生尿瘘,经尿瘘修补术治愈。无尿道狭窄。同期行Duplay＋Duckett尿道成形术14例,治愈10例,尿瘘3例,尿道狭窄1例。两种手术方法的成功率比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论尿道板重建分期卷管尿道成形术治疗重型尿道下裂,虽然需分期手术,但手术方法相对简单,容易掌握,并发症少,不易发生尿道狭窄。     

重型尿道下裂手术方式的研究进展

尿道下裂是常见的小儿泌尿生殖系畸形,已经发表的手术方法多达300余种,但目前尚没有一种通用满意的方法。Barcat按阴茎下曲矫正后尿道口的不同位置,将尿道下裂分为前段型尿道下裂（阴茎头、冠状沟、阴茎前1／3）、中段型尿道下裂（阴茎中1／3）、后段型尿道下裂（阴茎后1／3、阴茎阴囊交界、阴囊、会阴）,其中阴茎阴囊交界、阴囊、会阴型尿道下裂称为重型尿道下裂。重型尿道下裂疗效差,术后并发症多,是采取一期手术还是分期手术尚有争议。现就近年来重型尿道下裂尿道成形术术式的选择综述如下。     

分期Duplay术治疗合并阴茎阴囊转位的重度尿道下裂

目的：探讨分期原位皮瓣卷管（Duplay）成形尿道术治疗合并阴茎阴囊转位的重度尿道下裂的临床疗效。方法2013年10月至2016年2月我们采用分期 Duplay 术式修复重度尿道下裂21例,中位年龄12（9～24）个月,其中阴囊型9例,会阴型12例,均伴有阴茎阴囊转位。Ⅰ期完成 Byars 术＋Duplay 术＋阴茎阴囊复位术,术后半年以上行Ⅱ期 Duplay 术。患儿均获得随访,中位随访时间8（6～28）个月,均观察并处理并发症,对阴茎外观进行评分。结果重建尿道中位长度5.0（4.0～6.5）cm。Ⅰ期 Duplay 成形尿道中位长度1.5（1.0～2.0）cm,术后阴囊伤口感染2例,其中1例继发根部尿道口狭窄,后行狭窄切开造口。Ⅱ期 Duplay 成形尿道中位长度3.5（3.0～4.5）cm,术后尿道瘘4例（4／21）,其中根部瘘2例,体部瘘1例,冠状沟瘘1例;均已完成尿道瘘修补,术后无再次尿瘘发生;所有病例均无尿道狭窄、尿道憩室等并发症发生。Ⅱ期术后3个月对阴茎外观行改良 HOSE 评分,为17～20分,平均19分。结论分期 Duplay 术治疗合并阴茎阴囊转位的重度尿道下裂安全有效,并发症相对较少,也得到令医患满意的外观。     

带蒂阴囊包皮联合皮管治疗尿道下裂

目的 探讨带蒂阴囊包皮联合皮管治疗尿道成形，治疗阴囊型和阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂的方法及其疗效。方法 矫正阴茎下曲，切取包皮、阴囊皮瓣、缝合成管状，正位尿道口修复尿道下裂。结果 阴茎阴囊型和阴囊型尿道下裂32例。术后3例感染漏尿，2例修补治愈，1例自行愈合。余一期愈合，均排尿顺利。结论 应用带蒂阴囊包皮管治疗阴囊型及阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂是一种理想方法。     

保留尿道板手术在尿道下裂治疗中的应用

目的：探讨保留尿道板手术在尿道下裂的疗效，方法。总结分析189例保留尿道板的尿道下裂修复手术。结果：保留尿道板手术总成功例数177／189（93．65％），其中采用尿道口基底皮瓣法（Mathieu法）39／42例（92．86％），加盖岛状皮瓣法(Onlay island flap法）138／147例（93．88％），结论：保留尿道板手术适用于无或伴有轻度阴茎下弯的尿道下裂治疗，可按尿道口位置选择手术方法：冠状沟型及阴茎体前型尿道下裂采用Mathieu法，阴茎体型及阴茎根型尿道下裂采用Onlay island flap法。     

尿道下裂手术方法选择

我院近 18年来收治小儿尿道下裂 2 13例 ,就不同手术方式的疗效进行分析 ,探讨尿道下裂手术方法的选择。资料与方法2 13例患儿 ,年龄 3～ 14岁 ,平均 7.8岁。根据尿道下裂分型采用不同手术方式 :1.1986年以前采用Ｄｅｎｉｓ Ｂｒｏｗｎｅ皮条埋藏法和Ｄｕｐｌａｙ阴茎皮管法 ,均用于二期尿道成形。 2198 6年以后采用游离膀胱粘膜、Ｄｕｃｋｅｔｔ带蒂岛状包皮瓣、阴囊中线皮肤岛状皮瓣 ,正位尿道口一期修复尿道下裂 ,适用阴茎下弯的尿道下裂。 3.无明显阴茎下弯的前型尿道下裂 ,采用Ｆｌｉｐ Ｆｌａｐ尿道口基底血管皮瓣法成形尿道。 4.会阴…     

改良Koyanagi术式一期治疗重型尿道下裂的疗效评价

目的评价改良Koyanagi术式一期治疗重型尿道下裂的疗效。方法回顾性总结重庆医科大学附属儿童医院2009年2月至2018年10月151例采用Koyanagi术式(为Koyanagi组)和188例采用Duckett术式(为Duckett组)治疗的重型尿道下裂患儿临床资料,对两种术式的治愈率、并发症发生情况进行比较分析,评价我院改良Koyanagi术式的疗效。结果Koyanagi组发生尿瘘17例,尿道狭窄15例,尿道憩室2例,尿道感染3例,伤口裂开2例;Duckett组发生尿瘘37例,尿道狭窄27例,尿道憩室6例,尿道感染11例,伤口裂开6例;Koyanagi组治愈率显著高于Duckett组,尿瘘发生率显著低于Duckett组(P<0.05)。两组家长对外观的满意度均显著低于非手术泌尿外科医师(P<0.05)。结论我院的改良Koyanagi术式操作更简便,术后并发症少,术后阴茎外观较好,治疗重型尿道下裂疗效确切,可作为治疗重型尿道下裂的新选择。     

Is the Koyanagi Urethroplasty an Acceptable Alternative for Proximal Hypospadias?

PurposeThe 4 most common surgical techniques currently used for severe hypospadias (proximal division of the corpus spongiosum) are the Onlay urethroplasty, the buccal graft urethroplasty, the Bracka procedure, the Koyanagi procedure and its variants. We report our experience of the original Koyanagi in 21 cases.Material and MethodsWe reviewed 21 patients who had a Koyanagi urethroplasty with a mean follow-up of 13 months (6-21 months). All had a preoperative testosterone stimulation. All received the original Koyanagi procedure by the same surgeon. Technical aspects are detailed.ResultsPartial urethral dehiscence was found in 47.6%; fistulae in 19%; urethrocele in 19%; meatal stenosis in 14.3%. Up to now, 57% required further surgical attention i.e. 1.6 operations per patient. Cosmetic results were found good by parents and doctors with a respective score of 13.4/20 and 14/20. Urine stream was found satisfactory in 86% cases and too narrow in 14%.ConclusionsThe redo-operation rate of the Koyanagi procedure is comparable to buccal graft urethroplasty but much greater than the Onlay urethroplasty. Modified Koyanagi (button hole) might provide a lower complication rate. Parents should be warned that most patients who received this type of urethroplasty are likely to receive 2 or more procedures to achieve a satisfactory result. Preoperative hormonal preparation of the penis is likely to be a key issue in the healing capacity of the tissues.     

Outcome of severe hypospadias repair using three different techniques

ObjectiveTo compare the outcomes of three different urethroplasty techniques (onlay, buccal mucosa, Koyanagi type I) used in the reconstruction of severe hypospadias.Patients and methodsOver 10 years (1997–2007), 300 severe hypospadias cases were treated with a mean follow up of 2 years (1–105 months); 203 were operated by the same surgeon of whom 184 completed follow up. Three main techniques were used according to the quality of the urethral plate: onlay urethroplasty (133), buccal graft urethroplasty (25) and Koyanagi type I (26). The mean age at surgery was 36 months (8–298); 76 required preoperative androgen stimulation (onlay 37, buccal 11, Koyanagi 26); 18 required a corporoplasty to straighten the penis (onlay 13, buccal 3, Koyanagi 2).ResultsThirty-eight onlay (28.5%); 14 buccal (56%); 16 Koyanagi (61.5%) urethroplasties had a complication. The fistula rate was 15% for the onlay group; 32% for the buccal mucosa group; 19.2% for the Koyanagi cases. The dehiscence rate was, respectively, 11.3%, 20% and 42.3%. The stricture rate was, respectively, 1.5%, 20% and 34.6%. Urethrocele was found in seven Koyanagi patients. Final functional and cosmetic results were satisfactory in 126/133 (94.7%) onlay, 20/25 (80%) buccal and 14/26 Koyanagi (53.8%) urethroplasties. Primary cases had better results (89%) than redo cases (75.9%). Patients submitted to preoperative androgen therapy developed more complications (onlay: 40.5% vs 23.9%; buccal: 70% vs 43.7%).ConclusionTwo striking results are the low number of severe hypospadias cases requiring an additional corporoplasty, and the increased complication rate found in androgen-stimulated patients. The excellent results of the onlay procedure could be related to the use of dorsal preputial tissue, which in hypospadias is characterized by a well-balanced protein platform compared to the ventral tissues.     

Neo-modified Koyanagi technique for the single-stage repair of proximal hypospadias

PurposeTo retrospectively analyze the results of a modification of the Koyanagi hypospadias repair developed to reduce complications.Materials and methodsTwelve boys underwent a modified Koyanagi repair over the past 3 years. The technique included the preservation of a wide vascular pedicle for each parameatal flap. The distal urethral plate was left intact and attached on each lateral side to the medial side of each distal Koyanagi pedicle flap.ResultsOne boy (8%) developed a urethral fistula. There was no instance of meatal stenosis, sacculation or urethral stricture.ConclusionsModifying the Koyanagi repair by preserving a wide vascular pedicle for the distal skin flaps and utilizing the distal urethral plate as the base for the distal neourethra has lowered the incidence of complications. This technique is a suitable alternative to a two-stage approach for the correction of proximal hypospadias.     

Is tubularization of the mobilized urethral plate a better alternative to tubularization of an incised urethral plate for hypospadias repair?

Introduction  Trial of a new procedure of hypospadias repair based on the incorporation of the entire available innate urethral tissue for the formation of neo-urethra in patients with hypospadias. Materials and methods  Fifteen consecutive children, nine with distal hypospadias and six with proximal hypospadias (all with severe chordee), whose parents consented to application of a new procedure of hypospadias repair, were the study subjects. This procedure is inspired by Cantwell Ransley procedure for epispadias repair and Snodgras procedure for hypospadias repair. The entire urethral plate was mobilized (i.e., lifted off the corpora) distal to the urethral meatus and was tubularized in two layers; inner urethral skin and outer spongiosal tissue, in Duplay fashion. The repair was reinforced with dartos vascularized flap. The skin incisions on the urethral strip are guided by the disposition of the spongiosal tissue underlying the urethral plate (rather than the conventional U-shaped incision on either side of hypospadiac urethral meatus). In the patients with proximal hypospadias with severe chordee urethral advancement was combined to achieve orthoplasty and a single stage hypospadias repair. The catheter was removed on tenth postoperative day. Results  Even in patients with proximal hypospadias with severe chordee, good single staged repair was achieved without resorting to dorsal plication that would have been necessary had any other methods based on the preservation of urethral plate was performed in these subjects. Therefore, the procedure was found to have an extended applicability to even those patients where tubularized incised urethral plate urethroplsty is not advised. All patients had good results (in 1 year follow-up), except in three early subjects of the series; two of whom developed minor urethrocutaneous fistulae (probably due to frank urinary leak secondary to repeated catheter blockade) and one developed partial glanular wound dehiscence. Conclusions  Though the authors have an initial limited experience with this procedure, the procedure is likely to have a promising future due to its versatility and utilization of the entire urethral tissue.     

Original Koyanagi urethroplasty versus modified Hayashi technique: Outcome in 57 patients

ObjectiveTo compare outcomes of the original Koyanagi technique with the Hayashi modification in severe hypospadias, i.e. hypospadias with a division of the corpus spongiosum located behind the penile midshaft associated with marked hypoplasia of the ventral aspect of the penis and a non-preservable urethral plate. Choice of technique for treating severe hypospadias is discussed.Patients and methodsTwenty-six patients (group I) were operated in Lyon using the original Koyanagi procedure and 31 (group II) underwent a modified Hayashi procedure in Paris. Most patients received preoperative androgenic stimulation. Mean follow up was 25 months (group I) and 34 months (group II).ResultsSixteen patients (61.5%) in group I and 19 (61.3%) in group II developed complications leading to 21 additional procedures in each group. Urethral dehiscence was found in 11/26 patients in group I (42.3%), and in 6/31 patients in group II (19.3%); fistulae were respectively found in 5/26 (19.2%) and 12/31 (38.7%), and stenosis in 9/26 (34.6%) and 5/31 (16.1%) patients. Urethrocele was found in 7/26 (26.9%) and 5/31 (16%) patients, respectively. Twelve (group I) and 7 (group II) patients are awaiting re-operation.ConclusionAlthough the complication rate is quite similar between the original and the modified Koyanagi procedure, the Hayashi technique seems to provide a better distal blood supply to the reconstructed urethra.     

One-stage repair of severe hypospadias using modified tubularized transverse preputial island flap with V-incision suture

PurposeAlthough hypospadias repair for preserving the urethral plate is popular among pediatric urologists, applying this procedure to severe hypospadias is controversial. We report the outcome of applying additional modifications to the modified tubularized transverse preputial island flap (TPIF) procedure reported previously [Patel RP, Shukla AR, Austin JC and Canning DA. Modified tubularized transverse preputial island flap repair for severe proximal hypospadias. BJU Int 2005;95:901–4] for repairing severe hypospadias.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively evaluated our series of 22 patients (mean age 17.5 months) who underwent the modified TPIF with an additional simple modification of meatoplasty with V-incision suture. Patients were followed for a mean period of 18 months.ResultsAfter releasing the chordee, the hypospadiac orifice was retracted to become penile in five patients (22.7%), penoscrotal in six (27.3%), scrotal in nine (40.9%), and perineal in two (9.1%). The median length of the neourethra was 46 mm. One-stage repair was successful in 19 patients (86.4%) without any complications.ConclusionOur modified TPIF procedure yielded favorable outcomes functionally and cosmetically with a low postoperative morbidity rate. Such a procedure can be considered useful for repairing severe hypospadias when the urethral plate cannot be preserved.     

Urethral mobilization and meatal advancement: a surgical principle in hypospadias repair

A technique of urethral mobilization and advancement in hypospadias repair using the urethral elasticity to partially or completely bridge the defect in urethral length was employed in 56 children. In 46 with distal hypospadias it was the only procedure used. In 10 with proximal hypospadias, it was combined with other techniques. In distal hypospadias, no postoperative fistula occurred. Complications of the operation were 3 meatal stenoses that responded to dilatation, 1 urethral injury immediately repaired with no consequent fistula, and 1 chordee that was subsequently corrected. Of the 10 children with proximal hypospadias, 3 developed minor fistulae and 1 meatal stenosis. Urethral mobilization was found to be a safe and effective procedure in the management of hypospadias. It could be the only procedure required in distal hypospadias, or in combination with other procedures in proximal hypospadias. Accepted: 5 January 1999     

Observational retrospective study on acquired megalourethra after primary proximal hypospadias repair and its recurrence after tapering

IntroductionAcquired megalourethra (AMU) after repair of proximal hypospadias can be a serious complication. An observational retrospective study of its incidence among different types of repair was performed.Materials and methodsClinical charts of patients operated on for proximal hypospadias were reviewed. Inclusion criteria: all primary hypospadias operated in 1991–2004, with the meatus positioned in proximal penile, scrotal or perineal position.ResultsOf 770 hypospadias cases treated, 130 (16%) were proximal. Seventy-two patients (55%) were treated using preputial flaps: 36 with a tubularized preputial island flap (TIF) and 36 an onlay island flap (OIF). Fifty-eight patients (45%) underwent staged repairs: Belt-Fuquà (BF) in 18 and Bracka procedure in 40 cases. After a mean follow up of 16 years (range 6–19) the overall incidence of complications for each technique was: TIF 36%; OIF 33%; BF 25%; two-stage Bracka 7.5%. The most common complication encountered was neo-urethral fistula. AMU occurred in only 5 cases, none with associated distal urethral stenosis, all in the TIF and OIF groups, and all successfully treated by reduction re-do urethroplasty.ConclusionA very small number of the patients operated using preputial island flaps techniques developed AMU. None of the staged repairs developed AMU, and this is the preferred choice in proximal hypospadias when the urethral plate requires division and/or substitution. All cases of AMU resolved after urethral tapering.