参与式艾滋病致孤儿童关怀项目结果分析

目的了解以社区、家庭为基础的艾滋病致孤儿童关怀项目开展3年后的效果。方法征集项目覆盖的艾滋病致孤儿童志愿者30人,培训后,由儿童自行设计访谈提纲并到社区对受艾滋病影响的家庭进行定性访谈,对结果进行分析。结果接受调查的20个家庭的儿童代表中,只有5%(1/20)认为项目的设计不好,原因是“更困难的家庭没有得到帮助”;有10%(2/20)的儿童认为项目的运作过程不好,原因是“艾滋病儿童没有得到特别的照顾”;对项目的效果受访儿童没有认为不好的;对项目产生的影响有20%(4/20)的儿童认为不好,原因是担忧项目的持续性、项目没有解决艾滋病流行的根本问题以及“每月按时给钱可能会造成依赖”等。结论大部分的受访儿童认为项目使儿童、家庭得到了基本需求的支持。儿童参与式的评价在我国是成功的尝试。     

吉林省受艾滋病影响儿童青少年相关情况及关怀与支持活动调查

目的了解吉林省受艾滋病影响儿童青少年的家庭经济生活、心理、学习和医疗保健等方面情况，以及近年来对其开展的关怀支持活动效果，探讨有效措施和方法保证其健康成长。方法在两个感染者相对集中、属于艾滋病综合防治示范区的县区随机选取58名7．18岁受艾滋病影响儿童青少年进行调查。结果58名受艾滋病影响儿童青少年均生活在农村，父母双亡1人，单亡11人；父母均患有艾滋病9人，一方患有艾滋病37人。家庭年平均收人2400元，低于当地的平均收人水平（3000元）。45名（77．59％）在校学习。自述得知父母患有艾滋病后学习成绩没有发生变化25名（55．56％），学习成绩下降11名（24．44％），学习成绩不稳定6名（13．33％），学习成绩有所提高3名（6．67％）。19名（32．76％）存在心理压力。24人（41．38％）担心父母的病情，不愿让他人知道父母患有艾滋病。51人（87．93％）了解艾滋病预防知识。58名受艾滋病影响儿童青少年都希望没有歧视、平等的生活，能够得到基本的医疗保健。当地政府落实了国家“四免一关怀”政策，学校内外进行了反歧视教育、生活技能培训及关怀与支持活动。结论受艾滋病影响儿童青少年在生活、心理、学习、医疗保健方面需要社会的帮助，开展关怀与支持活动能够促进他们的健康成长。     

父母子女教育心理控制源的变化及与孤独症儿童干预成效的关系

目的 探讨孤独症儿童父母的子女教育心理控制源变化及与儿童干预成效的关系。方法 对在2009年1月-2011年12月确诊的40名孤独症儿童及其父母80名分别进行孤独症行为量表(ABC)、儿 童 期 孤 独 症 评 定 量 表(CARS)、子女教育心 理 控 制 源 量 表(PLOC)的评估,并在2014年12月-2015年3月期间对上述儿童及其家长进行复评。结果 孤独症儿童ABC、CARS复评得分明显低于初评得分(P<0.01);父、母PLOC初评、复评变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);父PLOC总分、因子5与儿童ABC、CARS变化有相关性,母PLOC总分、因子1、因子5与儿童ABC、CARS变化有相关性。结论 孤独症儿童阶段性干预成效显著,但是孤独症儿童父母在教育子女方面仍然存在显著问题,并对干预成效产生影响。     

教育工作者对艾滋病致孤儿童认知调查

目的了解教育工作者对我国艾滋病流行以及致孤儿童的认知程度,为探索经济、有效、可持续的干预策略提供依据.方法自行设计问卷,对103名来自艾滋病项目省的教育行政官员和教师进行调查.结果被调查者对艾滋病流行态势以及国家有关政策了解不足,且对艾滋病的流行尚未引起足够重视.行政官员与一线教育者认知差异无统计学意义;超过80%的人认为艾滋病致孤儿童问题比较严重,100%均认为应优先投入资源,采取措施予以应对.结论针对艾滋病致孤儿童开展基于社区与学校的关爱与支持工作十分必要;应对开展关爱工作的核心人群即教育工作者进行培训与教育.     

铜仁市受艾滋病影响儿童的生存现状调查

目的 了解铜仁市受艾滋病影响儿童生活、学习、就医及抚养情况,为开展关怀救助提供依据。方法 按照贵州省受艾滋病影响儿童专项调查方案,调查全市受艾滋病影响儿童生活、学习、就医及抚养人等情况。结果 调查受艾滋病影响儿童280人,艾滋病病毒感染18人,母婴传播94.4％（17/18）,性传播5.6％（1/18）。学龄儿童未上学的5.6％（11/196）,上学儿童学费减免的30.3％（56/185）。获得救助基金的儿童27.5％（77/280）,对现状感到满意的儿童40.4％（113/280）。农村抚养家庭占77.7％（150/193）,贫困家庭占38.3％（74/193）,有抚养人为艾滋病病毒感染者家庭占50.8%（98/193）,最高学历初中以下家庭占95.9％（185/193）。儿童医疗费用能被家庭负担起的5.7％（16/280）,近2周儿童生病去医院的65.4％（183/280）,在乡镇以下医疗机构就诊的66.1％（121/183）。 结论 铜仁市受艾滋病影响儿童生活质量偏低,幸福感不高,部分关怀救助措施覆盖不到位,应建立儿童生活学习和医疗救治长效关怀机制,加强心理支持,保障儿童健康成长。     

艾滋病病毒感染者和病人告知情况分析

目的了解艾滋病病毒感染者和病人告知感染艾滋病病毒的情况。方法对215名艾滋病病毒感染者和病人进行匿名问卷调查，了解告知的类型、时间、原因和告知后的结果。结果告知率为64．5％，其中以告诉配偶/性伴(55．8％)、兄弟姊妹(55．0％)和父母(51．5％)最常见。不同途径感染艾滋病病毒的人告知率在54．5％～69．0％，各组间的差异无统计学意义(X^2=2．24，P=0．81)。结论配偶／性伴和家庭成员是艾滋病病毒感染者和病人告知的主要对象，也是获得支持的重要来源。     

受艾滋病影响儿童社会心理关怀长效机制的构建

受艾滋病影响的儿童（OVC）系指其家庭中有艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者或艾滋病病人,或社区中HIV感染者达到一定数量,生活在艾滋病阴影下的儿童（《联合国儿童权利公约》定义为18周岁以下的任何人）,但他们中的大多数人并未受到HIV感染。可分为以下四类：（1）感染了HIV的儿童;（2）艾滋病致孤儿童,即父母一方或双方死于艾滋病的儿童;（3）与HIV感染者／艾滋病病人共同生活的儿童,这部分儿童本身并未感染HIV,但他们与感染了HIV或患艾滋病病的父母或其他家庭成员共同生活;（4）艾滋病高发区的儿童,即家庭中没有HIV感染者,但生活在艾滋病高发社区中的儿童。     

毒品及艾滋病致孤儿童行为问题及健康状况

目的了解云南省某地区毒品及9～15岁艾滋病致孤儿童的行为问题、健康状况及其关系,为做好遗孤儿童的心理辅导和心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用Achenbach儿童行为量表、自测健康评定量表(SRHMS)和访谈对60名毒品、艾滋病致孤儿童行为问题、健康状况进行调查,并进行统计学分析。结果毒品及艾滋病致孤儿童行为问题检出率为53.3%,其中男童检出率为55.26%,女童检出率为50%,男女童差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.155,P=0.694);遗孤儿童生理健康总体状况相对较好(111.55±21.24),优于心理健康(97.22±19.47)和社会健康(86.33±15.03);男女童行为问题组的SRHMS各项得分普遍低于非行为问题组;男女童行为问题总分对SRHMS各项目(除社会支持)均有明显的负向预测作用。结论毒品及艾滋病致孤儿童行为问题较为突出,健康状况不容乐观,学校应及时对其进行心理干预和辅导。     

低流行区艾滋病致孤儿童救助现状分析

目的探索建立艾滋病致孤儿童救助长效机制，以保障他们的合法权利及权益，为他们提供和谐的生存及社会环境。方法对低流行区艾滋病致孤儿童救助现状进行分析，针对目前工作中存在的问题，探讨切实可行的救助策略。结果目前艾滋病致孤儿童的救助工作中尚存在着救助金发放不够合理、抚养方式有待改进、致孤儿童的受保护权及发展权等合法权利未得到有效的保障、这部分儿童的心理问题也不容忽视。结论国家急需建立一套整体综合的方案及适应其身心健康的安置模式，来满足这一特殊群体对关爱和保护的多种需求。     

中小学生对受艾滋病影响儿童态度及影响因素

受艾滋病影响儿童指有患艾滋病、为艾滋病患者遗孤、父母一方因艾滋病去世和父母双方均为艾滋病病毒感染者4种情况之一的儿童[1].     

北京市中学生家长艾滋病知识、态度、行为及健康教育现况研究

目的了解北京市中学生家长在预防艾滋病方面的知识、态度和需求,为学生家长以家庭为基础发挥健康教育作用提供依据.方法对象为北京市20所中学学生家长的整群抽样样本.结果家长对艾滋病知识的正确回答率在56.7%和95.3%之间,对于不会引起艾滋病传播的途径,正确回答率较低,普遍存在着将传播途径扩大化的问题.家长艾滋病常识、传播途径、态度得分,城区高于农村,高中学生家长高于初中学生家长,差异有统计学意义.72.2%的家长从未和孩子讨论过有关艾滋病的话题.96.4%的家长认为有必要在学生中加强毒品和艾滋病的教育.30.2%的家长认为应由学校和家长共同承担对孩子的艾滋病健康教育责任.结论家长普遍认为有必要在学生中加强毒品和艾滋病的教育,应由学校和家长共同承担对孩子的艾滋病健康教育责任,但家长需要进一步提高对艾滋病的认识,并付诸实际行动,以满足家庭健康教育的需求.     

Children affected by HIV

During the next 10 years, more than 40 million children will lose either one or both parents from AIDS, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In countries with a high rate of HIV infection, more than 33% of children will be orphaned and at risk of being moved from one household to another, or left to live alone in child-headed households. Many children are first affected by HIV when their parents develop HIV-related illnesses and become too sick to work or take their children for health care services, such as immunization and growth monitoring. In caring for their younger siblings, older children miss school. Children in households affected by HIV are often at considerable risk of poverty and malnutrition. Health workers and community-based workers can help protect the health of children affected by HIV by encouraging the establishment of community-based orphan support programs, recognizing HIV-affected families in greatest need and children at risk, and providing at-risk orphans with clothing, housing, food, and school fees.     

儿童家长免疫回忆真实性调查

目的 评估不同文化程度、不同居住环境的不同家长对儿童免疫接种状况回忆的真实程度。方法 采用横断面调查方法,在河南省18个市各随机选择2个县、1个区,分别调查分析1～2岁的常驻儿童和流动儿童家长免疫回忆的真实性。结果 全省儿童基础免疫四苗全程接种率为89.7％,其中流动儿童为77.9％。儿童家长回忆孩子接种过疫苗的真实性高达96％以上;接种过疫苗的儿童,其家长能明确回忆其接种过该疫苗的比例不超过50％;家长文化程度为中学及以上的免疫回忆真实性高于文盲及小学者;儿童母亲的免疫回忆真实性高于父亲;在家长免疫回忆为不详的儿童中,有高达97％以上的儿童均接种过相关疫苗。结论 儿童家长对已接种过疫苗的肯定回答具有很高的可信性;文化程度较高的儿童母亲,对儿童的免疫回忆具有更高的可信性;免疫史回忆不详的儿童不能作为未免疫者。     

Social support and school outcomes of adolescents orphaned and made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS living in South Western Uganda

The goal of this study is to examine the role of social support from multiple sources, including the extended family, caregivers, classmates, peers and teachers, in improving the school outcomes (grades and attendance) of children orphaned by AIDS in Uganda. Data for this study comes from a 4-year randomized control trial, called Suubi-Maka (Hope for families), conducted in the Southwestern part of Uganda from 2008 to 2012. Using multivariate regression modeling – controlling for several individual-level and school-level characteristics, we find that social support (perceived emotional and information support received from parents, classmates and teachers), caregiver’s acceptance and warmth, and family cohesion have positive effects on children’s school grades and attendance. This finding underscores the importance of strengthening relationships within the extended family and the school environment to serve as a net of strength that can influence not only family functioning but also vulnerable adolescents’ educational trajectories.     

Fosterage patterns in the age of AIDS: continuity and change

An estimated 4 million children, or about 10% of the entire South African population, will be orphaned by the year 2015. There is growing consensus that the extended family system is no longer capable of providing for orphans given severe economic constraints. There is, therefore, an urgency to develop appropriate interventions to support families and take care of these children. This article examines some of the existing literature on child fosterage and uses it to highlight understudied aspects of the current situation of children orphaned through AIDS in South Africa. Of particular concern are the points of continuity and change in fosterage patterns before and after the onset of the epidemic in South Africa. I suggest that an understanding of the short- and long-term consequences for children orphaned by AIDS in South Africa calls for historical contextualisation given that child fostering, both voluntarily and involuntarily, has been a feature of black family life since well before the onset of HIV/AIDS. In addition, I demonstrate the value of examining kinship, family, and networks in order to fully understand the circumstances of fostering these children. The paper concludes with a call for more research on children orphaned by AIDS in South Africa that will provide not only more data, but also enrich theoretical approaches to studying patterns of child fosterage in Africa and elsewhere.     

我国部分农村地区受艾滋病影响儿童心理弹性的保护性因素研究

【目的】 调查山西省某艾滋病比较集中的地区,探讨该区受艾滋病影响儿童心理弹性的保护性因素。 【方法】 采用儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表和儿童抑郁障碍自评量表,将受艾滋病影响儿童筛分为心理弹性组与非弹性组;再采用半结构访谈的方法,对弹性组的儿童进行调查。 【结果】 受艾滋病影响儿童心理弹性的保护性因素可划分为四个因素。家庭因素包括父母的关心和支持、民主的教育方式、父母的榜样力量;学校包括老师的关心、同伴的支持;认知包括对父母的评价、相信自己、对未来的期望;行为包括倾诉、寻求帮助、感恩与回报。 【结论】 在对受艾滋病影响儿童进行心理干预时,应综合考虑家庭、学校、认知、行为等因素,促进其心理弹性的发展,增进其心理健康。     

Calif. court modifies adoption policy for orphans with AIDS

The California Court of Appeals has ruled that an orphaned child with AIDS cannot be presumed to be adoptable unless there are potential parents willing to take the child. The ruling grew out of a case where two girls, one of whom has AIDS, were orphaned when their parents died of AIDS-related causes. The children were living with an aunt, whose parental rights were severed after alleged abuse against one of her own children. A foster couple wanted to adopt the girl who did not have AIDS. Because court officials did not want to split the sibling pair, they will be returned to the care of relatives until adoptive parents willing to take both children are found.     

The vulnerability of orphans in Thyolo District, southern Malawi

It is estimated that Malawi has about 900,000 orphans, the majority of whom are orphaned as a result of AIDS. Orphans in rural areas are mostly neglected by economic and social empowerment initiatives. This study was conducted to explore the living situation of orphans in rural Thyolo District, southern Malawi. Qualitative methodology was used in data collection and analysis to explore orphan children's living situation and specifically with regard to access to health care, education, food and basic needs. In addition, issues of love and companionship, discrimination and the future. Twenty-three orphan children and four adults were interviewed. The children reported experience with lack of food, school drop out and truancy, lack of social support to obtain present needs and prepare for the future. Public health programs aimed to prevent and mitigate the effects of AIDS in Malawi should be tailored to provide support to orphan children.     

Parents and Drug Education: Parents' Concerns, Attitudes and Needs

Parents play a key role in their children's education and social development and therefore can be very influential to their children's learning about drugs. Despite this there has been little research done to date that explores parents' perceptions. This paper reports research from questionnaires, which sampled 947 parents of 14-16-year-olds, telephone interviews of 60 of these responses and six focus groups of primary and secondary school parents. The issues explored included parents' concerns, needs and knowledge of drugs issues in respect to their children as well as parents' perspective on drug education. The results show that parents are concerned about drugs in relation to their children, and report that drugs are easily available to young people and very much part of today's youth culture. The study revealed that parents are largely misinformed about the drug situation and request accurate and up-to-date information. They are unaware of their children's school drug policies and programmes and feel the need for easier access to relevant services. Parents rate drug education as important and report it should begin at late primary school age. Parents predominantly want their children to be taught the 'Just Say No' message. Finally, issues of communication about drugs, between parent(s) and their chiid(ren), were raised. A number of implications of the results for drug education are presented.