阿美替尼治疗非小细胞肺癌的研究进展

肺癌是全球癌症相关死亡的最常见原因,其中85%为非小细胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer,NSCLC),表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)是治疗晚期NSCLC最重要的靶点之一。第一、二代EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)一直是晚期EGFR突变NSCLC患者的标准治疗方法,但获得性耐药几乎不可避免,主要耐药原因为T790M突变。阿美替尼是中国首个自主研发的第三代EGFR-TKI,对包括L858R和19号外显子缺失在内的EGFR敏感突变,以及T790M耐药突变均具有活性,同时保留野生型EGFR,克服了第一、二代EGFR-TKI的耐药性和选择性问题,其临床前和临床研究均显示出良好的有效性与安全性,为我国NSCLC患者提供了新的用药选择。本综述对阿美替尼的结构、作用机制、临床前研究、药动学,在NSCLC治疗中的临床疗效、安全性,以及与其他第三代EGFR-TKI的比较进行了总结,为该药的临床使用及未来的探索研究提供参考。     

EGFR-TKI类药物治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的研究进展

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epithelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKI）引领EGFR突变的晚期非小细胞肺癌精准治疗十多年,EGFR-TKI对EGFR常见突变的晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效已得到明确的证实。然而对于EGFR罕见突变,EGFR-TKI的疗效在临床上存在众多争议。本文列举了目前已经进入临床阶段的EGFR-TKI类药物在EGFR突变阳性晚期非小细胞肺癌中的中位无进展及总生存期并进行比较,增加了EGFR罕见突变对EGFR-TKI疗效的相关研究,以期为临床EGFR-TKI的合理使用提供参考。     

计算机辅助预测EGFR突变的非小细胞肺癌药物敏感性的研究进展

表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)既是非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的常见驱动基因,也是临床上NSCLC的重要治疗靶标。但EGFR突变导致的耐药性问题严重影响了靶向药物的治疗效果,限制了精准医疗的发展。本文对目前上市的EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKIs)的靶标结合模式进行综述,旨在为新型EGFR-TKIs开发提供理论依据,并回顾总结应用计算机预测EGFR突变体的药物敏感性的研究进展,以期推动发展临床决策的辅助工具来帮助临床医师设计个性化治疗方案。     

抗肿瘤药物吉非替尼的研究进展

吉非替尼(gefitinib,Iressa,ZD1839)是一种口服选择性表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂.临床前研究发现它能抑制多种类型肿瘤细胞的生长,临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期研究表明在晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者中,吉非替尼单独应用显示出明显的抗瘤活性并使症状减轻.2003年5月FDA批准其上市.综述了吉非替尼的分子作用机制、体内外抗肿瘤作用以及临床试验等方面的最新进展.     

分子靶向药物治疗非小细胞肺癌的策略

目的:介绍分子靶向药物治疗非小细胞肺癌的策略。方法:依据文献综述分子靶向药物治疗非小细胞肺癌的原理、一线及二线用药原则、未来分子靶向治疗药物的研究方向。结果与结论:治疗非小细胞肺癌需设计合理有效的一线及二线靶向治疗措施;未来肿瘤治疗的方向将是针对肿瘤细胞的特定靶点的个体化靶向治疗。     

第二代表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌的研究进展

在非小细胞肺癌的分子靶向治疗中,表皮生长因子受体是有前景的治疗靶标.吉非替尼、尔洛替尼虽已批准上市用于临床,但其治疗的临床受益率较低.现对正在研发的第二代表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的临床试验作一综述.     

非小细胞肺癌EGFR-TKI治疗失败后小细胞肺癌转化

表皮生长因子受体-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的耐药分子机制逐渐明了,其中小细胞肺癌(SCLC)转化引发了学者极大关注。这种表型转化和伴发EGFR突变是肿瘤细胞异质性,或是肿瘤干细胞,或是某些分子事件使然,但无论那种机制均是推测且无直接证据。目前临床实践中对这种EGFR-TKI耐药转化为SCLC患者的治疗仅是经验分享,亦无更高级别的证据推荐。     

埃克替尼治疗非小细胞肺癌中国专家共识(2021年版)

埃克替尼是中国第1个拥有自主知识产权的表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,也是全球第3个上市的表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,自2011年6月7日在中国上市以来已经有近260000例非小细胞肺癌患者接受了埃克替尼治疗.为了总结埃克替尼上市9年来在中国非小细胞肺癌患者的用药经验,进一步规范埃克替尼的使用,中国医师协会肿瘤...     

新型表皮生长因子受体抑制剂抗T790M型非小细胞肺癌作用

目的观察7个FCN系列表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)酪氨酸激酶抑制剂对H1975细胞体内外抗肿瘤作用。方法采用非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)H1975细胞(T790M突变)和人表皮鳞癌A431细胞(WT-EGFR)体外增殖抑制试验对7个FCN系列化合物进行筛选,得到抗肿瘤活性强且选择性更好的化合物。通过细胞划痕实验、流式细胞术分别测定化合物对细胞迁移能力、细胞周期和凋亡的影响,通过H1975细胞裸鼠移植瘤实验明确化合物在体内对肿瘤生长的影响。结果 H1975细胞增殖实验筛选出高活性化合物FCN12、FCN14和FCN15,半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为(103.33±12.10)、(115.17±7.69)和(128.63±32.72)nmol·L~(-1);经A431细胞增殖实验筛选出FCN12、FCN14,两者的体外抗细胞增殖抑制活性与对照药AZD9291相当(IC50>2μmol·L~(-1)),并可将H1975细胞阻滞于G1期;与对照药相比,FCN12、FCN14可明显增加细胞凋亡率(P<0.01)和抑制细胞的迁移(P<0.05),且呈浓度依赖性;体内移植瘤实验结果显示FCN12、FCN14可以明显抑制肿瘤的生长并缩小肿瘤体积(P<0.01)。结论新型EGFR抑制剂FCN12、FCN14对EGFR耐药型NSCLC具有显著的体内外抗肿瘤活性。     

EGFR突变的非小细胞肺癌耐药机制及其克服新策略

表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）突变的非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）已被列为一个与临床相关的、独特的肺癌亚群。虽然EGFR突变的肿瘤患者增加了对酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（TKI）的敏感性,但其耐药仍然是一个主要的临床问题。针对原发和获得性耐药不同的分子机制,包括应用第2代或第3代TKI,以及与EGFR下游信号通路抑制剂的组合用药等多项临床试验已经在启动和计划中。本文综述了近年来EGFR突变的NSCLC耐药机制的新进展和克服耐药的新策略。     

非小细胞肺癌中EGFR基因突变及靶向药物治疗研究进展

报道在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变与非小细胞肺癌发生的相关性,尤其在东方人群、女性、非吸烟者、腺癌的患者中突变率更高的现状。分别对EGFR基因突变与临床病理特征的关系、相关靶向药物治疗、检测方法等方面进展进行了综述,EGFR基因突变检测将会成为今后研究EGFR靶向药物治疗的热点。     

Gefitinib in non-small cell lung cancer

Gefitinib (Iressa^TM), an orally-active tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is the first approved molecular-targeted drug for the management of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Two Phase II trials (IDEAL [Iressa Dose Evaluation in Advanced Lung Cancer]-1 and -2), evaluated the efficacy of gefitinib in advanced NSCLC patients who received ≤ 2 (IDEAL1) or ≥ 2 (IDEAL2) previous chemotherapy regimens. The response rate and disease control rate in IDEAL1 and -2 was 18/12% and 54/42%, respectively. The median survival time and one-year survival rate in both studies were ~ 7 months and 30%, respectively. As gefitinib has demonstrated antitumour activity and an acceptable tolerability profile not typically associated with cytotoxic adverse events, such as hematological toxicities, combinations with cytotoxic drugs have been evaluated. Disappointingly, in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced NSCLC, gefitinib 250 and 500 mg/day combined with platinum-based chemotherapy (gemcitabine/cisplatin or paclitaxel/carboplatin) did not produce prolonged survival, compared with chemotherapy alone in two large, randomised, placebo-controlled, multi-centre Phase III trials (INTACT [Iressa NSCLC Trial Assessing Combination Treatment]-1 and -2). Furthermore, in a recent randomised, placebo-controlled, Phase III trial (ISEL: IRESSA Survival Evaluation in Lung cancer), gefitinib failed to prolong survival compared with placebo in patients with advanced NSCLC who had failed one or more lines of chemotherapy. Subgroup analysis of ISEL suggested improved survival in patients of Asian origin and non-smokers. In addition, subset analyses of IDEAL and several retrospective studies have indicated that female gender, adenocarcinoma histology (especially bronchial alveolar carcinoma), non-smoker status and Asian ethnicity are factors which predict to response to gefitinib. Two types of somatic mutation clustered around the ATP binding pocket in the tyrosine kinase domain of the EGFR gene have been reported as possible surrogate biological markers for predicting response to gefitinib. Appropriate patient selection by clinical characteristics or genetical information is needed, both for future clinical trials of gefitinib and its routine use in the clinic among patients with advanced NSCLC.     

Emerging drugs for non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world. Therapeutic improvements caused by recent cytotoxic agents seem to have reached a plateau. New therapeutic strategies are, therefore, necessary to improve the cure rate. These include receptor-targeted therapy, signal transduction or cell-cycle inhibition, angiogenesis inhibitors, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, gene therapy and vaccines. The antiepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) group includes compounds acting on the extracellular domain of EGFR, such as IMC-C225 and trastuzumab; small molecules inhibiting EGFR phosphorylation, such as ZD 1839 and OSI-774; or compounds that interfere with one of the downstream steps, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors. Farnesyl transferase inhibitors, such as SCH66336, and protein kinase C inhibitors, such as ISIS 3521, have also shown antitumour activity. Antiangiogenesis inhibitors include matrix metalloprotease inhibitors (MMPIs), such as marimastat, AG3340, BAY 12-9566, BMS-275291 and Col-3. Antiangiogenic agents offer great potential for the treatment of lung cancer, as shown in preclinical models, whereas emerging data suggest that there are limits to their use as monotherapy in advanced disease. Molecules targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or its receptor (VEGFR) also seem to control tumour progression and may prolong survival. COX-2 inhibitors are another class of agents currently under evaluation in clinical trials for their chemoprevention role in subjects at high lung cancer risk, and also in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in combination with standard chemotherapeutics. Genetic and immunologic therapies represent two additional promising modalities. All of these therapies are in different phases of clinical testing and have shown encouraging activity alone or in combination with chemotherapy drugs.     

非小细胞肺癌基因变异与靶向治疗药物的选择

肺癌的发病率和死亡率在全球位居榜首,靶向药物的出现显著延长了肺癌患者的生存期并提高生存质量。靶向药物的选择主要是基于肿瘤基因突变情况,由于患者肿瘤个体差异大,携带的驱动基因突变类型多种多样,不同突变类型的肿瘤对特定靶向药的敏感性不同。随着医药行业的发展,越来越多的肺癌靶向药物进入临床,如何根据肿瘤的基因突变情况选择最适宜的靶向治疗药物至关重要。本文总结了非小细胞肺癌常见驱动基因的突变情况及可选择的靶向药物,为非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗药物的选择提供了依据。     

表皮生长因子受体-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂分子耐药机制研究

以表皮生长因子受体-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)为靶点的治疗近年逐渐引起关注。但部分患者在服用EGFR-TKI初期即出现原发和获得性耐药。本文综述EGFR-TKI分子耐药机制的研究现状,探讨EGFR-TKI分子耐药机制重要的临床意义。     

应用于非小细胞肺癌的表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制药个体差异性指标的研究现状

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制药(EGFR-TKIs)是治疗表皮生长因子受体突变的晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的一线用药,在临床应用过程中,可观察到血药浓度及安全性、有效性的个体差异,可能与药物代谢酶和转运体的基因多态性相关.因此,本文对临床常用的6种EGFR-TKIs可能相关的药物遗传学指标和药代动力学指标进行整理...     

非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗药物的临床研究进展

非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）是恶化程度高、治疗难度大的肺部癌症,其发生常与多种相关基因靶点突变或通路异常有关,如表皮生长因子受体突变、间变性淋巴瘤激酶重排等。靶向药物的出现为NSCLC治疗提供了新方向,吉非替尼、厄洛替尼、奥希替尼、劳拉替尼及多靶点抑制剂为常见的靶向治疗药,临床试验结果也显示出一定的疗效。对近年来国内外有关NSCLC相关靶向治疗药物中的部分值得引起注意的临床试验研究结果进行综述,以期为制定相关的临床用药方案提供依据。     

Identifying nonsmall‐cell lung tumours bearing the T790M EGFR TKI resistance mutation using PET imaging

Specific mutations significantly affect response to epidermal growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR‐TKI) treatment in lung cancer patients. Identifying patients with these mutations remains a major clinical challenge. EGFR T790M mutation, which conveys resistance to in the present study, [¹⁸F]FEWZ was assessed in vitro to determine efficacy relative to the starting compound and in vivo to measure the biodistribution and specificity of binding to EGFR wild‐type, L858R and T790M bearing tumours. [¹⁸F]FEWZ is the first evidence of a radiolabeled third generation anilinopyrimidine‐derived tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting T790M mutation bearing tumours in vivo.