尺骨鹰嘴截骨双侧肱骨髁上钢板加空心加压螺钉治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折

目的分析双侧肱骨髁上钢板加空心加压螺钉内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折优势及手术疗效。方法2005年6月至2010年3月手术治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折16例,按骨折AO／ASIF分型：C1型4例,C2型6例,C3型6例。所有病例均行后路经尺骨鹰嘴截骨,使用AO双重建钛板加空心加压螺钉内固定。术后尽早行肘关节的主动功能锻炼。结果16例随访6-36个月,骨折全部愈合。根据Cassebaum法评分,优10例,良4例,可2例;优良率87．5％。结论双侧肱骨髁上钢板加空心加压螺钉治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折是目前治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折的较好方法,有利于肘关节早期运动,恢复肘关节的功能。     

经尺骨鹰嘴截骨双钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间严重粉碎性骨折

目的：探讨经尺骨鹰嘴截骨双钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间严重粉碎性骨折的手术方法及疗效。方法：采用经尺骨鹰嘴截骨双钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间严重粉碎性骨折30例,男19例,女11例;年龄21-62岁,平均42．3岁。按AO／ASIF分类：C2型17例,C3型13例。21例内外侧均采用重建钢板,9例外侧采用重建钢板,内侧采用1／3管形钢板。结果：术后随访6个月-3年,平均1．5年。骨折愈合时间3～6个月,平均4个月。无骨不连、骨化性肌炎、迟发性尺神经受压、内固定失效等并发症。按Aitken—Rorabeck标准评分系统对其肘关节功能评定,优16例,良10例,可2例,差2例。结论：手术解剖复位重建肘关节稳定,术后早期功能锻练,是肘关节功能恢复的重要因素,经尺骨鹰嘴截骨是治疗肱骨髁间严重粉碎性骨折较好入路。     

尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折效果分析

目的分析尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折的治疗效果。方法对36例肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折采用后方经尺骨鹰嘴入路,解剖型钢板或重建钢板双柱固定治疗,对骨折愈合及术后肘关节功能恢复等情况进行分析。结果患者术后获6~18个月随访,骨折全部愈合,愈合时间4~6个月。末次随访按改良Cassebaum法评定肘关节功能:优19例,良11例,可5例,差1例。术后出现1例创伤性关节炎,尺神经麻痹1例,未发生肘关节挛缩及僵硬等其他并发症。结论经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折,术野暴露充分、内固定稳固、可促进早期进功能锻炼,利于骨折愈合和关节功能的良好恢复。     

AO重建钢板治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折

目的 探讨AO重建钢板治疗肱骨踝间粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法 对13例肱骨踝间粉碎性骨折（按照AO／ASIF分类,C14例,C23例,C36例）行后路径鹰嘴截骨入路,骨折复位,AO重建钢板内固定或加1／3管型钢板固定,术后早期功能锻炼,所有病例均于术后1个月、3个月、6个月及1年摄片复查,了解骨折愈合情况。结果 随访1－3年,平均1年6个月,骨折全部愈合,肘关节功能恢复满意,用Cassebaum方法评价：优6例,良5例,可2例,优良率84．6％。结论 AO重建钢板治疗肱骨踝间粉碎性骨折,固定牢靠,术后可以早期功能锻炼,疗效优于其它内固定材料,可作为目前手术治疗肱骨踝间粉碎性骨折首选内固定材料。     

尺骨鹰嘴V型截骨AO重建钢板治疗复杂肱骨髁间骨折

目的：探讨尺骨鹰嘴V型截骨入路加AO重建钢板治疗复杂肱骨髁间骨折的疗效。方法：对54例肱骨髁间骨折患者1周内采用尺骨鹰嘴V型截骨入路加AO重建钢板治疗,术后3 d内行肘关节被动活动,1周后开始肘关节主动功能锻炼。结果：术后随访1～20个月（平均16个月）,关节功能采用Cassebaum方法评价,优32例,良19例,可2例,差1例。结论：尺骨鹰嘴V型截骨入路加AO重建钢板内固定治疗复杂肱骨髁间骨折,可获得满意疗效。     

解剖型钢板双侧柱内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折

目的 探讨解剖型钢板双侧柱内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折的疗效.方法 采用肘后人路,内、外侧柱双固定治疗26例肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折,定期复查X线片及肘关节功能.结果 术后3～6个月骨折全部愈合.肘关节功能按改良Cassebaum法评分:优13例,良8例,可4例,差1例.术后尺神经麻痹1例,鹰嘴截骨不愈合1例,治疗后均痊愈.结论 解剖型钢板双侧柱内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎骨折,肘关节功能恢复满意,效果可靠.     

肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折的治疗

[目的]探讨肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折的术式选择及疗效。[方法]2001年2月-2005年12月治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折患者21例，按AO分型：C1型5例，C2型9例，C3型7例。17例患者行切开复位钢板内固定术，4例行全肘关节置换术。内固定组采用尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路，肱骨小头和肱骨滑车复位后用松质骨螺钉或空心螺钉固定，肱骨干和肱骨远端之间采用AO双钢板或“Y”钢板固定，术后早期功能锻炼；肘关节置换组采用半限制型肘关节假体、骨水泥固定，术后4-7d开始功能锻炼。[结果]内固定组17例患者中14例获12-44个月随访，关节置换组4例全部获14，36个月随访，按Cassebaum肘关节功能评分，内固定组优g4例，良：6例，优良率71．4％，关节置换组优：2例，良：2例，优良率100％。[结论]肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折采用AO技术，经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路切开复位，双重建钢板或“Y”钢板内固定，配合早期功能锻炼，大多数患者都能获得良好的疗效。对肱骨远端严重毁损，骨质疏松明显，年龄在50岁以上的患者，可选择全肘关节置换手术，近期疗效满意。     

肱骨髁间严重粉碎骨折的内固定治疗

目的 总结肱骨髁间严重粉碎骨折内固定治疗的效果和相关因素。方法 手术治疗肱骨髁间粉碎骨折18例，按AO分型：C2型10例、C3型8例。18例中经肱三头肌舌形瓣入路6例；尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路10例；经尺骨鹰嘴骨折进入2例，C2型骨折中髁间螺钉加AO重建钢板、1／3管型扳固定10例；髁间螺钉加AO重建钢板崮定2例；C3型骨折中髁间螺钉加AO重建钢板、1／3管型板固定5例，髁间螺钉加AO重建钢板、克氏针固定1例、髁间髁上螺钉、克氏针固定2例。结果 18例随访8～63个月，平均38个月，采用改良的cassebaum评分系统评定，优8例，良5例，可3例，差2例。结论 积极手术治疗，关节结构解剖重建，骨折稳定固定，术后早期功能锻炼足良好治疗结果的保证。首选尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路。     

解剖型钢板治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折

目的探讨解剖型钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法对18例成人肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折采用后路经鹰嘴V形截骨、尺神经前置、解剖型钢板内固定,术后早期功能锻炼。均于术后4、10周及6、12个月摄片复查,了解骨折愈合情况。结果随访12-30个月,术后12-18周骨折全部愈合。肘关节功能用改良Cassebaum评分系统评价：优9例,良5例,可2例,差2例。术后尺神经麻痹1例于术后6个月完全恢复;术后5周肘关节异位骨化1例,1例因糖尿病切口延迟愈合。结论解剖型钢板治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折,固定牢靠,术后可早期功能锻炼。     

经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板空心钉内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折

目的观察经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板空心钉内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2010-01—2015-01经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板埋头空心钉内固定治疗的31例肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折。埋头空心钉固定髁间骨折块,分别于肱骨外侧柱后外侧、内侧柱内侧放置合适长度的接骨板。结果 31例均获得随访6~36个月,平均16.13个月。骨折愈合时间8~14周,平均11.47周。末次随访时HHS评分平均89.28分,优16例,良11例,可3例,差1例,优良率87.09%。1例术后发生异位骨化,肘关节屈伸活动明显受限,术后半年取出内固定进行肘关节松解后肘关节功能恢复良好。2例术后出现尺神经卡压症状,取出内固定后缓解。结论经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板埋头空心钉内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折显露充分、固定牢靠,且有利于术后进行肘关节功能锻炼。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.