国产甲磺酸倍他司汀片剂与其进口片人体生物等效性

目的:对健康受试者单剂量口服国产和进口甲磺酸倍他司汀片后的药代动力学特性及生物等效性进行评价。方法:20名健康志愿者随机交叉口服24mg国产和进口甲磺酸倍他司汀两种片剂。用高效波相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中倍他司汀主要代谢物2-吡啶乙酸含量,并进行药代动力学和生物等效性研究。结果:国产及进口制剂中2-吡啶乙酸的C_(max)分别为308.6±208.8及339.4±213.4mg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为1.13±0.66及0.98±0.47h;AUC_(0-t)分别为1168.5±794.9及1129.3±725.2mg·L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为1213.2±819.2和1178.9±752.5mg·L~(-1)。国产甲磺酸倍他司汀片的相对生物利用度为(106.31±29·1)％。结论:对AUC_(0-t),AUC_(0-∞),C_(max)和t_(max)分别进行方差分析后,进行双单侧检验及90％置信限判断,两制剂具有生物等效性。     

胸腺肽粉针剂在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性研究

目的:对国产胸腺肽α1粉针剂的生物利用度、药代动力学特性及其与对照进口胸腺肽α1粉针剂的生物等效性进行研究。方法:20名健康男性志愿者按双周期交叉sc单剂量1.6mg国产试验组胸腺肽α1粉针剂和进口对照品胸腺肽α1粉针剂(日达仙)两种制剂,分别于给药前后0.17,0.33,0.67,1,1.5,2,2.5,3,4,6,8和12h采集血样。用酶免疫法测定血清中胸腺肽α1的浓度,并对试验数据进行统计处理。结果:单剂量国产待测及对照胸腺肽α1粉针剂的C_(max)分别为101.11±35.82μg·L~(-1)和95.15±31.14μg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为1.98±0.57h和2.06±0.56h;AUC_(0-12)分别为473.29±162.21μg·L~(-1)和491.93±143.29μg·L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为525.55±203.70μg·L~(-1)·h和537.56±153.97μg·L~(-1)·h;国产胸腺肽α1粉针剂的相对生物利用度为(95.85±2.46)％。利用3P97处理数据对国产待测及参比胸腺肽α1粉针剂的生物等效性进行评价。结论:国产试验组胸腺肽α1粉针剂与进口对照组参比胸腺肽α1粉针剂具有生物等效性。     

头孢克洛缓释片在健康人体的药代动力学及生物等效性

目的 研究头孢克洛两种缓释片在健康志愿者体内的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法 20名健康男性受试者随机交叉单剂量及多剂量口服受试制剂375mg和参比制剂375mg,用液相色谱一串联质谱法测定给药后不同时刻的血浆浓度,求得主要药代动力学参数。结果 单剂量口服获得的主要药动学参数,t_(max)分别为2.23±0.64和2.05±0.56 h,C_(max)分别为2.54±0.89和2.38±0.65 mg·L~(-1),AUC_(0-t)分别为7.38±1.66和7.09±1.71 mg·h.L~(-1),t_(1/2)分别为1.08±0.12和1.07±0.13h,F为(105.0±11.2)％。多剂量口服获得的主要药动学参数AUC_(ss)分别为7.22±1.37和7.02±1.53mg·h·L~(-1),C_(max)分别为2.61±0.61和2.34±0.55 mg·L~(-1),C_(min)分别为3.48±1.33和3.65±1.23 μg·L~(-1),C_(av)分别为602±114和585±128μg·L~(-1),DF分别为4.3±0.7和4.0±0.6,F为(105.5±19.9)％。统计学结果显示,两种制剂的药动学参数无显著性差异,符合生物等效性标准。结论 头孢克洛两种缓释片均具有较好的缓释特征,两种制剂生物等效。     

盐酸雷尼替丁片在健康志愿者的人体药代动力学和生物等效性

目的:研究国产盐酸雷尼替丁片和葛兰素威康生产的雷尼替丁片(商品名:善卫得)在健康人体内的药代动力学过程,并评价这两种制剂的生物等效性。方法:20例健康男性受试者随机分组、自身对照单次po盐酸雷尼替丁片300 mg后,用反相HPLC法测定血浆中雷尼替丁的浓度,依据血药浓度一时间数据进行有关参数计算及生物等效性评价。结果:对照制剂与试验制剂主要药代动力学参数C_(max)分别为1278.3±449.5 μg·L~(-1)及1200.5±433.1 μg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为2.73±0.80 h及2.95±0.83 h;t_(1/2)分别为2.97±0.43 h及2.98±0.49 h;AUC_(0→t)分别为5582.2±1428.7 μg·h·L~(-1)及5199.0±1275.0μg·h·L~(-1); AUC_(0→∞)分别为5928.2±1389.3μg·h·L~(-1)及5413.3±1318.0 μg·h·L~(-1);试验制剂相对于对照制剂的生物利用度F为(94.6±16.1)％。结论:试验制剂与对照制剂生物等效。     

氨酚伪麻美芬片Ⅱ在健康人体内的药动学和生物等效性

目的研究2种国产氨酚伪麻美芬片Ⅱ在健康人体内的药动学及生物等效性。方法20名健康男性受试者按2制剂双周期交叉试验设计口服受试制剂和参比制剂各2片,采用高效液相色谱-紫外法测定血浆中对乙酰氨基酚的浓度,高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定血浆中伪麻黄碱和右啡烷的浓度,使用DAS软件计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性统计分析。结果参比制剂和受试制剂中对乙酰氨基酚的c_(max)分别为(6 600±s 1200),(7600±2100)μg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(1.1±0.6),(0.9±0.6)h;A4 UC_(0～16)分别为(27 900±4700),(28 700±4 400)μg·h·L~(-1);t(1/2)分别为(4.0±1.0),(4.2±1.4)h;伪麻黄碱的C_(max)分别为(213±33),(222±34)μg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(1.8±0.5),(1.6±0.6)h;AUC_(0～24)分别为(1 676±261),(1 659±282)μg·h·L~(-1);t_(1/2)分别为(4.6±0.5),(4.6±0.5)h;右啡烷的c_(max)分别为(7±4),(7.5±2.9)μg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(2.1±0.6),(1.9±0.7)h;AUC_(0～24)分别为(38±15),(39±12)μg·h·L~(-1);t_(1/2)分别为(6±3),(5.1±2.7)h。以AUC_(0～t)计算,受试制剂中对乙酰氡基酚、伪麻黄碱和右美沙芬的相对生物利用度分别为(103±8)%,(100±18)%,(109±27)%,2种制剂的主要药动学参数经统计学检验,差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定美托洛尔缓释片的人体药动学及生物等效性

目的建立测定人血浆中美托洛尔浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC—MS/MS)法,研究健康受试者单剂量和多剂量口服美托洛尔受试制剂和参比制剂后的药动学和生物等效性。方法40名男性健康志愿者进行随机双交叉试验,分别单剂量和多剂量口服美托洛尔受试制剂和参比制剂100 mg,采用LC—MS/ MS法测定血药浓度,用DAS软件计算主要药动学参数。结果单剂量时受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数如下:c_(max)分别为(144±s 43)和(164±40)μg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(3.7±1.2)和(3.5±0.8)h,t_(1/2)分别为(6.0±2.5)和(4.9±2.0)h,AUC_(0～24)分别为(1 639±787)和(1 658±636)μg·h·L~(-1),相对生物利用度为(97±21)%。多剂量达稳态时受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数如下:c_(max)分别为(241±170)和(232±75)μg·L~(-1),c_(min)分别为(115±66)和(121±64)μg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(3.7±1.0)和(3.5±1.6)h,AUC_(ss)分别为(1 905±882)和(1 992±834)μg·h·L~(-1),c_(av)分别为(159±73)和(166±69)μg·L~(-1),DF分别为(77±30)%和(75±31)%。受试制剂与参比制剂的AUC_(0～t),AUC_(0～∞)或AUC_(ss),c_(max)和t_(max)均符合生物等效性要求。结论建立的LC—MS/MS法专属、准确、灵敏度适宜。测定的美托洛尔受试制剂和参比制剂生物等效。     

液相色谱/质谱联用法测定国产辛伐他汀胶囊人体相对生物利用度

目的:建立辛伐他汀血浆中药物浓度的液质联用测定方法,研究其在人体的药代动力学及生物等效性。方法:18名健康男性受试者随机自身交叉给药,分别口服单剂量国产辛伐他汀胶囊剂和进口片剂20mg。用液相色谱/质谱联用测定血浆中辛伐他汀在人体内的浓度。结果;国产辛伐他汀胶囊剂和进口片剂主要药代动力学参数为:t_(max)分别为2.09±0.41h和2.13±0.47h,C_(max)分别为4.66±2.23μg·L~(-1)和4.71±2.45μg·L~(-1),AUC_(0-t)分别为19.42±3.99μg·h·~(-1)和19.76±4.13μg·h·L~(-1)。国产辛伐他汀胶囊剂的相对生物利用度为(98.3±10.8)％。结论:经统计学分析,国产辛伐他订胶囊剂和进口片剂具有生物等效性。     

替米沙坦片人体生物等效性

目的 研究国产替米沙坦片与进口替米沙坦片的人体生物等效性。方法 用LC-MS法,测定20名健康男性单次交叉口服参比制剂及试验制剂80mg后血浆中不同时间点的药物浓度,经SPSS软件统计拟合,计算其药物动力学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两制剂的生物等效性。结果参比制剂及试验制剂的主要药代动力学参数C_(max)、t_(max)、AUC_(0→96)和AUC_(0→∞)分别为:347.2±41.1和352.4±42.9 μg·L~(-1);1.1±0.25和1.1±0.21h;2910.5±289.6和2866.8±235.5 μg·h·L~(-1);3044.8±307.2和3006.4±251.3 μg·h·L~(-1)。试验制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度F为(98.9±7.0)％。AUC_(0→96),C_(max)对数转换后,经双单侧t检验并计算AUC(0→96),C_(max)的90％可信区间。结论 两制剂具有生物等效性。     

两种齐多夫定胶囊在健康人体的药动学和生物利用度比较(英文)

目的：建立灵敏、简便的高效液相色谱法测定血浆齐多夫定药物浓度,并研究2种齐多夫定胶囊(每粒100 mg,300 mg)的健康人体的药动学。方法：18名健康志愿者单剂量交叉口服齐多夫定参比和受试制剂各300 mg,采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法测定血浆药物浓度。用3P97药动学软件进行药动学参数计算及生物等效性评价。结果：2种齐多夫定胶囊在健康志愿者体内的药-时曲线均符合一室模型,参比制剂、受试制剂的主要药动学参数如下：c_(max)分别为(2 252±s 837)μ·L~(-1)和(2 300±1 099)μg·L~(-1)；t_(max)分别为(0.49±0.19)h和(0.5±0.3)h；t_(1/2ke)分别为(0.93±0.19)h和(0.99±0.24)h；AUC_(0-t)分别为(2 530±452)μg·h·L~(-1)和(2 467±605)μg·h·L~(-1)；AUC_(0-∞)分别为(2 689±414)μg·h·L~(-1)和(2 583±575)μg·h·L~(-1)。2制剂的AUC_(0-t),AUC_(0-∞)和c_(max)对数转换后方差分析和双单侧t检验结果证明2种制剂生物等效。结论：该方法灵敏、便捷、准确、精密,适用于齐多夫定药动学研究；2种齐多夫定胶囊为生物等效制剂。     

阿那曲唑在中国男性志愿者体内的药代动力学

目的:比较国产和进口阿那曲唑片在健康人体内的药代动力学。方法:二十名志愿者交叉随机分成两组,单剂量口服1mg,用GC-ECD测定血药浓度,通过方差分析和双单侧t检验比较两种制剂的药-时曲线下面积。结果:阿那曲唑的体内分布符合二室模型。国产和进口阿那曲唑的药动学参数C_(max)分别为(10±3)和(10.2±2.5)μg·L~(-1);T_(max)分别为(1.2±0.5)和(1.3±0.4)h;T_(1/2β)分别为(42±14)和(41±26)h;AUC_(0-∞)分别为(443±141)和(429±121)μg·h·L~(-1),两者无显著性差别(P>0.05)。结论:两种制剂为生物等效,国产阿那曲唑片的相对生物利用度为100％±9％。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.