Sortilin调控ABCA1蛋白水平影响荷脂巨噬细胞内脂质流出

目的　探讨Sortilin对荷脂THP-1巨噬细胞ABCA1蛋白表达及胞内脂质流出的影响。 方法　采用Western blot和qRT-PCR检测细胞内ABCA1蛋白和mRNA表达水平;Co-IP实验检测Sortilin和ABCA1的结合情况;高效液相色谱法检测细胞内总胆固醇、游离胆固醇、胆固醇酯含量变化;油红O染色观察细胞内脂滴情况。 结果　Sortilin下调细胞内ABCA1蛋白水平,但对其mRNA水平无显著影响;Co-IP结果表明Sortilin能与ABCA1结合;与对照组相比,Sortilin过表达后荷脂巨噬细胞内胆固醇流出减少,胞内脂质含量增加且脂滴肥大,数量明显增多,Sortilin沉默后荷脂巨噬细胞胆固醇流出增加,胞内脂质含量减少,脂滴瘦小,数量减少;溶酶体抑制剂氯喹共处理可部分逆转Sortilin过表达对巨噬细胞ABCA1蛋白和胆固醇流出的抑制作用。 结论　Sortilin下调巨噬细胞ABCA1蛋白水平,抑制胆固醇流出,促进胞内脂质蓄积。     

Sortilin调控ABCA1蛋白水平影响荷脂巨噬细胞内脂质流出

目的　探讨Sortilin对荷脂THP-1巨噬细胞ABCA1蛋白表达及胞内脂质流出的影响。 方法　采用Western blot和qRT-PCR检测细胞内ABCA1蛋白和mRNA表达水平;Co-IP实验检测Sortilin和ABCA1的结合情况;高效液相色谱法检测细胞内总胆固醇、游离胆固醇、胆固醇酯含量变化;油红O染色观察细胞内脂滴情况。 结果　Sortilin下调细胞内ABCA1蛋白水平,但对其mRNA水平无显著影响;Co-IP结果表明Sortilin能与ABCA1结合;与对照组相比,Sortilin过表达后荷脂巨噬细胞内胆固醇流出减少,胞内脂质含量增加且脂滴肥大,数量明显增多,Sortilin沉默后荷脂巨噬细胞胆固醇流出增加,胞内脂质含量减少,脂滴瘦小,数量减少;溶酶体抑制剂氯喹共处理可部分逆转Sortilin过表达对巨噬细胞ABCA1蛋白和胆固醇流出的抑制作用。 结论　Sortilin下调巨噬细胞ABCA1蛋白水平,抑制胆固醇流出,促进胞内脂质蓄积。     

The role of vesicular transport in ABCA1-dependent lipid efflux and its connection with NPC pathways

The membrane transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) has been shown to be the rate-limiting step in the initial formation of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. The mechanisms of action of ABCA1, including its role in the vesicular transport of lipids to the cell surface for the lipidation of HDL apolipoproteins, are not fully understood. Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) disease is most often caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene, whose protein product is believed to facilitate the egress of cholesterol and other lipids from late endosomes and lysosomes to other cellular compartments. This report reviews current knowledge regarding the role of ABCA1 in vesicular lipid transport mechanisms required for HDL particle formation, and the relationship between ABCA1 and NPC1 in this process.     

ABCA1在脂质沉积中的研究进展

ATP结合盒转运蛋白A1(ABCA1)是一种以ATP为能源进行物质转运的膜蛋白,肝脏X受体(LXRs)、维甲酸X受体(RXRs)、固醇调节元结合蛋白(SREBPs)和microRNAs等因子对其表达有重要影响。ABCA1作用于脂质沉积的多个信号通路,上调其表达可负向调控脂质沉积过程,为代谢性疾病带来了新的治疗方向。     

Developmental regulation of the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in cholesterol homeostasis

The developmental patterns of expression of HMG-CoA reductase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, and LDL receptor were investigated using Northern blotting analysis to quantitate mRNA levels. It was found that HMG-CoA reductase and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase mRNA levels in brain reached peaks at age 4 days which correlates with the time of peak enzyme activity and the onset of rapid brain growth and myelination. In liver, HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase mRNA both rose dramatically at weaning. This is consistent with the concept that de novo synthesized cholesterol is the preferred substrate for cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and may also be involved in the induction of the enzyme. In testes, HMG-CoA reductase activity was highest at age 21 days and then declined, while LDL receptor mRNA levels rose from age 31 to 120 days. These studies suggest a major role for de novo cholesterol synthesis in developing brain, liver, and testes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Impaired mitochondrial energy production and ABC transporter function—A crucial interconnection in dementing proteopathies of the brain

Ageing is the main risk factor for the development of dementing neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and it is accompanied by the accumulation of variations in mitochondrial DNA. The resulting tissue-specific alterations in ATP production and availability cause deteriorations of cerebral clearance mechanisms that are important for the removal of toxic peptides and its aggregates. ABC transporters were shown to be the most important exporter superfamily for toxic peptides, e.g. β-amyloid and α-synuclein. Their activity is highly dependent on the availability of ATP and forms a directed energy-exporter network, linking decreased mitochondrial function with highly impaired ABC transporter activity and disease progression. In this paper, we describe a network based on interactions between ageing, energy metabolism, regeneration, accumulation of toxic peptides and the development of proteopathies of the brain with a focus on Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, we provide new experimental evidence for interactions within this network in regenerative processes in AD.     

Apolipoprotein A-I but not high-density lipoproteins are internalised by RAW macrophages: roles of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and scavenger receptor BI

Accumulation of lipid-loaded macrophages (foam cells) within the vessel wall is an early hallmark of atherosclerosis. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) can efficiently promote cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Therefore, the interaction of HDL and apoA-I with macrophages appears to be important in the initial steps of reverse cholesterol transport, i.e. the transport of excess cholesterol from foam cells to the liver. However, although several cellular apoA-I and HDL receptors and transporters have been identified, it is as yet controversial how these interactions lead to cholesterol efflux from foam cells. In this study, we show that RAW264.7 macrophages bind HDL and apoA-I in a compatible manner. Furthermore, cell surface biotinylation experiments revealed that apoA-I but not HDL is specifically internalised. Binding of HDL to macrophages is decreased by reducing the expression of scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), acetylated low-density lipoprotein (acLDL) or RNA interference. In contrast, apoA-I cell association and internalisation is modulated in parallel with ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression which is altered by stimulating cells with cAMP and acLDL or expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against ABCA1. Consistent with this, cell surface trapping of ABCA1 with cyclosporin A (CsA) results in increased apoA-I binding but reduced internalisation. Furthermore, blocking apoA-I uptake inhibits cholesterol efflux to apoA-I but not to HDL. Taken together, these data suggest that apoA-I- but not HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux may involve retroendocytosis.     

Enhanced expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in non-rafts decreases the sensitivity of vascular endothelial cells to Shiga toxin

Shiga toxin (Stx) binds to globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb3) receptors on the surface of vascular endothelial cells, which is followed by Gb3-dependent endocytosis, and initiates a cascade leading to cell damage. The Gb3 receptor is localized in lipid rafts, in which cholesterol is tightly packed primarily with sphingolipids in a liquid-ordered state. Recent studies have indicated that phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 4 inhibitors enhance the expression of ATP-binding cassette 1 (ABCA1) which promotes cholesterol efflux from non-rafts at the plasma membrane. Here we report that rolipram, a PDE4 inhibitor, reduced the sensitivity to Stx2 of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells in association with increased apolipoproteinA-I (apoA-I)-mediated cholesterol efflux, and shift of some Gb3 molecules from lipid rafts into non-rafts. Although rolipram treatment did not reduce Gb3 content at the plasma membrane and Stx binding to whole cells of HUVECs, it reduced Stx2 endocytosis. Knockdown of ABCA1 by transfection with siRNA ABCA1 in vascular endothelial cells abrogated the protective effect of rolipram on Stx2-exposed cells. Our present results suggest that the expression level of ABCA1 protein is one of critical determinants of Stx sensitivity levels in vascular endothelial cells.     

Autophagy proteins in antigen processing for presentation on MHC molecules

Autophagy describes catabolic pathways that deliver cytoplasmic constituents for lysosomal degradation. Since major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules sample protein degradation products and present them to T cells for adaptive immunity, it is maybe not too surprising that autophagy contributes to this protein antigen processing for MHC presentation. However, the recently recognized breath of pathways, by which autophagy contributes to MHC antigen processing, is exciting. Macroautophagy does not only seem to deliver intracellular but facilitates also extracellular antigen processing by lysosomal hydrolysis for MHC class II presentation. Moreover, even MHC class I molecules that usually display proteasomal products are regulated by macroautophagy, probably using a pool of these molecules outside the endoplasmic reticulum, where MHC class I molecules are loaded with peptide during canonical MHC class I antigen processing. This review aims to summarize these recent developments and point out gaps of knowledge, which should be filled by further investigation, in order to harness the different antigen-processing pathways via autophagy for vaccine improvement.     

Impairment of the ABCA1 and SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux pathways and HDL anti-inflammatory activity in Alzheimer's disease

The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of Alzheimer's disease (AD) on the cholesterol efflux capacity and anti-inflammatory activity of HDL. HDL and apoA-I were isolated from 20 healthy subjects and from 39 AD patients. Our results showed that serum- and HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux is significantly impaired in AD patients. This impairment of serum and HDL cholesterol efflux capacity was significantly inversely correlated to the AD severity as evaluated by MMSE scores. Results obtained from SR-BI-enriched Fu5AH and ABCA1-enriched J774 cells revealed that AD impaired the interaction of HDL and apoA-I with both the ABCA1 transporter and SR-BI receptor. Purified apoA-I from AD patients also failed to remove free excess cholesterol from ABCA1-enriched J774 macrophages. Interestingly, the decrease in plasma α-tocopherol content and the increase in MDA formation and HDL relative electrophoretic mobility indicated that AD patients had higher levels of oxidative stress. The anti-inflammatory activity of HDL was also significantly lower in AD patients as measured by the level of ICAM-1 expression. In conclusion, our study provides evidence for the first time that the functionality of HDL is impaired in AD and that this alteration might be caused by AD-associated oxidative stress and inflammation.     

细胞周期类分子在人无精子症睾丸中的表达

目的:评价细胞周期类基因在人无精子症及正常睾丸组织中的表达及意义.方法:应用包含有人CDC10等细胞周期类基因在内的cDNA微矩阵芯片对人正常睾丸及无精子症睾丸组织中差异表达基因进行了研究:通过PCR方法获得两种组织mRNA, 再分别用Cy5-dUTP及Cy3-dUTP标记制备cDNA探针.两种探针混合后与人cDNA微矩阵芯片杂交, 经扫描、计算机处理分析比较杂交结果;利用原位杂交技术对芯片杂交结果进行了验证研究.结果:部分细胞周期类基因可能与无精子症相关, 其中CDC7L1 与CDC10基因表达上调, CDK9、 CDC20 以及CLK3基因表达下调.原位杂交证实CDC10在正常睾丸组织生精细胞中表达强于无精子症睾丸组织.结论:细胞周期类分子CDC10、 CDC7L1 、 CDK9、 CDC20及CLK3可能在无精子症的发生与进展过程中起一定的作用.     

Quantitative trait loci in ABCA1 modify cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β1-42 and plasma apolipoprotein levels

The ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 encoded by ABCA1 plays an integral role in the efflux of cellular cholesterol and phospholipids, but may also be a central mediator of -amyloid (A) processing. Here, genetic association of the common R219K variant of ABCA1 is shown with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) A_1–42 levels, reinforcing emerging evidence of a connection between lipid and A metabolism. In support of this finding we demonstrate for the first time that CSF cholesterol and A_1–42 are correlated. To affirm the plausible impact of ABCA1 variation on cholesterol and related traits as well as to empower a survey of possible interactions (e.g. age, gender, and smoking), a large Swedish population consisting of over 2,700 individuals was enlisted and extensive measures of plasma lipid parameters carried out. These analyses revealed that R219K has a strong effect on apolipoprotein B (APOB) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) among smokers (P=0.000055 and P=0.00059, respectively), but not among non-smokers. In contrast, no effect was evident with apolipoprotein A (APOA1) or HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Plasma APOB and LDL-C, but not APOA1 and HDL-C, were shown to be markedly elevated in smokers versus non-smokers, affirming that smoking may selectively impact the former pathway. No other genetic markers in ABCA1 exhibit effects as large as R219K, although a modest independent effect of R1587K was observed. Our data illuminate a possible genetic link between A and cholesterol metabolism, but also provide an intriguing example of an environmental exposure that may modify a genotype–phenotype relationship.     

ABCA1 regulatory variants influence coronary artery disease independent of effects on plasma lipid levels

The authors have previously shown that individuals heterozygous for ABCA1 mutations have decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased triglycerides and an increased frequency of coronary artery disease (CAD), and that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region of the ABCA1 gene significantly impact plasma lipid levels and the severity of CAD in the general population. They have now identified several SNPs in non-coding regions of ABCA1 which may be important for the appropriate regulation of ABCA1 expression (i.e. in the promoter, intron 1 and the 5' untranslated region), and have examined the phenotypic effects of these SNPs in the REGRESS population. Out of 12 SNPs, four were associated with a clinical outcome. A threefold increase in coronary events with an increased family history of CAD was evident for the G-191C variant. Similarly, the C69T SNP was associated with a twofold increase in events. In contrast, the C-17G was associated with a decrease in coronary events and the InsG319 was associated with less atherosclerosis. For all these SNPs, the changes in atherosclerosis and CAD occurred without detectable changes in plasma lipid levels. These data suggest that common variation in non-coding regions of ABCA1 may significantly alter the severity of atherosclerosis, without necessarily influencing plasma lipid levels.     

Plasma cholesterol,lipid lowering,and risk for cancer

Summary Plasma cholesterol has been shown to be correlated to the incidence of cardiovascular events. This observation and experimental data on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis have led to a number of recommendations for the treatment of elevated plasma lipids by national and international consensus panels and organizations. However, the issue whether lowering cholesterol might increase the risk for other diseases including cancer is still controversial. In this article, an attempt is made to review the currently available data on the relation between plasma cholesterol and cancer. Special emphasis is given to the results of intervention trials aimed at lowering cholesterol by diet and/or drugs, because they apply best to the human situation and are particularly relevant for the clinician. Data from animal experiments are only briefly discussed.Abbreviations CAD Coronary artery disease - CVD Cardiovascular disease - LDL Low density lipoprotein - P/S ratio Ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids - HMGCoA 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A This article is dedicated to Prof. Wilhelm Dörr on the occasion of his 75th anniversary.     

Immune regulation by novel costimulatory molecules

CD4 helper T (Th)-cells and the cytokines that they produce play essential regulatory roles in immune and autoimmune responses. Th activation and differentiation is regulated by costimulatory receptors. CD28 and CTLA-4 are important in maintaining the threshold of T-cell activation. ICOS and PD-1 are novel costimulatory receptors expressed on activated T-cells. B7-H3 recognizes a putative costimulatory receptor on activated T-cells. Here we summarize the latest developments in the novel costimulatory molecules and their roles in regulating Th activation, differentiation, and function.     

Regulatory molecules required for nucleotide-sensing Toll-like receptors

Summary:  Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in innate immune responses against bacteria and viruses. TLRs localize either on the cell surface or in intracellular vesicular compartments. The cell-surface TLRs, including TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6, recognize microbial membrane lipids, whereas TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 recognize pathogen-derived nucleotides in intracellular compartments. TLR7 and TLR9 respond to host-derived nucleotides as well, and they have been implicated in a variety of autoimmune diseases. Safety mechanisms are required to avoid detrimental autoimmune responses. TLR7 and TLR9 are sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a resting state and traffic to endolysosomes upon ligand-induced stimulation. Sequestration in the ER is a mechanism controlling TLR7/9 responses. A chaperone, gp96, in the ER is reported to regulate TLR7/9 maturation. gp96 is associated with TLR9 and is required for ligand-induced activation of TLR7/9. Two molecules in the ER are reported to regulate TLR7/9 trafficking to endolysosomes. PRAT4A (a protein associated with TLR4 A) is associated with TLR9 and is required for ligand-induced trafficking of TLR9 to endolysosomes. UNC93B1 is specifically associated with TLR3, TLR7, TLR9, and TLR13 and regulates ligand-induced trafficking of TLR7 and TLR9 from the ER to endolysosomes. These molecules are potential therapeutic targets for controlling dysregulated TLR7/9 responses in autoimmune diseases.     

Postsynaptic mechanisms of excitotoxicity: Involvement of postsynaptic density proteins,radicals, and oxidant molecules

Traditional models of neuronal excitotoxicity focused on the overactivation of receptors such as the ionotropic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-subtype glutamate receptor. Recent developments have shifted focus to downstream neurotoxic signaling molecules with exciting implications to specific strategies for treating excitotoxic disorders. This review outlines these developments and introduces newly emerging evidence implicating the involvement of the melastatin subfamily in anoxic neuronal death. Both of these converge on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide, nitric oxide (NO) and the oxidant peroxynitrite.     

C型尼曼-匹克蛋白1和2在细胞内脂质平衡中的作用

在正常细胞,细胞外的脂质与细胞膜成分采用小泡运输的方式从细胞膜通过早期内体和细胞内吞再循环小泡(endocytic recycling compartment,ERC)转运到晚期内体(late endosome,LE)和溶酶体(lyso-some,LY),在LE/LY中的脂质和细胞膜成分被消化并排出,然后被细胞的生物合成器再利用。