Estimation of the radiation dose for dental spectral cone-beam CT

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to estimate the radiation dose for a dental spectral cone-beam CT (SCBCT) unit at different scanning parameters.Methods:Radiation dose measurements were performed for a commercially available dental SCBCT. Scans were obtained at different exposure times and fields of view (FOV), both for non-spectral (25×18 cm, 14×18 cm, 14×12 cm, 9×9 cm, 6×6 cm) and spectral modes (14×18 cm, 14×12 cm, 9×9 cm, 6×6 cm) with the tube voltage alternating between 80 and 110 kV for spectral mode, and fixed at 110 kV for non-spectral mode. An ion chamber was used for air kerma and dose area product (DAP) measurements. The effective dose was estimated based on the mAs using previously published logarithmic curves for CBCT units with a similar X-ray spectrum.Results:The adult effective dose, in non-spectral mode, was 44-269 µSv for small FOVs, 131-336 µSv for the medium FOV, and 163-476 µSv for the large FOV. In spectral mode, the estimated adult effective doses were 96-206 µSv for small, 299 µSv for medium and 372 µSv for large FOV protocols. Paediatric effective doses were estimated to be 75% higher than corresponding adult doses.Conclusion:SCBCT showed comparable doses with other CBCT devices, but DAP values were generally above currently published DRLs. Spectral imaging might allow for artefact reduction at comparable dose levels, which should be assessed in further image quality studies at both a technical and diagnostic levels.     

牙釉质EPR谱去卷积程序在剂量重建中的应用

目的探讨牙釉质电子顺磁共振(EPR)谱去卷积程序在小剂量区域剂量重建的应用。方法用编写的EPR谱拟合程序拟合一系列用不同小剂量照射过的牙釉质样品EPR谱，得到相应的剂量信号(RIS)强度，线性回归得到剂量响应曲线，并分析拟合精度。结果剂量响应曲线IRIS=14．04 0．768D(mGy)，r=0．997，SD=19．8mGy。结论这项技术将牙釉质EPR剂量重建的下限降低到约200mGy。     

Estimation of radiation levels by EPR measurement of tooth enamel in Indian populations.

Enamel from 34 molars from 22 individuals in the general population are used to evaluate the background radiation in six cities in India. The estimation of the background dose for each tooth is evaluated using two EPR methods: the calibration-curve method and the additive-dose method. The variation of the estimated EPR dose with tooth position is investigated by using eight teeth taken from the same person. Contribution of the dental X-ray treatments to the enamel-absorbed dose was evaluated using another 17 teeth exposed from 1 to 10 times.     

Retrospective radiation dosimetry using electron paramagnetic resonance in canine dental enamel.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) biodosimetry of human tooth enamel has been widely used for measuring radiation doses in various scenarios. We have now developed EPR dosimetry in tooth enamel extracted from canines. Molars and incisors from canines were cleaned by processing in supersaturated aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. The dosimetric signal in canine tooth enamel was found to increase linearly as a function of laboratory added dose from 0.44+/-0.02 to 4.42+/-0.22 Gy. The gamma radiation sensitivity of the canine molar enamel was found to be comparable to that of human tooth enamel. The dosimetric signal in canine enamel has been found to be stable up to at least 6 weeks after in vitro irradiation. A dosimetric signal variation of 10-25% was observed for canines ranging from in age 3 years to 16 year old.     

河南省环境天然电离辐射源所致公众剂量

本文作者根据我省环境贯穿辐射, 空气中氡浓度.食品和饮水中天然放射性核素台量的测定结果, 对全省公众所受天然电离辐射剂量进行了估算.结果表明。字宙线为303μSv·a^-1, 地球Y辐射577μSv·a^-1, 氧氲子体1057μSv·a^-1。天然放射性核素355μSv·a^-1, 总计全省人均有效剂量当量为229μSv·a^-1, 集体年有效剂量当量为1.7×10⁵man·Sv。     

Estimation of operator dose by dose area product meter

Because of the more advanced and more complex procedures in interventional radiology (IVR), longer treatment times have become necessary. Therefore, it is important to determine the exposure doses received by operators and patients. Operator doses arising from the use of X-rays are mainly due to scattered radiation. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of estimating operator dose by dose area product (DAP), which shows the total X-ray output from the collimator. DAP showed a strong correlation with the space dose from the fundamental examination. In clinical practice, we measured the exposure doses of the neck, left shoulder, left hand, and right finger using a thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD). These then were compared with the DAP. The results indicated that the dose equivalents (H70 microm) of the neck and left shoulder were strongly correlated with DAP (r=0.85, 0.86), whereas the H70 microm of the left hand and right finger were less closely correlated (r=0.40, 0.48). In comparison with the fluoroscopic time, the dose equivalents showed a better correlation with DAP in all the evaluated parts. The effective doses for the operator were strongly correlated with DAP (r=0.87). When measurements are not available, dose equivalents and operator effective doses can be estimated by the DAP, as indicated by the strong correlations recognized in this study.     

Estimation of radiation dose produced by impurities in nuclear medicine studies using Tl-201 chloride

Radionuclide impurities can significantly increase the absorbed dose in Nuclear Medicine examinations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the dose of Tl-200 and Tl-202 in patients injected with Tl-201 for myocardial scintigraphy. All relevant nuclear and biological data are reported; Thallium distribution in the body is then discussed with particular regard to the gastro-intestinal tract. Since MIRD Committee has not published "S" values for Tl-200 and Tl-202, these have been calculated by a computer code and are reported. The absorbed dose for these Thallium isotopes is presented. For example, kidney doses in Gy/GBq are 0.29 (Tl-200), 0.27 (Tl-201) and 0.97 (Tl-202). The total dose increase for a 2% presence of Tl-202 is about 11%.     

日射量的估算及其对牙釉质电子自旋共振剂量学的影响

Objective To investigate solar radiation and its effects on human tooth enamel electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry. Methods 11 tooth enamel samples were prepared by mechanical method. The intensity of solar iUuminanee was measured with a light meter, the measured illuminance was converted to insolation using a coefficient. Summation of solar radiation was evaluated. Enamel samples were exposed to 60 Co γ rays followed by sunlight on sunny days, and ESR spectra were scanned after different exposure. Results The solar radiation to the samples was (580 ± 16) MJ/m2. Solar exposure also caused dosimetrie signal. The perpendicular component of dosimetrie signal increased linearly with the amount of solar radiation, another signal close to background tended to saturation. Conclusions The average effect of the solar radiation on the signal was be used to recognize the effect of solar radiation on the enamel, and estimate external dose accurately.     

日射量的估算及其对牙釉质电子自旋共振剂量学的影响

Objective To investigate solar radiation and its effects on human tooth enamel electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry. Methods 11 tooth enamel samples were prepared by mechanical method. The intensity of solar iUuminanee was measured with a light meter, the measured illuminance was converted to insolation using a coefficient. Summation of solar radiation was evaluated. Enamel samples were exposed to 60 Co γ rays followed by sunlight on sunny days, and ESR spectra were scanned after different exposure. Results The solar radiation to the samples was (580 ± 16) MJ/m2. Solar exposure also caused dosimetrie signal. The perpendicular component of dosimetrie signal increased linearly with the amount of solar radiation, another signal close to background tended to saturation. Conclusions The average effect of the solar radiation on the signal was be used to recognize the effect of solar radiation on the enamel, and estimate external dose accurately.     

日射量的估算及其对牙釉质电子自旋共振剂量学的影响

目的 探讨日射量的估算方法及太阳光辐射对牙釉质电子自旋共振(ESR)剂量学的影响。方法 用机械方法获得11个牙釉质样品。用照度计测量太阳光的照度,通过比较日本气象厅在广岛市测得的瞬时日射量和相同时刻所测得的照度,计算出转换系数,然后估算出照射在牙釉质样品的累积日射量。用⁶⁰⁶⁰Co γ射线和太阳光分别照射牙釉质样品,使用ESR波谱仪测量不同辐射后牙釉质样品的ESR信号。结果 照度与瞬时日射量的转换系数为(8.67±0.22) W·m^-2klx。照射在牙釉质样品上的累积日射量为(580±16) MJm²。太阳光辐射也引起γ射线照射产生的剂量学信号,而且随累积日射量而线性增强,太阳光辐射还产生一个紧邻本底的信号,当累积日射量大于某一值时,该信号趋于饱和状态。结论 用剂量学信号对所受辐射剂量进行评价,本研究中每MJm²的太阳光辐射的影响相当于(7.7±1.4) mGy的γ射线辐射。紧邻本底的ESR信号可作为太阳光辐射的标志峰,有助于判断所收集的样品是否受到太阳光辐射,从而提高小剂量重建的准确度。     

日射量的估算及其对牙釉质电子自旋共振剂量学的影响

Objective To investigate solar radiation and its effects on human tooth enamel electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry. Methods 11 tooth enamel samples were prepared by mechanical method. The intensity of solar iUuminanee was measured with a light meter, the measured illuminance was converted to insolation using a coefficient. Summation of solar radiation was evaluated. Enamel samples were exposed to 60 Co γ rays followed by sunlight on sunny days, and ESR spectra were scanned after different exposure. Results The solar radiation to the samples was (580 ± 16) MJ/m2. Solar exposure also caused dosimetrie signal. The perpendicular component of dosimetrie signal increased linearly with the amount of solar radiation, another signal close to background tended to saturation. Conclusions The average effect of the solar radiation on the signal was be used to recognize the effect of solar radiation on the enamel, and estimate external dose accurately.     

日射量的估算及其对牙釉质电子自旋共振剂量学的影响

Objective To investigate solar radiation and its effects on human tooth enamel electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry. Methods 11 tooth enamel samples were prepared by mechanical method. The intensity of solar iUuminanee was measured with a light meter, the measured illuminance was converted to insolation using a coefficient. Summation of solar radiation was evaluated. Enamel samples were exposed to 60 Co γ rays followed by sunlight on sunny days, and ESR spectra were scanned after different exposure. Results The solar radiation to the samples was (580 ± 16) MJ/m2. Solar exposure also caused dosimetrie signal. The perpendicular component of dosimetrie signal increased linearly with the amount of solar radiation, another signal close to background tended to saturation. Conclusions The average effect of the solar radiation on the signal was be used to recognize the effect of solar radiation on the enamel, and estimate external dose accurately.     

日射量的估算及其对牙釉质电子自旋共振剂量学的影响

Objective To investigate solar radiation and its effects on human tooth enamel electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry. Methods 11 tooth enamel samples were prepared by mechanical method. The intensity of solar iUuminanee was measured with a light meter, the measured illuminance was converted to insolation using a coefficient. Summation of solar radiation was evaluated. Enamel samples were exposed to 60 Co γ rays followed by sunlight on sunny days, and ESR spectra were scanned after different exposure. Results The solar radiation to the samples was (580 ± 16) MJ/m2. Solar exposure also caused dosimetrie signal. The perpendicular component of dosimetrie signal increased linearly with the amount of solar radiation, another signal close to background tended to saturation. Conclusions The average effect of the solar radiation on the signal was be used to recognize the effect of solar radiation on the enamel, and estimate external dose accurately.     

日射量的估算及其对牙釉质电子自旋共振剂量学的影响

Objective To investigate solar radiation and its effects on human tooth enamel electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry. Methods 11 tooth enamel samples were prepared by mechanical method. The intensity of solar iUuminanee was measured with a light meter, the measured illuminance was converted to insolation using a coefficient. Summation of solar radiation was evaluated. Enamel samples were exposed to 60 Co γ rays followed by sunlight on sunny days, and ESR spectra were scanned after different exposure. Results The solar radiation to the samples was (580 ± 16) MJ/m2. Solar exposure also caused dosimetrie signal. The perpendicular component of dosimetrie signal increased linearly with the amount of solar radiation, another signal close to background tended to saturation. Conclusions The average effect of the solar radiation on the signal was be used to recognize the effect of solar radiation on the enamel, and estimate external dose accurately.     

日射量的估算及其对牙釉质电子自旋共振剂量学的影响

Objective To investigate solar radiation and its effects on human tooth enamel electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry. Methods 11 tooth enamel samples were prepared by mechanical method. The intensity of solar iUuminanee was measured with a light meter, the measured illuminance was converted to insolation using a coefficient. Summation of solar radiation was evaluated. Enamel samples were exposed to 60 Co γ rays followed by sunlight on sunny days, and ESR spectra were scanned after different exposure. Results The solar radiation to the samples was (580 ± 16) MJ/m2. Solar exposure also caused dosimetrie signal. The perpendicular component of dosimetrie signal increased linearly with the amount of solar radiation, another signal close to background tended to saturation. Conclusions The average effect of the solar radiation on the signal was be used to recognize the effect of solar radiation on the enamel, and estimate external dose accurately.     

日射量的估算及其对牙釉质电子自旋共振剂量学的影响

Objective To investigate solar radiation and its effects on human tooth enamel electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry. Methods 11 tooth enamel samples were prepared by mechanical method. The intensity of solar iUuminanee was measured with a light meter, the measured illuminance was converted to insolation using a coefficient. Summation of solar radiation was evaluated. Enamel samples were exposed to 60 Co γ rays followed by sunlight on sunny days, and ESR spectra were scanned after different exposure. Results The solar radiation to the samples was (580 ± 16) MJ/m2. Solar exposure also caused dosimetrie signal. The perpendicular component of dosimetrie signal increased linearly with the amount of solar radiation, another signal close to background tended to saturation. Conclusions The average effect of the solar radiation on the signal was be used to recognize the effect of solar radiation on the enamel, and estimate external dose accurately.     

日射量的估算及其对牙釉质电子自旋共振剂量学的影响

Objective To investigate solar radiation and its effects on human tooth enamel electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry. Methods 11 tooth enamel samples were prepared by mechanical method. The intensity of solar iUuminanee was measured with a light meter, the measured illuminance was converted to insolation using a coefficient. Summation of solar radiation was evaluated. Enamel samples were exposed to 60 Co γ rays followed by sunlight on sunny days, and ESR spectra were scanned after different exposure. Results The solar radiation to the samples was (580 ± 16) MJ/m2. Solar exposure also caused dosimetrie signal. The perpendicular component of dosimetrie signal increased linearly with the amount of solar radiation, another signal close to background tended to saturation. Conclusions The average effect of the solar radiation on the signal was be used to recognize the effect of solar radiation on the enamel, and estimate external dose accurately.