七氟烷或丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼用于妇科腹腔镜手术应激反应的比较

目的 比较七氟烷-瑞芬太尼静脉吸入复合麻醉与丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼靶控输注全凭静脉麻醉对妇科腹腔镜手术患者应激反应的影响.方法择期妇科腹腔镜手术病例80例,随机分为A、B 2组,每组40例.2组麻醉诱导方法完全一致,且自诱导至术毕始终以血浆靶控2～6 ng/ml输注瑞芬太尼维持镇痛,A组完成插管后吸入七氟烷维持麻醉,B组以4...     

瑞芬太尼在儿童气管插管中的应用

目的 探讨瑞芬太尼在儿童气管插管中的效果.方法 选择全麻手术患儿40例,随机分为瑞芬太尼组(R组)和芬太尼组(F组),2组患儿均接受阿托品、羟丁酸钠、异丙酚静脉复合麻醉诱导,R组静注瑞芬太尼,F组静注芬太尼后行气管内插管.分别比较插管评分、第一次插管成功率及各时点平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR).结果 2组间插管评分、第一次插管成功率及各时点MAP、HR比较差异均无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼可提供良好的插管条件.     

瑞芬太尼靶控输注在老年患者胸外科手术中的临床观察

目的观察瑞芬太尼靶控输注维持在老年开胸手术中的麻醉效果。方法择期开胸手术老年患者60例,随机分为舒芬太尼组(S组)和瑞芬太尼靶控输注组(R组)各30例。术中根据BIS调整麻醉深度,观察各时段MAP、HR、BIS值和术毕苏醒各时段镇痛效果及不良反应。结果两组各时段MAP、HR及术后镇痛无明显差异,R组术毕后BIS值明显高于S组(P<0.05),且术后拔管时间短、不良反应少(P<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼起效快,苏醒迅速,因此瑞芬太尼靶控维持麻醉更适合老年开胸患者。     

腹腔镜胆囊手术中芬太尼对瑞芬太尼全麻苏醒期的影响

目的：评价腹腔镜胆囊手术中芬太尼对瑞芬太尼全麻苏醒期的影响。方法：择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者60例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为单纯瑞芬太尼组（Ⅰ组）和芬太尼、瑞芬太尼复合组（Ⅱ组）各30例。麻醉诱导用异丙酚2mg/kg和靶控输注瑞芬太尼（血浆靶浓度3～5ng/ml）或芬太尼2～3μg/kg。两组插管成功后,以吸入N2O～O2（N2O∶O2=3∶2）、0.8MAC异氟醚和靶控输注瑞芬太尼（血浆靶浓度2～3ng/ml）维持麻醉。观察记录麻醉前（T0）、诱导后（T1）、插管后（T2）、气腹后（T3）、术毕拔管后（T4）各时点平均动脉压、心率变化;术毕患者苏醒时间、拔管时间;拔管即刻、拔管10、20、30min伤口疼痛情况,术后随访不良反应术中知晓等情况。结果：两组MAP均在诱导后下降,心率亦减慢,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,气腹后两组平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）变化不明显,组间相比差异无统计学意义,P〉0.05,拔管即刻Ⅰ组MAP、HR明显高于Ⅱ组。两组患者术毕恢复情况相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,疼痛评分：Ⅰ组在拔管即刻,拔管后明显高于Ⅱ组（P〈0.01）,两组患者全麻苏醒期不良反应情况相比,Ⅰ组躁动明显高于Ⅱ组。结论：芬太尼诱导靶控输注瑞芬太尼维持术中血流动力学稳定、术后苏醒迅速而且能减轻单纯瑞芬太尼麻醉造成的术后急性疼痛。     

靶控输注瑞芬太尼改善七氟醚吸入诱导插管条件的临床观察

目的评价靶控输注瑞芬太尼改善七氟醚诱导用于无肌松药气管插管的临床效果。方法将拟行择期手术全身麻醉的患者46例随机分为2组,复合瑞芬太尼组(Ⅰ组)靶控输注1 ng/mL瑞芬太尼,单纯吸入组(Ⅱ组)输注等量生理盐水。进行七氟醚吸入诱导,气体监测仪监测出呼吸末七氟醚达2.5 MAC,稳定3 min后行气管插管。分别记录诱导前(T0)、诱导后插管前(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、插管后2 min(T3)和插管后5 min(T4)的MAP、HR和SpO2。结果Ⅰ组患者意识消失时间和插管时间显著短于Ⅱ组,Ⅰ组呼气末七氟醚浓度达2.5 MAC时间较Ⅱ组延长(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组插管条件评分优于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组诱导后MAP和HR显著下降。Ⅱ组诱导后MAP下降,插管后1 min,MAP、HR较基础值显著升高,与Ⅰ组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼1 ng/mL靶控输注复合七氟醚吸入诱导,能较好地控制气管插管的血流动力学反应,在无肌松药条件下,可达到满意的气管插管条件。     

瑞芬太尼静吸复合麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨瑞芬太尼静吸复合麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的效果。方法依据麻醉方法、药物的不同随机分为瑞芬太尼组(R组)和芬太尼组(F组)。两组术前30min常规肌内注射0.1g苯巴比妥钠和0.5mg阿托品,全身麻醉均采用经口气管内插管。F组用3μg/kg芬太尼、1mg/kg丙泊酚、0.04mg/kg咪唑安定、维库溴铵0.1mg/kg诱导插管。结果瑞芬太尼组苏醒时间均明显优于芬太尼组(P<0.05);瑞芬太尼组切皮和插管后的DBP、HR及SBP均明显低于芬太尼组(P<0.05)。瑞芬太尼组和芬太尼组比较诱导后与插管后;麻醉前与组内DBP、HR及SBP诱导后比较;具有明显差异(P<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼用于维持与全麻诱导,是有效、安全的,能够提供更快的麻醉恢复时间及更平稳的血液动力学。     

比较芬太尼、舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼对全身麻醉诱导循环的影响

目的探究芬太尼、舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼对全身麻醉诱导中循环的影响。方法选择2016年1月～2017年1月间于我院手术室进行全凭静脉麻醉的手术患者96例,随机分为芬太尼组(32例)、舒芬太尼组(32例)和瑞芬太尼组(32例),在靶控输注丙泊酚静脉麻醉的基础上分别应用芬太尼、舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼靶控输注进行麻醉诱导和辅助麻醉。比较两组用药前(T0)、麻醉诱导气管插管前(T1)、气管插管后(T2)术中(T3)和拔管后(T4)的心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)等血流动力学指标以及患者术中和拔管后的疼痛程度。结果三组T1、T2、T3和T4时的HR、SBP和DBP均显著低于T0时;与T1时刻相比,三组在T2和T4时的HR显著升高,SBP和DBP明显下降,而舒芬太尼组更为平稳。瑞芬太尼组的术中和拔管后疼痛程度均显著低于芬太尼组和瑞芬太尼组。结论与芬太尼和瑞芬太尼相比,舒芬太尼在全身麻醉中(特别是诱导后插管时)对血流动力学影响较小,显著降低术中和拔管后的疼痛程度,值得推广。     

瑞芬太尼和芬太尼对异丙酚静脉麻醉的作用比较

目的对比瑞芬太尼和芬太尼对异丙酚静脉麻醉的作用,比较二者的优劣。方法 80例择期手术患者,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ,分为异丙酚芬太尼(PF组,n=28)靶控输注,异丙酚靶控输注复合瑞芬太尼(PR组,n=32)持续输注全静脉麻醉,异丙酚靶控输注(P组,n=20)。异丙酚初始靶浓度为1mg/L,逐渐增加靶浓度值直至患者意识消失,芬太尼的靶浓度为2μg/L,瑞芬太尼麻醉的诱导和维持分别是0.25~0.5及0.125~0.25μg/(kg min)。术中根据麻醉的需要调整异丙酚、瑞芬太尼输注速度或芬太尼靶浓度值维持所需麻醉深度。观察血流动力学改变,脑电双频指数(BIS),麻醉药用量以及麻醉后恢复情况。结果各组患者诱导后PR组心率明显减慢(P<0.05),收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)明显降低(P<0.05);PF,PR组气管插管、切皮后SBP及DBP无明显改变,P组则明显升高(P<0.05)。PR,PF组异丙酚麻醉维持用量分别较P组降低38.6%和22.6%(P异丙酚在麻醉中广泛应用,但无明显镇痛作用,单独应用难以满足临床需要,而芬太尼有较好的镇痛作用,但随输注时间增加时一量相关半衰期(context—sensitive halftime)延长,不利术后麻醉恢复,瑞芬太尼(renmifentanil)的时一量相关半衰期不受输注时间长短影响[1]。我们采用输液泵分别输注异丙酚、异丙酚联合芬太尼靶控输注或者异丙酚靶控输注复合瑞芬太尼持续输注全静脉麻醉,观察瑞芬太尼、芬太尼对异丙酚静脉麻醉影响。     

儿童腺体手术的麻醉药物效果比较研究

目的研究瑞芬太尼在儿童腺体切除术麻醉中的安全性和有效性。方法选择扁桃体或腺样体切除术的患儿,设立瑞芬太尼组(R组)和芬太尼组(F组),麻醉诱导采用咪达唑仑0.1mg/kg、丙泊酚2.5mg/kg、维库溴铵0.1mg/kg;R组瑞芬太尼1μg/kg,F组芬太尼2μg/kg,以2%利多卡因1.5-3ml行咽、喉、气管表面麻醉后气管插管。气管插管后,R组立即持续泵注瑞芬太尼0.1μg/kg/min,F组术中吸入异氟烷、氧化亚氮,术中根据麻醉深度调整吸入浓度。手术开始前局部注射1%盐酸利多卡因,预计手术结束前10分钟停止吸入麻醉药。结果两组患儿插管前、插管后、手术开始5分钟的HR、MAP无显著差异,R组手术开始后30分钟的HR低于F组(P<0.05),苏醒时间短于F组(P<0.05),恶心呕吐率无明显差异。结论瑞芬太尼可安全地用于儿童扁桃体或腺样体切除术。     

瑞芬太尼靶控输注复合丙泊酚在宫腔镜检查中的应用

目的观察瑞芬太尼靶控输注复合丙泊酚静脉全身麻醉应用于妇科宫腔镜检查中的临床效果及安全性。方法择期行妇科宫腔镜检查患者80例,随机分为R和F组,每组各40例,R组采用瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注全凭静脉维持麻醉,F组采用芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注全凭静脉维持麻醉,监测患者的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)以及观察患者意识消失时间、丙泊酚用量、术后苏醒时间和麻醉效果。结果两组患者的MAP、HR、SpO2在治疗前和治疗后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),在治疗中都有一定程度的下降,但均在正常范围内,与同组内的治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中MAP在F组与R组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。R组患者意识消失时间、术后清醒时间、丙泊酚总用量均明显低于F组(P<0.05),麻醉效果优于F组(P<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼靶控输注复合丙泊酚静脉全身麻醉用于宫腔镜检查的临床效果是确切、安全的,具有镇痛效果好、可控性强、起效迅速、苏醒快而完全,血流动力学相对平稳,只要加强术中呼吸管理,不失为行宫腔镜检查的一种较为理想的方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.