侧方入路在鞍区及鞍旁复杂型脑膜瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨侧方入路显微手术切除鞍区及鞍旁复杂型脑膜瘤的治疗效果。方法根据肿瘤大小、位置、生长方式等影像学特点,选择侧方入路显微手术切除鞍区及鞍旁复杂型脑膜瘤58例,包括翼点入路37例,扩大翼点入路8例,颞下入路10例及经乙状窦前后入路3例,术中避免损伤下丘脑和重要的神经、血管等。结果肿瘤SimpsonⅠ～Ⅱ级切除49例,Ⅲ级切除6例,Ⅳ级切除3例。无手术死亡及严重并发症发生。术前神经功能症状均获不同程度改善。随访3个月～3年,复发5例。结论正确运用侧方入路治疗鞍区及鞍旁复杂型脑膜瘤可获良好疗效;娴熟的显微外科操作技巧是提高疗效、减少并发症的保证。     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤的手术入路及显微手术治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年1月显微手术治疗的46例鞍结节脑膜瘤的临床资料,经单侧额下-纵裂入路19例,额外侧入路13例,翼点入路9例,眶上锁孔入路5例。结果 Simpson Ⅰ级切除32例,Ⅱ级切除9例,Ⅲ级切除5例。术后出现短暂尿崩2例,1例经眶上锁孔入路肿瘤切除术后出现脑脊液鼻漏,无死亡病例。全部病人术后随访6~50个月,平均26个月。术前28例视力障碍中,24例视力改善,2例加重,2例失明未恢复。肿瘤复发3例。结论 根据肿瘤部位、大小、生长方式,选择合适的手术入路,以及术中注意保护肿瘤比邻重要结构,是提高鞍结节脑膜瘤手术疗效、减少并发症的关键。     

鞍结节脑膜瘤显微外科手术入路选择与临床分析

目的探讨不同部位和大小的鞍结节脑膜瘤显微手术入路和手术结果。方法回顾分析安徽省立医院神经外科自2002年01月至2011年07月鞍结节脑膜瘤49例,采用5种不同的手术入路,采用显微外科技术手术切除。分析全切除率、手术效果和并发症发生的情况。结果经单侧额下入路18例,经冠状开颅额下入路15例,冠状开颅前纵裂入路7例,眶上锁孔入路5例,翼点或改良翼点入路4例。肿瘤切除程度按Simpson分级评估,达SimpsonII级切除者40例,III级切除者9例,肿瘤全切除率(Simpson II级)为81.6%。本组1例死亡病例,死亡原因考虑术前患者即肿瘤卒中昏迷,术后致多脏器衰竭。术前38例合并视力减退及视野缺损,术后视力较术前明显改善20例,无明显变化17例,视力加重1例。结论显微手术是治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤的主要手段,手术入路选择应根据:①肿瘤的生长方式,肿瘤的大小。②术前视力视野受累程度。③术者习惯。④手术路径最短,对脑组织损伤最小。手术疗效取决于:术前视力受累程度,病程的长短,术中对神经、血管和脑组织的保护,肿瘤全切除率等。     

显微手术治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤

目的探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤的手术入路和治疗策略.方法回顾性分析32例鞍结节脑膜瘤的临床资料,其中经单侧额下入路6例,经额外侧入路9例,经翼点入路8例,经额下-纵裂入路9例.结果肿瘤达SimpsonⅡ级切除26例,SimpsonⅢ级切除6例.失访3例,29例随访3～60个月,平均18.5个月.9例术前激素水平低下者术后均恢复正常.病人恢复正常工作和生活25例,不能独立生活4例.肿瘤复发2例.结论根据肿瘤大小和不同的生长方式选择恰当的手术入路,同时保护好鞍结节周围的重要结构,是获得良好手术效果的保证.     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗体会

目的探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微外科手术入路及技巧。方法回顾性分析2000-01—2011-12我院脑外科行显微手术治疗53例鞍结节脑膜瘤患者的临床资料和影像学特点,根据肿瘤大小、主体生长方向、与周围重要结构关系等选择不同的手术入路。结果本组53例患者41例采取经翼点入路,7例经额下入路,5例经额下翼点联合入路。肿瘤SimpsonⅠ级切除30例(56.6%),SimpsonⅡ级切除17例(32.1%),SimpsonⅢ级切除6例(11.3%)。视力改善率64.2%(34/53)。术后恢复良好41例,优良率为77.4%,中度残疾6例(11.3%),重度残疾3例(5.7%),死亡3例(5.7%)。结论详细的术前准备和个体化的手术入路以及良好的显微外科技巧,充分囊内切除肿瘤,术中注意视神经及重要血管的保护,可提高肿瘤全切率,减少并发症,降低病死率。     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的影像学特征及翼点锁孔手术治疗

目的 探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤的影像学特点及翼点锁孔入路显微手术治疗的效果。方法 回顾性分析98例鞍结节脑膜瘤患者的临床资料,均采用翼点锁孔入路开颅显微手术切除肿瘤。结果 本组98例鞍结节脑膜瘤增强MRI呈显著均一强化,84例伴有脑膜尾征。本组肿瘤全切除80例,次全切除18例。本组无手术死亡病例。术后随访2月~10年,10例复发。结论 掌握鞍结节脑膜瘤的特征性影像学表现对于术前正确诊断具有重要价值。翼点锁孔入路显微手术治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤效果良好,具有创伤小、并发症少、病人术后恢复快等优点。     

眶上锁孔入路技术在鞍区肿瘤手术中的初步应用

目的探讨眶上锁孔入路技术在鞍区肿瘤手术中的应用价值、手术技术及其适应证。方法回顾分析我科采用经眉弓切口的眶上锁孔入路技术治疗的15例鞍区肿瘤病人临床资料，其中男性9例，女性6例。术前主要症状为视力视野障碍及头痛。病变性质包括脑膜瘤10例．颅咽管瘤3例，垂体瘤2例。术前MRI显示肿瘤最大径20-40mm。结果本组15例病人中全切除13例，术前视力减退的13例病人中12例视力均有不同程度的改善。术后病人恢复快，没有与入路相关的术后并发症。结论眶上锁孔入路是一种安全、有效的微侵袭手术。合适病例的选择和细致的显微神经外科手术操作技术是手术顺利完成的必要条件。     

经眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除鞍区脑膜瘤的疗效

目的探讨经眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除鞍区脑膜瘤的方法及临床效果。方法回顾性分析2010-01—2013-01我院采用经眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除鞍区脑膜瘤11例患者的临床资料,探讨手术效果、手术技巧及并发症发生情况。结果肿瘤全切除10例(Simpson I级切除2例,Ⅱ级切除8例),次全切除l例(SimpsonⅢ级切除)。所有患者术后视力及视野缺损改善,术后出现尿崩3例,经治疗1~2周好转;随访6个月~5a,术后2a左右肿瘤复发1例,余均恢复良好。结论应用经眶上锁孔入路显微手术治疗鞍区脑膜瘤有较好的临床效果,值得临床推广。     

经眶上外侧入路切除鞍结节脑膜瘤

目的评估经眶上外侧入路切除鞍结节脑膜瘤的可靠性和安全性。方法回顾性分析47例经眶上外侧入路治疗的鞍结节脑膜瘤病人的临床资料,并讨论手术技巧。结果 47例鞍结节脑膜瘤病人中,根据Simpson切除分级,Ⅰ级5例,Ⅱ级37例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级2例。肿瘤全切除42例(89%),次全切除5例(11%)。39例术前视觉障碍病人中,术后症状改善25例,保持不变10例,恶化4例。出院后3个月Karnofsky评分,恢复良好41例(87%),有轻微症状6例(13%),无重度残疾及死亡。随访3～93个月,1例病人术后4年肿瘤复发再次手术。结论经眶上外侧入路可以安全有效地切除各种大小的鞍结节脑膜瘤,手术并发症发生率低。     

经单侧额部纵裂入路显微外科切除鞍结节和鞍膈脑膜瘤

目的：探索经单侧额部纵裂入路切除鞍结节和鞍隔脑膜瘤的手术方法和手术效果。方法；11例鞍结节和7例鞍膈脑膜瘤经单侧额部纵裂入路切除；肿瘤大小；最大径小于3cm4例，3－6cm13例,大于6cm1例。结果：肿瘤全切除（Simpson Ⅰ、Ⅱ级切除）16例，近全部切除2例；无手术死亡。术后视力视野改善11例，无变化5例，恶化2例，术后出现不同程度尿崩7例。结论：鞍结节和向前生长的鞍膈脑膜瘤经单侧额部纵裂入路能获得较好暴露和切除，预后良好。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。