重症肌无力患者外周血CD_4~+CD_(25)~(high)T细胞及其动态观察

目的研究重症肌无力(myastheniagravis,MG)患者外周血CD4+CDh25ighT细胞的水平,以及各种治疗方法对其的影响。方法应用四色流式细胞仪检测55例MG患者(治疗前)与33名健康对照外周血CD4+CDh25ighT细胞百分率,对其中26例MG患者进行了治疗前后的动态检测。结果MG患者与健康对照外周血CD4+CD2h5ighT细胞百分率分别为6·22%±3·37%与5·16%±1·87%,两者差异无统计学意义(P=0·061),而21例非手术治疗患者其外周血CD4+CD2h5ighT细胞百分率的变化与病情评分的变化呈负相关(r=-0·563,P=0·008)。结论这种非手术治疗前后短期内的CD4+CD2h5ighT细胞的变化情况可能与病情相关,但胸腺切除前阶段观察的情况有所不同。     

重症肌无力患者外周血Th17和调节性T细胞分析

目的 观察重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)患者Th17细胞和调节性T细胞的水平,并研究甲强龙冲击治疗对其影响.方法 应用四色流式细胞仪检测66例MG患者及35名健康对照者外周血Th17细胞和CD4+CD25highT细胞百分率;分析其中18例患者外周血Th17细胞与美国MG协会(MGFA)评分相关性;观察8例MG患者甲强龙冲击治疗2周后上述细胞的变化.结果 MG患者与健康对照者外周血Th17细胞百分率分别为2.61%±0.28%与0.94%±0.12%(Z=4.059,P=0.0001);甲强龙治疗前后8例MG患者Th17细胞百分率分别为4.72%±1.21%与1.81%±0.69%,差异有统计学意义(Z=1.995,P=0.0460);患者外周血Th17细胞水平与MGFA评分呈正相关(r=0.5359,P=0.0219).结论 MG患者外周血中Th17细胞升高,甲强龙冲击治疗可降低其水平,这可能是改善MG患者病情的有效机制.     

重症肌无力患者外周血调节性T细胞及B细胞激活因子受体的分析

目的 研究重症肌无力(MG)患者外周血多群调节性T细胞的水平及其B细胞表达B细胞激活因子受体(B cell-activating factor receptor,BAFF-R)的情况.方法 应用四色流式细胞仪检测61例MG患者与23名健康对照外周血调节性T细胞(CD4+ CD25 high Foxp3+、CD8+ CD28-、CD8+ CD122+)以及CD19+ BAFF-R+细胞的百分率.结果 MG组与健康对照组外周血CD4+ CD25 high Foxp3+ T细胞的百分率分别为32.12%±16.12%与65.15%±14.72%,MG组该群调节性T细胞的水平明显低于健康对照组(P＜0.01);两组CD8+ CD28-及CD8+ CD122+ T细胞的水平差异无统计学意义.此外,MG组外周血CD19+ BAFF-R+细胞的水平(10.57%±5.59%)显著高于健康对照组(5.38%±3.87%,P＜0.01).大剂量激素或大剂量激素加丙种球蛋白治疗后短期内可使MG组外周血CD4+ CD25 high Foxp3+调节性T细胞的百分率增加(P＜0.05).结论 MG患者Foxp3+的CD4+ CD25 high调节性T细胞的减少提示MG患者存在免疫和耐受的失衡,显示了T细胞的自身免疫性.在B细胞方面,MG患者外周血CD19+ B细胞上BAFF-R表达增高,提示其体内B细胞已处于易激活状态.     

重症肌无力患者外周血CD4+T细胞OX40的表达及作用机制研究

目的 分析重症肌无力(MG)患者外周血CD4+T细胞协同刺激分子OX40表达及其对FoxP3+CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(Treg)的调控作用,初步探讨OX40在MG免疫学发病中的作用机制.方法 以流式细胞技术检测42例MG患者及38名健康对照的外周血OX40+CD4+T细胞、FoxP3+CD4+CD25+Treg表达水平,比较OX40表达在MG患者不同临床疾病状态、Osserman分型、临床绝对评分、胸腺病理类型等情况下的差异,并分析OX40对FoxP3+CD4+CD25+Treg细胞的影响.结果 (1) MG患者外周血OX40+CD4+T细胞占淋巴细胞百分比高于健康对照组(P<0.01).(2)MG患者OX40+CD4+T细胞百分比在发作或加重期高于缓解期(P＜0.05);在临床绝对评分呈中、重度患者OX40+CD4+T细胞百分比高于轻度患者(均P＜0.05);Osserman Ⅱ、Ⅳ型患者OX40+CD4+T细胞百分比高于Ⅰ型患者(均P＜0.05);胸腺增生及胸腺瘤患者OX40+CD4+T细胞百分比高于胸腺正常患者(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).(3)MG患者外周血OX40+CD4+T细胞百分比与FoxP3+CD4+CD25+Treg细胞百分比呈负相关(r=-0.843,P=0.01).结论 协同刺激分子OX40参与MG发病,可能通过抑制FoxP3+CD4+CD25+Treg细胞生成发挥作用.     

FoxP3+ CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞在重症肌无力发病机制中的作用

目的 在细胞与分子水平检验重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)患者外周血中CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(CD4+CD25+Tregs)的表达缺陷,探讨CD4+CD25+Tregs亚群异常与MG发病间的关系.方法 流式细胞技术检测21例MG患者(11例经胸腺切除)与20名健康对照者(healthy controls,HCs)外周血CD4+CD25+Tregs及FoxP3+CD4+CD25+Tregs含量,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-FQ-PCR)分析MG患者与HCs外周血CD4+CD25+Tregs中FoxP3 mRNA的表达.结果 MG患者外周血CD4+CD25+ Tregs占CD4+T细胞含量与HCs比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).MG患者外周血FoxP3+CD4+CD25+ Tregs含量及FoxP3 mRNA表达量与HCs比较均显著性降低(P＜0.05);胸腺切除的MG患者与未经胸腺切除的MG患者外周血FoxP3+CD4+CD25+ Tregs含量及FoxP3mRNA表达量无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 MG患者外周血CD4+CD25+ Tregs数量正常,但其表面分子FoxP3的表达下调,这种CD4+CD25+ Tregs亚群的异常发现有助于深入阐明MG的免疫发病机制.     

吉兰-巴雷综合征患者免疫球蛋白治疗前后T淋巴细胞亚群的变化及其意义

目的 研究吉兰-巴雷综合征(GBS)患者应用静脉大剂量注射免疫球蛋白(IVIG)治疗前后T淋巴细胞亚群的变化,并进一步探讨IVIG治疗GBS的可能机制.方法 选择31例临床确诊的GBS患者,以治疗前后作为自身对照,根据治疗效果评定为效优组和效劣组,应用流式细胞分析仪检测GBS患者外周血中T淋巴细胞亚群相对计数.结果 ①GBS患者急性期治疗后CD8+T细胞(28.77%±11.02%)和CD4+CD29+T细胞百分率(56.71%±12.44%)较治疗前(分别为31.84%±12.35%、62.40%±12.72%)显著降低(t=2.995、3.919,P＜0.05),CD4+/CD8+值和CD4+CD45RA+T细胞百分率较治疗前显著升高(t=2.368、3.860,P＜0.05),但治疗前后CD3+T细胞和CD4+T细胞百分率差异无统计学意义.②效优组CD8+T细胞和CD4+CD29+T细胞百分率较治疗前显著降低(t=2.144、3.343,P＜0.05),CD4+/CD8+值和CD4+CD45RA+T细胞百分率较治疗前显著升高(t=2.159、3.277,P＜0.05),效劣组T淋巴细胞亚群分布在治疗前后未发生明显变化.③在本组资料中,IVIG治疗急性期GBS 2周内的显效率为61.29%(19/31),无死亡病例.结论 急性期GBS患者在IVIG治疗前后发生了不同程度T淋巴细胞亚群分布的改变,为探讨GBS的发病机制及IVIG治疗GBS的机制提供了免疫学基础;IVIG治疗效果好,能够有效抑制病情进展,促进神经功能恢复.     

重症肌无力患者外周血Foxp3和CD152表达变化及其相关性分析

目的研究重症肌无力(MG)患者经全胸腺切除治疗外周血中调节性T细胞(CD4~+ CD25~+ Treg)中Foxp3及CD152(CTLA-4)的表达情况。方法采集重症肌无力经手术切除胸腺患者50例术前和术后6个月外周血为实验组,对照组为25例健康志愿者的外周血。应用流式细胞分析方法检测患者手术前后和健康志愿者外周血中的调节性T细胞Foxp3及CD152(CTLA-4)的表达情况。结果患有MG患者术前外周血中调节性T细胞Foxp3及CD152(CTLA-4)表达水平与对照组相比显著降低(P0.05);全胸腺切除6个月后CD4~+ CD25~+ Foxp3~+ Treg细胞及CD152(CTLA-4)表达比例与手术前比较升高(P0.05),与健康对照组比较水平低(P0.05);调节性T细胞中Foxp3表达水平与CD152(CTLA-4)表达水平呈现一定的正相关性(P0.001)。结论重症肌无力患者外周血调节性T细胞中Foxp3和CD152(CTLA-4)表达水平较低,手术治疗能够明显提高Foxp3及CD152(CTLA-4),然而与正常人比较还不能达到正常的水平,为重症肌无力发病机制与胸腺切除治疗提供了理论依据。     

重症肌无力患者Foxp3~+CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞与AChRAb、Titin-Ab的相关研究

目的探讨重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)患者Foxp3~+CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞(Foxp3~+CD4~+CD25~+Treg)与乙酰胆碱受体抗体(AChRAb)及连接素抗体(Titin-Ab)之间的关系,进一步揭示MG的发病机制。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测22例MG患者以及20名健康对照者血清AChRAb和Titin-Ab水平;采用流式细胞术(FCM)检测两组外周血中CD4~+CD25~+Treg的比例及其表达Foxp3的比例。结果 MG患者外周血CD4~+CD25~+Treg比例[(2.9±0.52)%]与健康对照组[(3.12±0.51)%]比较无统计学差异(P0.05);CD4~+CD25~+Treg细胞Foxp3表达比例为(37.24±9.57)%,低于健康对照组[(58.60±4.91)%](P0.01)。MG组CD4~+CD25~+Treg表达Foxp3比例与AChRAb、Titin-Ab水平[分别为(0.232±0.060)和(0.170±0.035)pg/mL]均呈负相关(r=-0.449,P0.05;r=-0.691,P0.01)。结论 Foxp3~+CD4~+CD25~+Treg细胞数目减少导致机体免疫功能缺陷是MG发病的重要环节。     

CD28~-T细胞亚群在多发性硬化患者外周血中的变化及临床意义

目的检测多发性硬化(MS)患者外周血中CD4~+CD28~-和CD8~+CD28~- T细胞亚群的变化并揭示其临床意义。方法收集37例MS患者(MS组,复发期23例、缓解期14例)和33例健康对照(对照组)外周血标本(复发期患者进行甲泼尼龙治疗),采用流式细胞仪检测患者CD28~- T细胞数量及其表面CD25、CD45RA和CD45RO的表达,以扩展残疾状况评分量表(Expanded Disability Status Scale,EDSS)评分评价神经功能缺损情况。比较分析MS患者外周血CD28~-T细胞亚群,CD28~-T细胞亚群表面CD25、CD45RA和CD45RO的表达情况,以及MS患者不同疾病分期及糖皮质激素治疗前后CD28~-T细胞亚群变化情况,并分析CD28~-T细胞亚群变化与MS患者神经功能缺损及年龄的相关性。结果与对照组比较,MS组CD4~+CD28~-T细胞数量升高(P=0.000)而CD8~+CD28~-T细胞数量降低(P=0.001)。MS组中,与CD4~+CD28~-T细胞比较,CD4~+CD28~-T细胞CD45RO表达升高,CD25和CD45RA表达下降(均P=0.000);与CD8~+CD28~+ T细胞比较,CD4~+CD28~-T细胞CD45RO表达降低(P=0.000)。与MS缓解期患者及对照组比较,MS复发期患者CD4~+CD28~-T细胞数量均明显升高、CD8~+CD28~-T细胞数量均明显降低(均P0.05)。糖皮质激素治疗升高CD8~+CD28~-T细胞数量(P=0.028),而对CD4~+CD28~-T细胞无影响(P=0.128)。患者EDSS评分与CD4~+CD28~-T细胞数量呈正相关(r=0.621,P=0.000),与CD8~+CD28~-T细胞数量呈负相关(r=-0.364,P=0.027)。患者年龄与CD4~+CD28~-T细胞数量呈正相关(r=0.386,P=0.018),与CD8~+CD28~-T细胞数量不相关(r=0.120,P=0.479)。结论 MS患者外周血中异常变化的CD28~-T细胞亚群具有不同的免疫表型,与疾病的复发、治疗和神经功能缺损有关,提示该T细胞亚群失衡可能在MS的免疫病理进程中有一定的作用。     

糖皮质激素对多发性硬化患者外周血淋巴细胞CD80和CD4+CD25+T细胞表达的影响

目的探讨糖皮质激素(GC)对多发性硬化(MS)患者外周血淋巴细胞CD80和CD4+CD25+T细胞表达的影响。方法利用流式细胞仪检测21例MS急性期患者GC治疗前后外周血淋巴细胞CD80和CD4+CD25+T细胞阳性率,并与正常对照组比较;比较MS患者治疗前后扩展功能障碍状况量表(EDSS)评分的变化。结果MS患者急性期外周血淋巴细胞CD80的阳性率[(5.031±1.782)%]较正常对照组[(6.436±2.035)%]明显下降(P<0.05),经GC治疗后CD80的阳性率[(6.467±1.882)%]明显增高(P<0.01);CD4+CD25+T细胞阳性率治疗前后与正常对照组间差异均无统计学意义;治疗后EDSS评分[(3.64±1.79)分]较治疗前[(4.26±1.68)分]明显下降(P<0.01)。结论GC可上调MS患者淋巴细胞CD80的表达,抑制细胞免疫,促进MS病情缓解。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.