双黄连对肺炎支原体感染大鼠组织中PDGF—BB影响的免疫组织化学研究

为探讨中药制剂双黄连粉针剂(双黄连)对反复肺炎支原体肺部感染大鼠肺组织中血小板衍生生长因子-BB(PDGF-BB)蛋白质水平表达的影响,给大鼠于24周内反复9次经超声雾化吸入肺炎支原体以复制其慢性肺部感染模型,并应用双黄连腹腔注射进行治疗干预;随后用PDGF-BB单克隆抗体按SABc法行免疫组织化学染色,定量图像分析。结果(1)感染组动物(n=4)支气管肺泡灌洗液肺炎支原体-PCR检测均为阳性,而对照组(n=4)和感染加双黄连治疗组(n=4)均为阴性(均为P<0．05);三组动物的支气管和肺组织常规细菌培养结果均为阴性;感染组动物透射电镜检查见肺泡间隔增宽,其中有较多胶原纤维堆积,其余两组则未见明显异常。(2)感染组动物肺间质结缔组织中以及小气道和小血管的壁上可见较强的细颗粒状或细丝网状棕黄色PDGF-BB免疫组化染色阳性表达产物,其积分光密度为23．26±3．87(n=4),显著高于正常对照组者(1．52±0．61,n=4,P<0．05)和感染加双黄连治疗组者(3．49±0．63,n=4,P<0．05)。提示双黄连可抑制反复肺炎支原体肺部感染大鼠肺组织中PDGF-BB蛋白质水平的表达,对于防止肺炎支原体肺部感染所引起的肺间质纤维化可能具有一定的作用。     

卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠炎症反应及肺损伤研究

为研究卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)大鼠炎症反应及肺损伤,通过皮下注射8～12周醋酸可的松免疫抑制诱导建立Sprague-Dawley大鼠PCP模型.将大鼠分为四组,Ⅰ组正常对照(n=6),为未用药的健康大鼠;Ⅱ组阴性对照(n=6),为无肺部感染的大鼠;Ⅲ组细菌性肺炎(n=11);Ⅳ组PCP(n=14).计数支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的细胞数并行分类,测定总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)含量及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及Ⅳ型胶原酶(MMP-2、MMP-9)活性.比较PCP及细菌性肺炎其炎症反应及肺损伤的差别.PCP其BALF中细胞总数较阴性对照组增加(P《0.01),但低于细菌性肺炎组.PCP其BALF中白蛋白(622.5±484.0μg/ml)较阴性对照组增加(35.8±16.2 μg/ml,P《0.01).PCP其BALF中ALP及LDH活性(分别为217.0±81.4 U/L,20.8±8.2U/dl)也高于阴性对照组(P《0.01).PCP大鼠BALF中Ⅳ型胶原酶活性增加(P《0.001).PCP炎症发应不同于细菌性肺炎.在PCP,肺泡毛细血管膜通透性明显增加,存在明显肺损伤.     

纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术不同治疗时机对难治性肺炎支原体肺炎治疗效果的影响

目的 探讨不同支气管镜肺泡灌洗术治疗时机对难治性肺炎支原体肺炎(RMPP)患儿疗效的影响.方法 选取2015年1月至2016年4月期间我院儿科收治的42例RMPP患儿为研究对象,根据纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术治疗时机不同,将术前病程<10 d者纳入早期组(n=22),术前病程≥10 d者纳入晚期组(n=20),比较两组患儿的临床疗效.结果 早期组患儿发热时间、住院时间及影像检查好转时间分别为(12.4±2.5)d、(14.5±1.8)d、(13.1±2.2)d,均明显短于晚期组的(14.5±2.6)d、(16.2±2.1)d、(15.4±2.7)d,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后1个月复查CT提示早期组患儿完全吸收率为59.09%,明显高于晚期组的30.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 早期应用纤维支气管肺泡灌洗术治疗可促进难治性肺炎支原体肺炎患儿临床症状及影像学检查的好转,改善患儿的近期预后.     

不同的通气方式对大鼠肺和肺内毒素受体CD14表达的影响

目的观察不同的通气方式对大鼠肺及对内毒素受体CD14的影响。方法将成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组(每组12只):自主呼吸组(R组),不给予机械通气;机械通气组(M组),潮气量(Vt)=12ml/kg,呼气末正压(PEEP)=8mmHg;保护性机械通气组(P组),Vt=6ml/kg,PEEP=0mmHg;大潮气量机械通气组(N组),Vt=40ml/kg,PEEP=0mmHg。每组中6只大鼠实验开始2h后注射50mg/kg伊万斯蓝(EB)。分别于机械通气前(基础值)及机械通气1、2、3h行动脉血气分析,实验3h结束,放血处死大鼠。测定大鼠肺病理形态学积分、肺组织湿/干重比(W/D)、支气管灌洗液(BALF)炎性细胞数、血管壁通透性。酶联免疫分析法(ELISA)测血浆肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)及巨噬细胞炎性蛋白2(MIP-2)浓度。RT-PCR测肺组织内毒素受体CD14的表达,免疫组化法测BALF单核细胞的CD14表达。结果肺病理形态学积分:R组和P组无变化,M组有轻度升高,N组明显高于M组(分别为6·0±1·6、0·7±0·8,t=8,P=0·000)。肺W/D:与R组比较,P组和M组差异无统计学意义;N组高于R组(分别为5·73±0·39、4·91±0·24,t=4·38,P=0·000)。EB:与R组比较,P组和M组差异无统计学意义;N组明显高于R组(分别为84·50±3·01、32·33±1·75,t=36·63,P=0·000)。BALF中WBC:与R组比较,P组无显著变化;M组高于R组(分别为0·83±0·12、0·59±0·62,t=4·272,P=0·02),N组明显高于R组(分别为5·68±0·45、0·59±0·62,t=26·68,P=0·000)。TNF-α在4组都没有测到。MIP-2:P组(35·4±5·3)与R组(31·5±2·4)比较,差异无统计学意义,M组(44·7±6·9)升高(t=4·382,P=0·04),N组(167·7±11·8)明显升高(t=27·779,P=0·000)。BALF中单核细胞的CD14蛋白表达和肺组织CD14基因表达:R组和P组二者表达基本一致,M组蛋白表达与R组差异无统计学意义,但基因表达升高;N组二者表达都显著升高(P=0·000)。结论常规机械通气导致大鼠肺部发生轻度损伤,并可使肺部CD14基因表达上调,但是肺部CD14蛋白表达无改变;大潮气量机械通气导致大鼠的肺部损伤,使肺部CD14表达明显上调。保护性机械通气可使大鼠肺部避免上述改变的发生。     

中药814对吸烟加肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染诱发大鼠COPD的防治

应用吸烟加反复肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染法建立大鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD)模型。大鼠分为对照组 (C) ,吸烟加感染组 (SI)和治疗组 (T)。T组于吸烟感染前 3d开始用中药 814灌胃治疗 ,动物分别于第 4、 8、 16周处死。结果表明 ,与 SI组相比 ,第 16周 T组大鼠肺组织细支气管壁增厚程度 ,细支气管狭窄程度以及肺气肿面积均明显减轻(P<0 .0 5 ) ,维多利亚蓝染色显示 ,T组大鼠肺腺泡动脉肌化程度明显小于 SI组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,与 C组相比无显著差异(P>0 .0 5 )。T组大鼠第 16周 Pa O2 比 SI组增高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,右心室收缩压 (RVSP)降低 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,两指标接近正常水平。结果提示 ,中药 814对吸烟加肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染诱发的大鼠 COPD有较明显的防治作用     

肺腺癌与细支气管肺泡癌细胞增殖和凋亡能力的差异

目的　探讨肺腺癌与细支气管肺泡癌细胞增殖和凋亡能力的差异。方法　流式细胞术检测 2 4例肺腺癌、13例细支气管肺泡癌的增殖指数 (PI)与总S期细胞比例 (SPF) ,TUNEL法检测凋亡指数 (AI) ,免疫组化检测细胞周期蛋白D1、细胞周期蛋白E的表达。结果　肺腺癌的PI值为 19.3± 6.9,细支气管肺泡癌的PI值为 12 .1±5 .4,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;肺腺癌的AI值为 2 .3± 1.7,细支气管肺泡癌的AI值为 9.3± 2 .0 ,差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 1) ;细胞周期蛋白D1在肺腺癌的表达率为 5 8.3 % (14 2 4) ,在细支气管肺泡癌的表达率为 2 3 .1% (3 13 ) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　细支气管肺泡癌的增殖能力较肺腺癌弱 ,而凋亡能力较之强 ,因此生长较缓慢 ,恶性度低于肺腺癌 ,应与后者区别对待     

PEPT2 mRNA在内毒素致急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织表达的研究(摘要)

目的:研究PEPT2(Peptide transporter 2)mRNA在急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织表达.方法:(1)实验动物与分组:随机将健康SD大鼠60只[200±20)g,雌雄各半]分为3组:①正常对照组(n=12),不作任何处理;②生理盐水组(n=12),气管内滴入0·2 mL生理盐水,2 h后放血处死,检测各项指标;③LPS组(n=36),气管内滴入0·5 mg/kg LPS(E·coli O111:B4,Sigma公司),溶于0·2 mL生理盐水中,分别于给药后2、4、8 h放血处死,观测各项指标.(2)评价急性肺损伤方法:①HE染色光镜观察肺组织病理变化;②测定肺湿/干比(W/D);③支气管肺泡灌洗,采用Folin-酚试剂法测定支…     

纳络酮对脑创伤致急性肺损伤中对内皮素的影响

目的　研究纳络酮治疗脑创伤致急性肺损伤大鼠中对内皮素的影响 .方法　成年 Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组 (n= 10 )、脑创伤组 (n=4 0 )和纳络酮治疗组 (n=10 ) .采用Feeney脑创伤模型 ,观察脑创伤后大鼠不同时间点肺组织的病理改变 ,放免法测定血浆和肺组织 ET- 1含量变化及应用纳络酮对其的影响 .结果　脑创伤大鼠出现程度不同的急性肺损伤的病理改变 ,尤以伤后 6 h为重 .血浆和肺组织 ET- 1含量明显增高 (2 0 1.7± 6 3.7vs 2 1.8± 1.9,P<0 .0 1;190 .2± 6 5 .6 vs 17.5± 0 .8,P<0 .0 1) ,伤后 6 h达峰值 ,72 h仍持续性升高 .治疗组肺组织病理改变明显减轻 ,血浆和肺组织ET- 1尽管于伤后 72 h仍高于对照组 (30 .4± 3.1vs2 1.8±1.9,P<0 .0 1;2 5 .6± 1.8vs17.5± 0 .8,P<0 .0 1) ,但明显低于创伤组 (30 .4± 3.1vs 96 .4± 18.8,P<0 .0 1;2 5 .6± 1.8vs 6 0 .4± 19.0 ,P<0 .0 1) .结论　脑创伤可致程度不同的急性肺损伤 ,ET- 1可能在其发病过程中起重要作用 ,纳络酮对急性肺损伤有一定的治疗作用 .     

安宫牛黄丸对脂多糖致急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织Nrf2蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨安宫牛黄丸对脂多糖引起的急性肺损伤的保护机制.方法 将40只SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为对照组(Control组,n=10)、脂多糖组(LPS组,n=10)、脂多糖+安宫牛黄丸组(LPS+AG组,n=10)和安宫牛黄丸组(AG组,n=10).采用一次性腹腔注射脂多糖30 mg/kg建立大鼠急性肺损伤模型.分别检测各组大鼠肺湿重/干重比、支气管肺泡灌洗液蛋白浓度和白细胞计数、肺组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量、肺组织内转录因子NF-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)水平.结果 LPS+AG组肺组织SOD活性为(325.67±7.85)kU/g,明显高于LPS组的(298.75±6.25)kU/g,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).MDA、INF-α含量分别为(1.89±0.35)μmol/L、(35.21±3.12)ng/g,均低于LPS组的(2.78±0.41)μmol/L、(41.52±4.87)ng/g,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).LPS+AG组肺组织Nrf2蛋白表达为(0.87±0.19),明显高于LPS组的(0.34±0.11),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 安宫牛黄丸对脂多糖诱发的急性肺损伤具有保护作用,可能与其能激活肺组织Nrf2表达有关.     

颈动脉负压分流制作大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注模型

为观察被动吸烟大鼠肺泡灌洗液炎性细胞及呼吸道病理形态学改变,将清洁级SD大鼠随机分成两组,吸烟组(n=13)置于隔离器内被动吸烟2 h/d,共20 d,对照组置隔离器内2 h/d,无被动吸烟.20 d后行支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)炎性细胞计数及分类,并作右总支气管气道表面电镜下的病理形态学观察及肺组织学检查.结果显示吸烟组大鼠BALF中炎性细胞计数为(46.1±28.3)×106/L,较对照组(17.7±9.9)×106/L明显增高(P《0.05).光镜检查示吸烟组小气道和肺组织炎性细胞浸润,扫描电镜观察见柱状上皮细胞纤毛倒伏凌乱,部分脱落;对照组未见明显异常.烟雾刺激导致大鼠呼吸道炎性细胞增多,炎症反应增强及纤毛功能减退,因而被动吸烟可能是引起呼吸道损伤的重要因素.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.