背阔肌肌皮瓣在乳房再造中的应用

目的探讨利用背阔肌肌皮瓣进行乳房再造的设计、手术操作及效果。方法2005年5月至2006年4月行背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造18例,其中8例联合假体置入。观察指标包括手术时间、术后并发症及美学效果。结果平均手术时间为147min。再造乳房全部成活,无严重术后并发症。除1例再造乳房位置偏高以外,其余17例（94.4%）患者对再造乳房均很满意。结论背阔肌肌皮瓣或联合假体置入乳房再造操作简便、术后并发症少,再造乳房形态好,是一种可供选择的乳房再造方法。     

乳腺癌术后带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣转移和假体充填一期乳房再造术

近年，乳腺癌的保乳手术已成为潮流，但在国内，乳腺癌根治术和改良根治术仍是广为采用的基本术式．这些病人在癌症治愈的同时，却遭受了失去乳房的心理创伤。     

扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造

目的 介绍单纯应用扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣进行乳房再造方法。方法 将背阔肌周围脂肪组织分为5个区，在背部设计半月形皮肤切口，切取背阔肌及周围脂肪组织，不应用乳房假体，进行即时或后期乳房再造。结果 应用该方法乳房再造35例，再造乳房形态良好，结论 扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造，安全有效，再造乳房形态良好，是乳房再造的重要进展。     

可扩张乳房假体加背阔肌肌皮瓣的乳房再造术

目的：报告应用带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣转移术及可扩张的乳房假体（BECKER）置入,修复乳腺癌根治术后的胸壁畸形,同时再造乳房的手术方法。方法：根据乳腺癌病灶清除术后患者胸部的畸形状况,设计患侧带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣的肌瓣长度、体积以及皮瓣的面积和形状,切取肌皮瓣后经腋部皮下隧道转移至胸前。用肌瓣修复胸前软组织缺损,皮瓣则用于弥补胸部皮肤的不足。肌瓣与胸壁间置入可扩张的乳房假体。术后经注射壶注水,逐步扩张至额定值。6个月后,可抽除注射壶并重建乳头,完成治疗。结果：自1999年以来,对各种乳腺癌术后患者行乳房再造术共26例,获得了满意效果。结论：应用带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣转移术及可扩张的乳房假体置入,不仅可修复乳腺癌病灶清除术后的胸部软组织的缺损、锁骨下的凹陷畸形而且可重建乳房。该法具有创伤小、恢复快、再造乳房的外形及质感逼真等特点。     

乳腺癌术后带蒂背阔肌皮瓣部分联合假体植入一期乳房再造

目的总结乳腺癌术后采用带蒂背阔肌肌瓣、肌皮瓣联合假体植入一期乳房再造的疗效。方法 2008年2月-2009年12月,对30例女性乳腺癌患者于病灶切除术后采用带蒂背阔肌肌瓣或肌皮瓣部分联合假体植入一期乳房再造。患者年龄20～42岁,平均34岁。导管原位癌4例,浸润性导管癌26例。临床分期:0期4例,Ⅰ期20例,ⅡA期6例。病程3周～1年,中位时间5.6个月。肌瓣切取范围为3 cm×3 cm～6 cm×5 cm,肌皮瓣切取范围为6 cm×5 cm～7 cm×4 cm。供区直接拉拢缝合。结果术后肌皮瓣及肌瓣均顺利成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合;供区切口均Ⅰ期愈合。术后3个月5例出现供区局限性积液,对症处理后愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间24～42个月,平均32个月。1例术后19个月肿瘤复发,其余肿瘤均无复发。术后24个月根据再造乳房外观评价标准:获优14例,良12例,一般4例。结论乳腺癌切除术后应用同侧背阔肌肌瓣、肌皮瓣即刻乳房再造可获得足够组织量,联合假体植入再造乳房形态良好。     

扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造

目的介绍单纯应用扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣进行乳房再造方法.方法将背阔肌周围脂肪组织分为5个区,在背部设计半月形皮肤切口,切取背阔肌及周围脂肪组织,不应用乳房假体,进行即时或后期乳房再造.结果应用该方法乳房再造35例,再造乳房形态良好.结论扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造,安全有效,再造乳房形态良好,是乳房再造的重要进展.     

扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造

目的　介绍单纯应用扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣进行乳房再造方法。方法　将背阔肌周围脂肪组织分为 5个区 ,在背部设计半月形皮肤切口 ,切取背阔肌及周围脂肪组织 ,不应用乳房假体 ,进行即时或后期乳房再造。结果　应用该方法乳房再造 35例 ,再造乳房形态良好。结论　扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造 ,安全有效 ,再造乳房形态良好 ,是乳房再造的重要进展。     

乳腺癌术后乳房重建中背阔肌肌皮瓣应用进展

背阔肌肌皮瓣在乳腺癌术后乳房重建领域占据至关重要的地位.它具有恒定的血管解剖,且无需配合血管吻合等显微外科技术,操作简便,还可根据所需的缺损组织量进行相应的获取范围的调整.从单纯背阔肌到扩大背阔肌再到迷你背阔肌的探索历程,以及与假体、脂肪移植等整形技术手段相结合的方式,回顾背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房重建的发展使医生能够更好地依据...     

扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造

目的 介绍单纯应用扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣进行乳房再造方法.方法 将背阔肌周围脂肪组织分为5个区,切取背阔肌及周围脂肪组织,不应用乳房假体,进行即时或后期乳房再造.结果 应用该方法再造乳房95例,其中保留乳头乳晕改良根治术后即时再造24例,保留皮肤改良根治术后即时再造36例,改良根治术后即时再造26例,后期再造9例,其中1例为改良根治术后,其他8例为改良根治术后,再造乳房均形态良好.术后6例乳头部分坏死;14例胸部皮肤表皮脱落,自行愈合;2例背部供区部分坏死;背部顽固性血清肿2例,再次手术后愈合.结论 扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造安全有效,再造乳房形态良好,尤其适用于中、小乳房的乳房再造.     

扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣在乳腺癌改良根治术后一期乳房再造中的应用

目的评价扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣在乳腺癌改良根治术后一期乳房再造中的应用价值。方法选取我科2008年1月至2009年6月期间收治的48例乳腺癌患者,根据所接受的术式分为扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣一期乳房再造（乳房再造）组（n=12）和单纯乳腺癌改良根治术（单纯根治）组（n=36）,对2组患者术后并发症、恢复情况以及生活质量进行对比,并对再造乳房外观形态进行评价。结果乳房再造组患者均成功行扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造,再造乳房外形评价良好6例,中4例,差2例,明显优于单纯根治组（P〈0.001）。2组患者术后积液、皮瓣坏死、患肢及肩关节活动、住院时间、引流时间及开始辅助治疗时间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但乳房再造组术后生活质量较好,与单纯根治组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。乳房再造组有10例行术后辅助放化疗,未出现转移皮瓣坏死。2组患者随访2～17个月（中位时间8个月）,未见局部复发及转移。结论乳腺癌根治术后扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣一期再造乳房形态效果良好,手术操作简单,对早期乳腺癌是一种安全、可行的治疗方法 。     

Delayed Breast Reconstruction with Latissimus Dorsi Flap

Background  The ideal method of breast reconstruction should be safe, reliable, and have minimal or no donor-site morbidity. We present our experience with the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap for delayed breast reconstruction with immediate permanent implant insertion. Methods  The latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap was performed on patients who presented for delayed breast reconstruction. From 1999 to 2007, charts of patients were reviewed for age, type of mastectomy, history of chest wall irradiation, nipple-areola complex reconstruction, and complications at both the donor site and the reconstructed breast site. Results  The latissimus dorsi was used as a musculocutaneous flap in 33 patients who had breast cancer surgery. The mean age was 51.14 (range = 30–63) years. Nine patients (27%) asked for nipple-areola reconstruction. Three patients had major complications (9%), including infection, partial flap ischemia, and liponecrotic pseudocysts. Eight patients required revision. Seroma was the most common problem observed at the donor site. Conclusion  The latissimus dorsi flap provides adequate soft tissue with a reliable blood supply for the enhancement of missing tissue after mastectomy. It is a safe method for breast reconstruction and an excellent alternative flap for patients at high risk for abdominal flap complications.     

Multistage Latissimus Dorsi Flap with Implant for Complex Post-Mastectomy Reconstruction: An Old but Still Current Technique

IntroductionThe latissimus dorsi (LD) flap has been used for reconstructing mastectomy defects since the early 1900s. Although its popularity has declined over the last decades, it still retains an important role in breast reconstruction. We present our recent experience with the multistage LD flap and implant for extremely complex post-mastectomy defects.Patients and MethodsBetween 2011 and 2020, 42 consecutive patients underwent post-mastectomy LD reconstruction with an expander (STAGE 1). Some of them received prior fat-grafting of the mammary region (STAGE 0). All patients were scheduled for an expander-definitive implant change (STAGE 2). Some of them completed the program with fat-grafting, nipple and areola reconstruction, and other refinements (STAGE 3 or 4).ResultsTwo patients underwent fat-grafting at STAGE 0. Mean age at STAGE 1 was 46.7 years, mean BMI was 23.6, 14.4% of the patients were smokers, and 21.4% had comorbidities. Immediate reconstructions were performed in 35.7% and delayed in 64.3%. Mean surgical time at STAGE 1 was 194.7 min for delayed reconstructions and 242.3 min for immediate ones. Mean hospital stay for STAGE 1 procedures was 3.8 days; all other STAGES were performed as ambulatory surgery. No flap necrosis was observed and only 1 patient required a surgical revision for bleeding. Dorsal seroma occurred in 45.2% of cases.ConclusionsThe multistage LD flap with implant is a useful and safe tool within the reconstructive armamentarium for post-mastectomy defects. It combines multiple simple procedures and does not require specific skills and surgical training (level of evidence 4).     

Versatility of the Pedicled Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flap in Reconstruction of Upper Limb and Trunk Soft Tissue Defects

Purpose The purpose of the study was to share our indications, technique, outcome, and complications associated with the pedicled latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap (LDMF) for reconstructing various upper limb and trunk soft tissue defects. Patients and Methods We reviewed the prospectively collected data of the patients who underwent reconstruction of upper limb/trunk soft tissue defects with pedicled LDMF between January 2016 and March 2019. By analyzing the clinical scenarios, the location of flap inset, the arc of rotation, reach of the flap, and associated complications, we put forward few significant findings from our experience. Results Thirty-four patients were included in the study: 13 of them underwent LDMF for coverage of upper limb defects, 12 of them for postradical mastectomy soft tissue defects, 8 for posterior trunk reconstruction, and 1 for sternal wound infection. LDMF was successfully used to cover the scapula, anterior and posterior arms, axilla, cubital fossa, mid-forearm, breast, sternum, and midline dorsal wounds. When used reversely, the flap could cover the exposed spine in the midline dorsum. Three patients (9%) had major complications (two patients had partial flap necrosis which required additional debridement and skin grafting, and one patient required an additional transpositional flap). Three patients had minor complications (managed nonoperatively). Conclusion Pedicled LDMF is a straightforward and versatile option for reconstruction of the varied upper limb and trunk soft tissue defects with minimal complications. Level of Evidence This is a level IV, therapeutic, retrospective study.     

Oncological Safety and Quality of Life Associated with Mastectomy and Immediate Breast Reconstruction with a Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flap

Abstract: To determine the quality of life (QoL) of breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction with a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap (LD), and the oncological safety of the procedure. Between May 2001 and March 2007, 2,566 patients had breast cancer surgery at the National Cancer Center, Korea. Of the 2,566 patients, 1,699 had breast‐conserving surgery (BCS) and 120 had a mastectomy with an immediate LD. We retrospectively compared the oncologic safety of the two techniques. We also assessed the QoL using the EORTC QLQ BR‐23 and Zung’s self‐rating depression scale in 52 LD patients, 104 age‐ and stage‐matched patients who underwent BCS, and 104 age‐matched healthy women. The LD group had earlier stage disease than the BCS group at baseline, but following surgery, the groups did not differ in the rates of local recurrence or systemic metastases. Compared with the healthy group, the patient groups had poorer functioning and more depression (p < 0.001). Among the patient groups, the LD group reported lower scores for body image (p = 0.007) and future perspective (p = 0.023) than the BCS group. In the LD group, patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy reported lower scores for future perspective and higher scores for depression than those who did not receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p < 0.001). The BCS and LD groups did not differ in oncological outcome, and the QoL of patients in the LD group was not always good. Mastectomy with immediate reconstruction should be considered carefully and tailored to the patient’s needs and characteristics.     

乳腺癌改良根治术后应用带蒂背阔肌皮瓣移植一期乳房再造

目的：介绍应用带蒂背阔肌皮瓣移植进行乳腺癌改良根治术后一期乳房再造的方法与疗效。方法：自2000年，用带蒂背阔肌皮瓣移植方法对中青年妇女乳腺癌改良根治术后行一期乳房再造20例。结果：全部病例的肌皮瓣及其中4例同时保留乳头病例的乳头均存活，无积液、感染、坏死等并发症，再造乳房外形美观。结论：用带蒂背阔肌皮瓣移植行乳腺癌术后一期乳房再造是乳腺癌改良根治术后恢复乳房外形的一种理想方法。     

早中期乳腺癌保留乳头乳晕改良根治术后离断背阔肌止点扩大肌皮瓣I期乳房再造术的临床效果

目的探讨早中期乳腺癌行保留乳头乳晕改良根治术后使用扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣I期乳房再造治疗的应用价值及临床效果。方法我院2009年11月至2012年10月期间收治的60例经临床穿刺活检病理明确诊断为早中期的乳腺癌患者按术式分为2组：乳房再造组（30例）,即保留乳头乳晕乳腺癌改良根治术后离断背阔肌止点扩大肌皮瓣I期乳房再造术;对照组（30例）,即行传统乳腺癌改良根治术。比较2组患者的术后并发症,近远期疗效,生活质量,复发转移情况。结果①对照组完全患侧乳房缺失;乳房再造组乳房再造术均获得成功,再造乳房美容效果评价优22例,良7例,一般1例。②2组患者术后皮下积液、皮瓣坏死及患肢活动受限情况比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;术后切口拆线时间、术区引流时间、住院时间及术后化疗开始时间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。③乳房再造组心理压力出现率及对第二性征不满意率明显低于对照组（P〈0．001）,乳房再造组社会交往适应率明显高于对照组（P〈0．001）。④2组患者随访12～38个月（平均25个月）,其中对照组有1例死亡,其余59例患者均未发现有局部复发和远处转移。结论从本组有限的数据初步看,乳腺癌根治术后离断背阔肌止点扩大肌皮瓣I期乳房再造术,可在根治肿瘤的基础上获得满意的乳房美容效果,使患者的生活质量明显提高,该术式术后并发症较少,不影响乳腺癌的术后辅助放化疗和近远期疗效。     

横形股薄肌肌皮瓣在乳房再造中的应用研究现状

自体组织乳房再造被视为乳房再造术的标准。横形股薄肌肌皮瓣作为自体组织乳房再造的候选皮瓣之一,自1992年首次报道以来,因其诸多优势及较少的供区损伤,已取得长足的发展。本文就该皮瓣的应用解剖、设计、临床应用等方面的进展进行综述。