老年糖尿病患者脑血管病变的经颅多普勒超声分析

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)在诊断和预测老年糖尿病患者脑血管病变中的临床应用价值.方法对32例糖尿病无脑梗死患者,31例糖尿病并脑梗死患者及31例健康者的995条脑血管,进行TCD检测,就收缩期峰血流速度(Vs)、舒张末期血流速度(Vd)、平均血流速度(Vm)、脉动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)值等检测;各参数的结果作比较分析.结果 3组颅内血流参数比较,两疾病组血流速度异常以Vs增快为多见,尤以颈内动脉终末端(ICA)、基底动脉(BA)异常为突出特点;两疾病组血管涡流检出率和血管条数均高于对照组;糖尿病组TCD异常率52.3%,而糖尿病合并脑梗死组57.8%,均明显高于对照组.结论 TCD检测对预测和预防糖尿病患者脑血管病发生,判断预后,指导早期治疗,预防脑梗死发生具有重要价值.     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的脑超声血流动力学特征及与临床预后的关系

目的探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)的经颅彩色多普勒超声(TCD)脑血流动力学变化特征及与临床预后的关系。方法选取HIE新生儿136例作为HIE组,同期健康新生儿100例作为对照组(NC组)。采用TCD测定大脑中动脉(MCA)的舒张期流速(Vd)、收缩期峰值血流速度(Vs)、平均血流速度(Vm)和阻力指数(RI);出生后28 d复查TCD,并进行中国20项新生儿行为神经测定(NBNA)评分。结果 HIE组新生儿在出生24、48 h时,脑血流速度显著减慢,阻力指数显著升高,MCA的Vs、Vd、Vm均显著低于NC组,RI均显著高于NC组(P0.05);出生后72 h,轻度HIE组血流动力学参数与NC组差异无统计学意义(P0.05),中、重度HIE组的Vs、Vd、Vm均显著低于NC组,RI均显著高于NC组; HIE患儿随着病情程度增加,Vs、Vd、Vm相对越低,RI相对越高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);HIE组在出生后28 d随访复查TCD和NBNA,轻、中、重度三组患儿的NBNA评分差异有统计学意义(P0.05),预后良好组患儿的Vs、Vd、Vm显著高于预后不良组(P0.05),RI显著低于预后不良组(P0.05);Pearson相关分析显示, MCA血流动力学Vs、Vd、Vm与NBNA评分呈正相关(P0.05),RI与NBNA呈负相关(P0.05)。结论 HIE患儿普遍具有脑动脉阻力升高及低脑血流灌注,TCD动态观察HIE患儿的脑血流动力学变化过程对早期诊断及预后评价具有重要价值。     

福辛普利对糖尿病患者视网膜中央动脉血流动力学的影响

目的 观察糖尿病患者用福辛普利治疗前后视网膜中央动脉（CRA）血流动力学变化。方法 19例（38眼）糖尿病患者给予福辛普利10mg/d,于治疗前和治疗后1周用彩色多普勒超声检测CRA收缩期峰值血流速度（Vs）、舒张末期血流速度（Vd）、平均血流速度（Vm）、搏动指数（PI）和阻力指数（RI）,并与正常组对照。结果 糖尿病患者CRA的Vs、Vd、Vm低,而PI、RI高于对照组,治疗后患者的Vs、Vd和Vm增加,PI、RI降低（P＜0.05或0.01）。结论 福辛普利能改善糖尿病患者CRA血流动力学,彩色多普勒超声可用于评价糖尿病患者CRA血流动力学变化。     

老年高血压患者脑血管病变经颅多普勒超声观察

目的　了解老年高血压患者脑血管病变情况 ,探讨经颅多普勒超声 (TCD)在老年高血压患者脑血管病变辅助检查中的作用。方法　对经治疗将血压控制正常的 30例老年高血压患者 (高血压组 )作TCD检查 ,观察主要大中型脑动脉的平均血流速度 (Vm)、搏动指数 (PI)、阻力指数 (RI)和狭窄情况 ,并与 2 6例血压正常的老年人 (对照组 )对比分析。结果　高血压组患者各脑动脉的PI和RI均较对照组明显增加 (P <0 0 1) ,Vm 均较对照组明显减低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,脑动脉狭窄发生率明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 1)。高血压组 11例脑动脉狭窄中 ,病程 3～ 9年者 2例 ,10～ 35年者 9例 (P <0 0 5 ) ;中度高血压患者 2例 ,重度高血压患者 9例(P <0 0 5 )。结论　老年高血压患者尽管经治疗将血压控制正常 ,但仍常伴有脑血管病变 ,并随着高血压的病程延长 ,病情加重 ,脑动脉狭窄的发生率增加 ,TCD是一种简便且有价值的检查方法。     

糖尿病患者滑车上动脉彩色多普勒超声检测结果分析

目的通过对眼眶内上缘的眼动脉终末支-滑车上动脉(STCA)的彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)检测,分析糖尿病患者的脑血流动力学改变.方法对50例正常对照组,46例初发糖尿病和50例5年以上糖尿病患者的STCA行CDFI及脉冲多普勒超声检测.结果三组STCA彩色血流信号检出率为100%.对照组频谱特征为正向三峰型:SP1峰、SP2峰、DP峰,SP1＞SP2;其收缩期最高血流速度(Vs)为 56.01 cm/s, 均与眼动脉相似.糖尿病史平均5.6年以上患者,其Vs和舒张末期血流速度略低于对照组,两者比较无显著性差异,SP2、PI、RI均高于对照组,两组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.001).初期糖尿病患者的上述各值虽有改变,但与对照组比较无显著性差异.结论糖尿病患者STCA的血流动力学特点符合经颅多普勒(TCD)脑动脉硬化诊断标准,提示STCA的CDFI检测可为诊断脑动脉硬化提供相应的信息;长期高血糖会导致或加速脑动脉硬化,应加强对糖尿病的防治,以减少脑血管病的发生.     

经颅多普勒超声检查在评估颅脑创伤患者颅内压中的临床价值及参数分析

目的:探讨经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)检查在评估颅脑创伤患者颅内压中的临床价值及参数变化。方法:选取2021年1月—2023年1月成武县人民医院收治的50例颅脑创伤患者作为研究对象,均开展有创性颅内压监测,依据是否出现颅内压增高分为颅内压增高组及颅内压正常组;并开展TCD检测,比较两组大脑中动脉舒张末期血流速度(end diastolic velocity,Vd)、收缩期峰值血流速度(peak systolic velocity,Vs)、平均最大血流速度(mean velocity,Vm)、搏动指数(pulsatility index,PI)及阻力指数(resistance index,RI)变化,并测定视神经鞘直径(optic nerve sheath diameter,ONSD)变化;绘制受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,分析Vd、Vs、Vm、PI、RI、ONSD及联合检测诊断颅内压增高的临床价值。结果:颅内压增高组Vd、Vm低于颅内压正常组,Vs、PI、RI、ONSD高于颅内压正...     

飞行人员紧张性头痛经颅多普勒分析

目的探讨飞行人员紧张性头痛(tension type headache,TTH)经颅多普勒(transcranial doppler,TCD)检查的血流动力学特点。方法对89例飞行人员TTH患者做TCD检测,观察分析大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)收缩峰血流速度(Vs)和舒张峰血流速度(Vd),同时选择90例正常人作为对照组。结果飞行人员TTH患者有先兆偏头痛(MWA)头痛侧和非头痛侧ACA、MCA、PCA的收缩峰血流速度(Vs)和舒张峰血流速度(Vd)与对照组相比,基本上呈现非同步性同向增高或降低,无先兆偏头痛(MWO)亦是如此。发作期痛侧ACA、MCA、PCA与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01或P0.05)。MWA与MWO比较,MWA患者ACA、PCA的Vs和Vd差异有统计学意义(P0.01或P0.05)。发作期与间歇期比较,发作期ACA、MCA、PCA的Vs和Vd差异有统计学意义(P0.01或P0.05)。结论 TCD检测对飞行人员TTH的诊断及治疗具有重要的参考价值。     

高血压性脑出血经颅多普勒初步研究

目的 :观察高血压性脑出血患者经颅多普勒超声 (TCD)的脑血流的变化。方法 :对 6 0例高血压性脑出血患者和 6 0例健康对照组使用TCD测定颅内动脉平均血流速度 (Vm)及脉动指数 (PI) ,观察其参数有无差异性。结果 :在血肿量 <2 5ml出血患者组中 ,病灶区Vm与正常对照组比较各血管P <0 0 5或 <0 0 1,而患者组中出血半球与未出血侧比较P <0 0 5。大量出血组的出血侧Vm低于中量以及小量出血组Vm ;PI值大量出血组高于中量以及小量出血组 ,P <0 0 5。结论 :应用TCD检测高血压性脑出血患者脑血流变化 ,某些参数与出血量有高度相关性 ,TCD所测得脑血流参数值可间接推断出血量以及预后。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病视网膜血流动力学变化与血糖关系的探讨

目的 :探讨 型糖尿病 (2 - DM)患者视网膜中央动脉 (CRA)的血流动力学变化及与糖化血红蛋白水平之间的关系。方法 :应用彩色多普勒血流显像 (CDFI)对 84例 (16 8眼 ) 型糖尿病患者的视网膜中央动脉进行检测 ,经眼底检查确定有无合并视网膜病变并对合并视网膜病变者进行分型 ,同时检测其糖化血红蛋白的水平。结果 :1.糖尿病各组 CRA的 Vs、 Vd均低于正常对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;RI高于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;2 .经相关性分析表明 Hb A1c与 型糖尿病患者 CRA的血流速度测值呈负相关 ,与 CRA的 RI呈正相关。结论 :血糖是影响视网膜血流变化的重要因素之一。 CDFI是评价 CRA血流动力学变化的有效方法。     

经颅多普勒超声在小儿颅内高压监测中的应用

目的:探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)无创监测小儿颅内高压的临床应用价值。方法:对我院儿科收治的38例颅内高压患儿应用TCD进行床边动态监测,以大脑中动脉(MCA)为靶血管,分析观察组及对照组以及观察组治疗前后TCD的各项参数(Vs、Vd、Vm、PI)的变化。结果:颅内高压患儿的TCD显示:血流频谱在颅内压升高的不同阶段呈现不同的特征性改变;Vd及Vm下降,PI升高,与对照组相比有显著性差异(P<0.01);治疗后Vd、Vm升高,PI降低,Vs变化不显著。结论:TCD可直接显示脑血流灌注的状态,可动态监测颅内压力的变化,对于病情判断以及颅内高压的治疗有重要的临床指导意义。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.