儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病化疗后免疫系统重建的研究

目的 观察急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)儿童在化疗结束后淋巴细胞亚群和免疫球蛋白的变化,了解化疗后免疫系统的恢复过程.方法 采用流式细胞仪分析76例ALL治疗后停药患儿的外周血淋巴细胞亚群,应用单向琼脂扩散法测定其中64例患儿血清IgA、IgG、IgM的浓度.结果 CD3 HLA-DR 细胞、CD4 CD45RO-CD45RA-细胞百分率在停药后0～12个月组高于对照组(P<0.05),CD3 CD4-CD8 、CD8 CD28-细胞百分率在停药后0～12个月、12～24个月、24～48个月组均高于对照组,CD3 CD8-CD4 、CD4 CD29-、CD4 D45RO-CD45RA 细胞的百分率、CD4/CD8比值、CD45RA/CD45RO比值在停药各个阶段与对照组相比明显降低(P<0.05).CD19 CD5 细胞的百分率在停药后0～12个月、12～24个月组高于对照组,IgG浓度停药0～12个月低于参考值(P<0.05).结论 化疗结束后,患儿的免疫系统恢复需要较长的时间.NK细胞在停药时即正常.B细胞在停药2年后已经基本恢复,T淋巴细胞的恢复最慢.     

肺炎支原体感染患儿T淋巴细胞亚群检测及分析

目的　观察肺炎支原体肺炎患儿急性期外周血T淋巴细胞亚群、T淋巴细胞活化状态的改变,探讨其发病机制。方法　采用流式细胞仪技术检测了2 0 0 2年1 0月至2 0 0 3年6月就诊于上海市金山区中心医院的1 7例肺炎支原体肺炎患儿急性期外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及T细胞亚群上CD2 5+的表达和CD4+细胞上CD4+CD45RA+、CD4+CD45RO+的表达;对照组为1 0例健康体检儿童。两组年龄、性别差异无显著意义。结果　肺炎支原体肺炎患儿急性期外周血CD3 +百分率( % )为( 62 . 2 3±6 .2 7) ,较对照组( 68 .60±4. 74)低,差异有显著性意义(P <0 . 0 5) ;CD4+、CD8+百分率较对照组差异无显著性意义(P >0. 0 5) ;CD8+CD2 5+百分率( % )为( 0 . 61±0 . 58) ,较对照组( 2 .1 6±0 . 40 )降低,差异有极显著性意义(P <0 .0 1 ) ;CD4+CD45RA+/CD4+CD45RO+比值与对照组相比降低(P <0 . 0 5)。结论　肺炎支原体肺炎时存在细胞免疫失调,主要表现为总T细胞降低,T细胞活化障碍和CD4+CD45RA+/CD4+CD45RO+平衡失调。     

原发性肾病综合征患儿外周血CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞及CD19+CD23+细胞水平的变化及其意义

目的通过观察原发性肾病综合征(PNS)患儿外周血淋巴细胞亚群,尤其是CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞及CD19+CD23+细胞水平的变化,探讨其免疫发病机制。方法采用双标法用流式细胞仪检测25例初发PNS患儿(PNS组)外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+、CD4+CD25+)、B淋巴细胞亚群(CD3-CD19+、CD19+CD23+)及自然杀伤细胞(CD3-CD16+56+)水平,同时选取同期19例健康儿童作为健康对照组。数据采用SPSS 15.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 PNS组患儿外周血中CD3+、CD3+CD8+、CD4+CD25+、CD19+CD23+淋巴细胞均显著高于健康对照组(Pa<0.05),而自然杀伤细胞则较健康对照组显著降低(P<0.05);PNS组CD3+CD4+、CD4+/CD8+、CD3-CD19+淋巴细胞与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义。结论体内淋巴细胞亚群的紊乱参与了PNS的发病过程,其中CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞及CD19+CD23+细胞的变化为PNS的免疫治疗目标提供了理论依据。     

以流式细胞术建立中国汉族健康儿童外周血淋巴细胞亚群相对计数的正常参考值

目的建立中国汉族健康儿童外周血淋巴细胞亚群的正常参考值范围。方法选取首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院入托、入学体检,或术前查体及术后复查(均为对免疫功能影响不大的疾病)的0～18岁汉族儿童为研究对象。按年龄分为婴儿组(28d至12个月),幼儿组(～3岁),学龄前组(～7岁),学龄组(～12岁)和青春期组(～18岁)。采集外周血以双色及四色荧光标记流式细胞术检测淋巴细胞亚群T细胞(CD3+CD19-)、CD4+T细胞(CD3+CD4+)、CD8+T细胞(CD3+CD8+)、B细胞(CD3-CD19+)和NK细胞(CD3-CD16+CD56+)相对计数及CD4+/CD8+比值。比较各年龄组不同性别淋巴细胞亚群分布的差异,建立正常参考值范围。结果由于青春期组所收集的标本数较少,将该研究对象组予以删除。最终纳入28d至12岁儿童592例。①婴儿组T细胞、CD8+T细胞百分比与CD4+/CD8+比值性别差异均有统计学意义,幼儿组CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞百分比与CD4+/CD8+比值性别差异均有统计学意义,学龄组CD4+T细胞百分比性别差异有统计学意义;②除了男童T细胞百分比各年龄组间差异无统计学意义外,男女儿童各年龄组间外周各血淋巴细胞亚群分布总体上差异均有统计学意义;进一步行男女儿童淋巴细胞亚群不同年龄组间两两比较,发现多个年龄组间差异有统计学意义;③男女儿童T细胞、CD8+T细胞和NK细胞百分比随年龄增长均呈逐渐升高趋势;CD4+T细胞、B细胞百分比及CD4+/CD8+比值随年龄增长均呈逐渐降低趋势;男女儿童T细胞、B细胞、NK细胞百分比和CD4+/CD8+比值升高或降低的程度略有不同;④中国汉族健康儿童淋巴细胞亚群分布特点与欧、美、非洲国家儿童相比存在相似的升高或降低的趋势,但数值上存在一定的差异。结论儿童淋巴细胞亚群分布存在年龄和性别的差异。本研究成功建立中国汉族28d至12岁健康儿童淋巴细胞亚群相对计数正常参考值范围。     

儿童噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症淋巴细胞亚群变化及临床意义

目的探讨外周血淋巴细胞亚群对儿童噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH)诊断、治疗和预后判断的意义。方法 30例HLH患儿,采用HLH-2004诊断治疗方案,20例患儿获得完全缓解,10例死亡。30例同龄健康儿童作为正常对照。采用流式细胞术检测外周血淋巴细胞亚群。结果 20例缓解患儿和10例死亡患儿急性期与正常对照组比较,CD3+T和CD8+T细胞比例均增高,CD4+T和CD3-CDl6+CD56+NK细胞比例均下降,CD4+/CD8+比值减低,差异均有统计学意义(H=7.857~45.448,P均0.05);CD19+B细胞比例与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(H=6.202,P0.05)。20例HLH缓解患儿缓解期与急性期淋巴细胞亚群比较,CD3-CD16+CD56+NK细胞比例的差异有统计学意义(Z=3.760,P0.05),CD3+T、CD8+T、CD4+T和CD4+/CD8+比值、CD19+B计数差异无统计学意义(Z=0.135~1.082,P均0.05)。结论 HLH患儿淋巴细胞亚群有明显变化,存在细胞免疫失衡;动态检测其变化可能有助于判断HLH的治疗效果及预后。     

急性白血病患儿外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞水平测定及临床意义

为探讨急性白血病患儿外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞水平及意义 ,采用流式细胞技术测定 90例急性白血病患儿外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞水平。结果 ,急性白血病患儿外周血T淋巴细胞亚群中CD3+ 、CD4+ 、CD4+ CD8+ 均明显低于对照组水平 (P <0 0 1) ,CD8+ 高于对照组水平 (P <0 0 1) ,NK细胞 (CD1 6+ 56+ )明显低于对照组水平 (P <0 0 1) ,经治疗缓解者T淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞达正常水平。结果表明 ,T淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞可作为急性白血病辅助诊断指标 ,为临床治疗提供实验依据     

����H1N1���л���ϸ�������ص����

目的探讨甲型H1N1流感患儿感染后细胞免疫功能的变化。方法回顾性分析2009年10月至2010年1月苏州大学附属儿童医院收治的86例甲型H1N1流感确诊病例(分成危重组和重症组)的临床资料;采用流式细胞仪检测患儿外周血T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞和NK细胞亚群比例。以23例外科住院患儿的淋巴细胞亚群作为对照组来观察甲型H1N1流感患儿的细胞免疫功能变化特征。结果 (1)CD3+、CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+亚群百分比:重症组和危重组较对照组明显降低,而该两组之间差异无统计学意义;(2)CD3-CD19+、CD19+CD23+亚群百分比统计结果示危重组>重症组>对照组,各组间比较有统计学意义(P<0.05);(3)CD3-CD16+CD56+亚群百分比在重症患儿和对照组之间差异无统计学意义,危重组较其他两组均有显著下降;(4)CD4+/CD8+比值在各组之间差异无统计学意义。结论甲型H1N1流感患儿感染后细胞免疫功能存在明显紊乱:T淋巴细胞受到全面抑制,B淋巴细胞激活参与病毒的清除,NK细胞比例的降低与危重患儿的病情相关。     

新生儿脐血T细胞亚群分布特点

应用OKT系列单克隆抗体对45例足月新生儿脐血和30例2～7岁健康儿童外周血T细胞亚群进行检测,发现脐血OKT_3~+细胞百分率和OKT_4~+/OKT_8~+比值显著低于儿童外周血,OKT_8~+、OKT_(10)~+和OKT_(48)~(++)细胞百分率均显著高于儿童外周血,而OKT_4~+细胞百分率两组间无差异。男、女间脐血T细胞及亚群均无明显差异。结果表明脐血中T细胞表面抗原标记和细胞亚群发育均不成熟。     

儿童系统性红斑狼疮外周血淋巴细胞亚群变化的临床意义

目的探讨儿童系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群测定的临床意义。方法采用直接四色标记免疫荧光染色法,流式细胞仪检测24例患儿(其中活动期11例,非活动期13例)和20例健康儿童组外周血的淋巴细胞亚群,对比两组检测结果。结果与对照组及非活动期比较,活动期SLE患儿CD3+、CD4+、自然杀伤细胞百分率及CD4+/CD8+比值明显降低;B细胞百分率明显升高;活动期SLE患儿CD8+细胞百分率明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论儿童SLE细胞免疫功能存在异常,淋巴细胞亚群的测定可作为诊断活动期与非活动期SLE患儿一项有价值的参考指标。     

呼吸道合胞病毒下呼吸道感染外周血Th细胞亚群的研究

为探讨RSV下呼吸道感染辅助性T淋巴细胞CD4~+及其亚群CD4~+CD45RA~+、CD4~+CD45RO~+的表达及其意义,用单克隆抗体双色免疫荧光PE/FITC双标记,流式细胞仪检测30例RSV下呼吸道感染患儿急性期外用血单个核细胞(PBMCs)辅助性T淋巴细胞 CD4~+及其亚群CD4~+CD45RA~+、CD4~+CD45RO~+的表达;同时检测15例年龄、性别无差异的健康儿为对照。结果显示,RSV下呼吸道感染组患儿外周血辅助性T淋巴细胞CD4~+明显低于对照组(P<0.05);CD4~+CD45RA~+细胞明显下降(P<0.05);CD4~+CD45RO~+细胞虽稍有下降,但与对照组相比无统计学差异(P>0.05);CD4~+CD45RA~+/CD4~+CD45RO~+比值与对照组相比明显降低(P<0.05)。表明婴幼儿RSV下呼吸道感染急性期的免疫功能紊乱主要表现为辅助性T淋巴细胞CD4~+及其亚群CD4~+CD45RA~+/CD4~+CD45RO~+的失衡。     

Interleukin-6 and Thrombocytopoiesis: Probable Role of Platelets During Acute Phase Responses

Recovery of cell-mediated immunity after cessation of chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was investigated in 14 children to monitor the duration of immune deficiency. The numbers of blood T cells and their subsets were analyzed at 0. 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after discontinuation of therapy with monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. The total T-cell count was low at cessation but normalized at 1 to 3 months, whereas the T-cell subsets CD4 +, CD8+ CD4+ Leu8 -, and CD4 + CD45RA + recovered differently, In children ages 3 to 6 years, the numbers of CD4 + cells and their subsets were normal at cessation, whereas in children ages 7 to 18 years, CD4+ and CD4+Leu8+ cell counts normalized only at 6 months. The numbers of CD8 + cells or activated T cells were not increased and the CD4 + /CD8 + ratio was not inverted, unlike recovery after bone narrow transplantation. Although the groups showed a mean reversion to normal values by 6 months, there were individual patients who continued to have subnormal values for I year after therapy, some of whom exhibited increased susceptibility to infections.     

Recovery of Blood T-Cell Subsets After Chemotherapy for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastlc Leukemia

Recovery of cell-mediated immunity after cessation of chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was investigated in 14 children to monitor the duration of immune deficiency. The numbers of blood T cells and their subsets were analyzed at 0. 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after discontinuation of therapy with monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. The total T-cell count was low at cessation but normalized at 1 to 3 months, whereas the T-cell subsets CD4 +, CD8+ CD4+ Leu8 -, and CD4 + CD45RA + recovered differently, In children ages 3 to 6 years, the numbers of CD4 + cells and their subsets were normal at cessation, whereas in children ages 7 to 18 years, CD4+ and CD4+Leu8+ cell counts normalized only at 6 months. The numbers of CD8 + cells or activated T cells were not increased and the CD4 + /CD8 + ratio was not inverted, unlike recovery after bone narrow transplantation. Although the groups showed a mean reversion to normal values by 6 months, there were individual patients who continued to have subnormal values for I year after therapy, some of whom exhibited increased susceptibility to infections.     

儿童急性白血病淋巴细胞变化与化疗和感染相关性探讨

目的 分析儿童急性白血病化疗后外周血中淋巴细胞的变化,探讨淋巴细胞值异常与患儿继发免疫紊乱,导致感染及重症感染发生之间的关系。方法 急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)27例,急性髓性白血病(AML)9例,经化疗骨髓持续缓解(CCR)9-12个月和21-24个月,外周血白细胞≥4.0×109／L时,用流式细胞仪、单克隆抗体(美国BD公司)分别检测患儿外周血中CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD19+、CD16／56+细胞的百分数,进行统计分析。结果 1.随着化疗次数的增加,机体的免疫活性细胞会受到不同程度损害,T细胞亚群的比例明显失调,CD4+细胞百分数下降(P<0.01),CD8+细胞百分数上升(P<0.05),CD4+／CD8+细胞比值严重倒置(P<0.01),CD19+细胞百分数下降(P<0.05),临床上常见白血病患儿易感染和多发严重感染亦与此有关。2.CD16／56+标记的自然杀伤细胞并不随化疗次数增加而有变化(P>0.05),在白血病的治疗中有重要意义。3.AML外周血中CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+／CD8+、CD19+、CD16+／56+细胞百分数无改变(P>0.05)。结论 ALL患儿免疫活性细胞随着化疗次数的增加受到明显影响,有必要尽早进行免疫干预治疗,以提高患儿机体的免疫功能,以增强抗感染能力,恢复机体的免疫监督能力。对CD19+细胞减少,在感染发生时,给与丙种球蛋白,可减轻感染程度。     

Recovery of Natural Killer Cells After Chemotherapy for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Solid Tumors

Recovery of natural killer (NK) cells after cessation of chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and solid tumors was investigated in 25 children aged 3 to 18 years. The numbers of CD3-CD56+, CD16+, and CD8-CD57+ cells in peripheral blood were analyzed with monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after discontinuation of therapy. The CD3-CD56+ and CD16+ cell counts of ALL patients (n = 14) were below the mean -1SD values of controls at cessation but normalized within one month due to a rapid 2.1 and 4.5 fold increase, respectively. The CD8-CD57+ cell count of ALL patients was normal compared to controls at cessation. In solid tumor patients (n = 11), the counts of all NK cell phenotypes studied were of normal amount compared to controls at cessation and no vigorous increase occurred after the therapy. NK cell function was determined by killing K 562 target cells in five patients. In the two standard risk ALL patients tested, the activity was still low at 5 months after therapy. In contrast, the function was normal at 1 month (Wilms' tumor), 3 months (Mb Hodgkin's) and 6 months (Burkitt lymphoma). In conclusion, NK cell counts were decreased compared to controls during therapy for ALL, but recovered rapidly afterwards. In spite of normal counts, NK cell function may be impaired for several months. The number and function of NK cells is less affected in solid tumor patients. These differences may reflect the milder immunosuppressive effect of interval cytostatic medication in solid tumor patients when compared to the more intensive continuous therapy in ALL patients. © 1995 Wi1ey-Liss, Inc.     

病毒性肺炎患儿自然杀伤细胞亚群、T细胞亚群及血IL-2、IL-4、INF-γ变化的研究

目的 探讨病毒性肺炎患儿自然杀伤(NK)细胞亚群、T细胞亚群及血IL-2、IL-4、INF-γ的动态变化及临床意义.方法 采用流式细胞术测定32例病毒性肺炎患儿急性期(肺炎起病2?d内)、恢复期(肺炎起病5?d内)外周血NK细胞亚群、T细胞亚群,用ELISA法测定血IL-2、IL-4、INF-γ水平,用乳酸脱氢酶释放法测定NK细胞活性变化,并与30例健康对照组儿童进行比较.结果 (1) 病毒性肺炎患儿CD16+CD56+、CD16+NK细胞在急性期分别为(0.73±0.17)%、(0.39±0.2)%,恢复期分别为(1.47±0.22)%、(0.89±0.14)%;急性期与恢复期比较,恢复期CD16+CD56+、CD16+NK细胞明显升高(P<0.01),但均显著低于对照组(P<0.01).两组NK细胞亚群变化与其活性改变呈正相关.病毒性肺炎患儿CD56+NK细胞与健康儿童差异无显著性(P>0.05).(2) 与对照组相比,病毒性肺炎患儿的急性期、恢复期IL-2、IL-4均无明显改变,差异无显著性(P>0.05);急性期INF-γ无明显改变,差异无显著性(P>0.05),而恢复期INF-γ[(28.10±1.38)?μg/L]明显高于急性期[(22.78±1.19)?μg/L],差异有非常显著性(P<0.01).(3) 与对照组相比,病毒性肺炎患儿CD4+、CD4+/CD8+T细胞计数在急性期与恢复期均无明显改变,差异无显著性(P>0.05).病毒性肺炎急性期、恢复期CD8+T细胞均低于对照组,差异有显著性(P<0.05),但病毒性肺炎急性期、恢复期间差异无显著性(P>0.05).结论 病毒性肺炎患儿NK细胞活性降低,活性与亚群数目呈正相关;病毒性肺炎患儿抑制性T细胞功能低下.病毒性肺炎急性期NK细胞激活是多因素共同作用的结果 .     

手足口病患儿淋巴细胞亚群和免疫球蛋白及补体C3、C4水平分析

目的 分析淋巴细胞亚群、免疫球蛋白及补体C3、C4在手足口病患儿免疫状态评估中的临床应用价值。方法 选取282例手足口病患儿为手足口病组,130例健康儿童为健康对照组;检测两组外周血CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺T淋巴细胞、CD19+B淋巴细胞、CD56+自然杀伤细胞比例,CD4⁺/CD8⁺、IgA、IgM、IgG和补体C3、C4水平。结果 多因素分析显示,手足口病组CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺T淋巴细胞比例及补体C3、C4水平低于健康对照组（P < 0.05）,CD56+自然杀伤细胞比例、IgG水平高于健康对照组（P < 0.05）。单独效应分析显示,0岁~手足口病组CD4⁺/CD8⁺高于健康对照组（P < 0.05）;0岁~及3岁~的男性手足口病组IgM水平高于健康对照组（P < 0.05）;3岁~男性及0岁~女性手足口病组IgA水平低于健康对照组（P < 0.05）。结论 手足口病患儿存在细胞免疫及体液免疫功能紊乱,监测淋巴细胞亚群、免疫球蛋白水平可以为手足口病患儿的免疫状态评估提供实验室依据。     

CD8＋ T细胞在肠道病毒71型感染重症手足口病中的作用研究

目的：检测分析肠道病毒71型（EV71）感染手足口病患儿外周血CD8＋T细胞数量变化与患儿年龄以及病情严重程度之间的关系,进而分析探讨CD8＋T细胞在EV71感染神经系统并发症发生中的潜在作用。方法收集2014年3月至9月昆明市儿童医院感染科确诊的手足口病患儿138例,其中普通型33例,重型45例,危重型60例。患儿年龄9个月~5岁。采用流式细胞术对外周血中CD8＋T细胞亚群进行检测。结果与各年龄段健康儿童CD8＋T细胞参考值相比,除~2岁年龄段普通型手足口病患儿CD8＋T细胞百分比增高明显,~5岁年龄段危重型手足口病患儿CD8＋T细胞减低外,其他各年龄段各病情患儿中CD8＋T细胞均增高或略高。其中,9~15个月普通型、重型患儿外周血CD8＋T细胞百分比增高均较明显,而危重型患儿略增高;~2岁患儿随病情加重CD8＋T细胞增高幅度逐渐减低;~5岁年龄段患儿,普通型增高不明显,重型略高,危重型减低。~2岁年龄段普通型与重型、危重型手足口病患儿CD8＋T细胞百分比均存在显著差异（ P均﹤0.05）;而其他年龄段手足口病患儿,不同病情严重程度者CD8＋T细胞的表达无显著差异（ P均﹥0.05）。结论 CD8＋T细胞的表达变化与患儿年龄及病情严重程度间存在一定的关系;尤其是~2岁年龄段手足口病患儿体内CD8＋T细胞的表达减低与患儿病情发展至重症相关,推测CD8＋T细胞在~2岁年龄段手足口病患儿很可能发挥重要的抗病毒免疫反应。     

Differential modulation of the immune response by breast- or formula-feeding of infants

Spontaneous integrin expression on CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ lymphocytes at 6 months was significantly lower in breastfed than formula-fed infants ( p < 0.05). In another study of 59 formula-fed and 64 breastfed 12-month-old children blast transformation and cytokine production by lymphocytes, and T cell changes were measured before and after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination (MMR). Before vaccination, lymphocytes of breastfed children had lower levels of blast transformation without antigen ( p < 0.001), with tetanus toxoid ( p < 0.02) or Candida ( p < 0.04), and lower interferon-γ production ( p < 0.03). Fourteen days after the live viral vaccination, only the breastfed children had increased production of interferon-γ ( p < 0.02) and increased percentages of CD56+ ( p < 0.022) and CD8+ cells ( p < 0.004). These findings are consistent with a Thl type response by breastfed children, not evident in formula-fed children. Feeding mode has an important long-term immunomodulating effect on infants beyond weaning.     

Treatment-resistant expansion of CD8+CD28-cells in pediatric HIV infection

There is a disease stage-dependent loss of CD28 expression on T cells in HIV-infected children. In this study, T cell recovery, in particular CD28 expression on T cells, was analyzed after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a group of eight mostly treatment-naive HIV-infected children. Plasma HIV-RNA levels were recorded, and numbers of CD4, CD8, CD4+CD28+, and CD8+CD28+ cells were determined by two-color flow cytometry. Values after 12 mo of therapy were compared with age-matched, seronegative control subjects. CD4 recovery to subnormal values was observed in all children. CD8+CD28+ cells recovered and were within the normal range after 12 mo of therapy (patients, 703 +/- 250 cells/microL; controls, 789 +/- 269 cells/microL), whereas CD8+CD28- cells (546 +/- 269 cells/microL) remained significantly expanded compared with age-matched controls (140 +/- 35 cells/microL). Expansions of CD8+CD28- cells persisted even in cases with long-term suppression of viral replication. Highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children induces substantial but incomplete T cell recovery.