基层医院开展显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的临床经验

目的总结基层医院开展颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术的经验。方法回顾分析了近3年对高血压性脑出血和慢性硬膜下积液病人侧裂及鞍区的显微解剖资料及颅内动脉瘤治疗的资料。结果通过鞍区及侧裂显微手术实践，基本掌握了鞍区解剖知识和侧裂分离技术。39例颅内动脉瘤病人中，25例恢复正常工作，9例轻残，2例重残需人照料，术后死亡3例（占7．6％）。术后脑积水4例。结论熟悉鞍区显微解剖知识和侧裂分离技术对于基层医院开展颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术是非常重要的。     

Magnetic resonance imaging of severe, long-term, opiate-abuse patients without neurologic symptoms may show enlarged cerebrospinal spaces but no signs of brain pathology of vascular origin

BACKGROUND: Recreational drug abuse is one of the most important risk factors for stroke in young adults. Abuse of opiates may lead to severe acute neurologic problems due to ischemia or hemorrhage. In contrast, their minor effects on brain structures are not well established. We evaluated brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) of opiate-dependent subjects who had no major neurologic symptoms or psychiatric disorder. METHODS: Seventeen opiate-dependent patients and 17 controls underwent 1.5 T MRI. Any abnormalities in signal intensity of the brain were recorded. Areas of vermis, corpus callosum, and midline internal skull surface (MISS) were measured from midline sagittal slice. To evaluate size of cortical sulci, sylvian fissures, and ventricles, axial images were compared with standard sets of reference images. In addition, bifrontal and sylvian-fissure ratios were measured. RESULTS: Only one patient had a small subcortical post-traumatic lesion; otherwise, gray and white matter showed normal signal intensities. Opiate-dependent subjects had significantly wider sylvian fissures (p=0.008, Mann-Whitney U) and larger ventricles (p=0.04) than controls. Bifrontal and sylvian-fissure ratios were significantly higher in patient group than in controls (p=0.013 and p=0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: No signs of brain pathology of vascular origin were found. From the clinical point of view, we want to emphasize that in the first acute neurologic attack of opiate-dependent patients, any abnormal signal intensity in MRI is most probably associated with the patient's current situation. Sylvian fissures and ventricles were wider in opiate-dependent subjects than in controls, which may be related to brain atrophy located especially in frontal and temporal lobes.     

侧裂区动静脉畸形的手术治疗

目的 探讨侧裂区动静脉畸形(AVM)的手术治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2009年3月于北京天坛医院神经外科脑血管病区手术治疗的94例侧裂区AVM患者临床资料.根据畸形血管巢与侧裂的解剖学相对位置关系对其进行分类,同时记录术后神经系统并发症及恢复情况.结果 94例侧裂区AVM可分为侧裂前、侧裂后、侧裂深部、侧裂上以及单纯侧裂AVM 5类.所有患者均全切病灶并经术后脑血管造影(DSA)证实.术后神经系统并发症多为一过性,包括偏瘫8例(合并失语5例),单纯失语1例.另有2例(2.1%)术后分别出现手术侧硬膜外血肿及颅内出血.所有患者出院时KPS评分均高于90分.结论 侧裂区动静脉畸形可累及多个脑功能区,周围血供丰富,是目前AVM治疗的难点之一.但其治疗不应过于保守,仍建议显微手术切除作为此类颅内动静脉畸形的主要治疗手段.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the microsurgical treatment for sylvian fissure arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).Methods The clinical data of 94 sylvian fissure AVMs treated microsurgically was retrospectively collected.They were classified as medial, lateral, deep, anterior and simple AVMs according to the anatomic location of nidus in sylvian fissure.Results Total lesion removal was achieved in all patients and it was confirmed by postoperative digital subtraction angiography. Transient neurological deficits, including slight hemiparesis (n=5, 5.3%) and aphasia (n=4, 4.3%), were documented.Another 2 patients (2.1%) presented with a postoperative epidural and an intracranial hematoma respectively. However, an excellent outcome was observed in all patients as indicated by the Karnofsky performance scale >90.Conclusion The microsurgical treatment for sylvian fissure AVMs has been greatly restrained by the involvement of multiple brain functional regions and its anatomic complexity. A more aggressive approach is recommended.     

颅脑手术后非手术区急性硬脑膜外血肿

目的探讨颅脑手术后非手术区急性硬脑膜外血肿发生的原因及预防措施和治疗方法.方法回顾性分析10例非手术区急性硬脑膜外血肿发生的特点.结果5例为术野临近部位血肿,5例为远隔部位血肿.10例均行手术清除血肿,1例死亡.结论颅脑术后非手术区急性硬脑膜外血肿发生的可能原因是打开骨瓣时,脑组织连带硬脑膜向骨窗口膨出,造成硬脑膜和颅骨剥离出血.术前、术中降低颅压可预防.术中遇到无法解释的急性脑膨出或术后苏醒迟缓、昏迷、脑疝应急行CT检查,清除血肿.     

螺旋CT扫描后三维图像重建在急性颅内血肿患者应用价值

目的：评价CT三维重建在急性颅内血肿中的临床应用价值。方法：使用Ge双排螺旋全身CT扫描机对108例急性颅内血肿患者进行头颅CT扫描,在图像重建工作站利用阈值选定并采用CT容积重建成像（VRT）对血肿进行三维重建,伪彩色技术处理后在三维空间定位后进行手术评估。对需手术治疗者,在术前评估,应用血肿三维空间定位,制订手术方案,选择最佳手术入路。结果：全部病例三维重建后满意地显示出血肿的空间解剖关系。24例手术患者预后满意。结论：CT三维重建简化观察者的思维过程,可直观、立体、准确地显示血肿的空间解剖关系,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

慢性硬膜下血肿手术治疗56例临床研究

目的:探讨使用钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿术后复发的相关危险因素及其防治。方法:回顾性分析经钻孔引流术治疗的56例慢性硬膜下血肿患者的临床资料、影像学表现、手术结果及其与复发的关系。结果:56例病例中,1例死亡,死亡原因为严重肺部感染。并发症4例,术后血肿复发2例,脑内血肿1例,硬膜外血肿1例。余55例患者恢复良好,均痊愈出院。结论:采用钻孔闭式引流治疗明显硬膜下血肿较为安全,术前、术中、术后应注意各种情况的发生,提高治愈率。     

颅内动脉瘤破裂伴颅内血肿的急性期手术治疗

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂伴颅内血肿的急性期手术治疗意义。方法对16例颅内动脉瘤破裂伴颅内血肿患者在48h内行手术治疗,术后1年以哥拉斯哥结果分级（GOS）标准对患者预后进行评价。结果16例患者显微手术夹闭成功。预后按GOS（哥拉斯哥结果分级）评价恢复良好7例,生活自理3例,重残2例,植物生存2例,死亡2例。结论对颅内动脉瘤破裂伴颅内血肿患者应积极行急性期手术治疗。     

Biochemical and molecular diagnosis of glutaric aciduria type 1 in a black South African male child: case report

Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA-1) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency of the mitochondrial enzyme glutaryl-Co enzyme A dehydrogenase. GA-1 is not uncommon amongst Caucasians but to the best of our knowledge, it has previously not been reported in black African children. We present a case of GA-1 in a black South African boy who was referred to hospital at the age of five years and ten 10 months with dyskinesia and dystonia accompanied by chorea and athetosis. Radiological examination revealed enlarged basal cisterns with bilateral fluid collection around the sylvian fissures suggestive of GA-1. Analysis of urine showed raised levels of glutaric acid at 520 micromol/mmol creatinine (normal <2.0), 3-hydroxyglutaric acid at 113 micromol/mmol creatinine (normal <3.0) and a low blood carnitine level of 31.5 micromol/l (normal 35-84). A definitive diagnosis was reached through DNA analysis which revealed homozygosity for an A293T mutation in the glutaryl-Co-enzyme A dehydrogenase (GCDH) gene.     

外伤性颅内血肿急性期血浆D-二聚体检测的临床价值

目的探讨外伤性颅内血肿急性期血浆D-二聚体(D-dimer)水平的动态变化与外伤性颅内血肿部位,治疗后转归的关系。方法采用透射免疫比浊法检测72例外伤性颅内血肿患者血浆D-dimer含量,并与62例高血压性脑出血患者和40例正常对照进行比较。结果外伤性颅内血肿患者血浆D-dimer致病后6 h、1周及2周血浆D-dimer水平显著升高,与高血压性脑出血患者组和正常对照组比较有显著牲差异(P<0.01),并以致病后6 h为最。同时,转归不良组血浆D-dimer水平显著升高,与转归良组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论外伤性颅内血肿急性期血浆D-dimer水平显著升高,揭示可能在该病急性期存在短暂的、纤溶活性增强的趋势。检测血浆D-dimer动态水平有助于判断抗纤溶治疗的效果及预测病情变化,并且血浆D-dimer水平的高低与出血部位、病人的转归密切相关。     

Stroke in adult polycystic kidney disease.

In order to assess the incidence of acute cerebrovascular events, 142 patients with adult polycystic kidney disease were retrospectively reviewed. Fourteen patients (9.8%) had 19 cerebral attacks. Six patients (4.2%) had intracranial haemorrhage attacks (three ruptured intracranial aneurysms and three cerebral haemorrhages). Ischaemic events occurred in nine patients (five cerebral infarctions and four transient ischaemic attacks). Patients with ischaemic attacks had a better outcome than patients with haemorrhagic events even when transient ischaemic attacks were excluded. Patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms were younger. Cerebral complications are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with adult polycystic kidney disease. They can prove disabling prior to or after dialysis and transplantation.     

外伤性多发性颅内血肿的临床诊治分析

目的：探讨外伤性多发性颅内血肿的早期诊断和治疗。方法：对笔者所在科室2007年9月-2011年12月收治的186例外伤性多发性颅内血肿患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析总结。结果：手术148例,非手术38例,按GOS评分,死亡18例（9.7%）,植物生存状态9例（4.8%）,重残26例（14.0%）,中残23例（12.4%）,良好110例（59.1%）。死亡原因为颅内血肿量大、弥漫性脑肿胀并恶性颅高压,脑干功能衰竭等。结论：提高诊断意识、加强临床观察和动态CT扫描有助于多发性颅内血肿的早期诊断,并改善预后。     

颅内肿瘤开颅术后再出血的原因及其防治

目的 探讨颅内肿瘤患者开颅术后再出血的原因及其防治措施。方法 回顾性分析20例颅内肿瘤患者开颅术后发生颅内血肿的临床资料，总结其形成的原因。结果 在20例术后发生颅内血肿的患者中，14例血肿位于原手术区。6例位于非手术区。所有病例均经再次手术清除颅内血肿。再次手术后，12例痊愈，3例残废。5例死亡。结论 术中颅内压骤降、止血不彻底、操作性损伤及术后再灌注损伤等是颅内肿瘤患者开颅术后发生颅内血肿的主要原因。术前、术中采取相应的措施，术后严密监护，早期诊断是防治术后颅内血肿的关键。     

急性硬膜下血肿伴脑肿胀的临床救治

目的探讨急性硬膜下血肿合并脑肿胀病人的治疗方法。方法回顾性分析了手术治疗的43例急性硬膜下血肿伴脑肿胀病人的临床资料。结果按GOS评分评价疗效,死亡14例,存活29例。其中良好11例,中残12例,重残6例。结论尽早采用大骨瓣减压,血肿清除,术后积极预防各种并发症,综合治疗可提高疗效。     

微创血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血41例临床分析

目的：探讨微创血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的临床疗效：方法：对收治的41例高血压脑出血患者采用颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针治疗。结果：41例均一次穿刺成功,28例术后3～4d复查CT证实原血肿已基本消失,5例术后5～6d复查CT证实血肿已基本消失,8例因微创术后病情恶化而死亡。其余均无并发症出现,术后均痊愈出院。结论：微创血肿清除术是治疗高血压脑出血的有效方法。     

戊二酸尿症I型患者的临床与脑部MRI特征

目的探讨戊二酸尿症I型患者的临床表现及脑部MRI特征。方法回顾性分析8例经尿气相色谱-质谱联用方法确诊的戊二酸尿症I型患者的临床与影像资料,总结其临床表现与脑部MRI特征。结果 8例中男6例,女2例,所有患者尿液戊二酸、3-羟基戊二酸排泄量均明显超出正常范围。主要临床表现为智力发育减退和运动障碍。脑部MRI显示8例患儿均出现额颞叶脑萎缩、外侧裂池增宽以及双侧基底节区对称性长T1长T2异常信号,5例中央脑白质出现长T1长T2异常信号,4例出现硬膜下积液或积血,1例大脑脚对称性长T1长T2异常信号。结论戊二酸尿症I型患者的临床表现无特异性,其脑部MRI较具特征性表现,主要表现为基底节区、中央白质区对称性受累,额颞叶脑萎缩,外侧裂池增宽,MRI对其诊断具有重要价值。     

少量外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血SCT诊断

目的提高对少量外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血的SCT诊断和鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析经SCT复诊证实的105例少量外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血的SCT表现。结果纵裂池出血47例,侧裂池出血30例,脑沟出血22例,小脑幕区出血6例。合并脑挫裂伤、硬膜下血肿或颅骨骨折共12例。结论SCT扫描对少量外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血的定性、定位诊断有重要价值。     

脑肿瘤术后非手术区域硬膜外血肿形成的原因分析

目的分析脑肿瘤术后非手术区域硬膜外血肿形成的原因为预防措施提供依据．方法回顾性分析我科室自2005年7月至2009年7月共计9例脑肿瘤术后非手术区域硬膜外血肿发生的特点．结果所有病例血肿均发生于小脑幕上,其中5例位于额部,2例位于颞部,1例位于顶部,1例位于枕部;平均血肿量为（38．6±4．7）mL．结论脑肿瘤术后非手术区域硬膜外血肿为多种原因所导致的颅内压及脑脊液动力学改变使硬脑膜与颅骨剥离．各环节采取相应预防措施及术后常规复查头颅CT是防治脑肿瘤术后非手术区域硬膜外血肿的关键．     

标准大骨瓣开颅术治疗急性硬膜下血肿35例临床分析

目的探讨标准大骨瓣开颅术治疗急性硬膜下血肿的手术方法及临床效果。方法回顾性分析3年来该院采用标准大骨瓣开颅术治疗的35例急性硬膜下血肿患者的病例资料。结果按格拉斯哥标准（GOS）对预后进行评估，全组35例中，治愈16例，中残7例，重残4例，死亡8例。术后并发症：迟发性血肿3例，外伤性脑梗塞1例，硬膜下积液3例，皮片坏死1例，减压区脑软化灶2例，颅内感染2例，外伤性癫痫3例。结论标准大骨瓣开颅术暴露良好、止血方便，能迅速清除血肿、缓解颅压，是治疗急性硬膜下血肿的有效手段。     

Benign Intracranial Hypertension with Particular Reference to Its Occurrence in Fat Young Women

Benign intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri), a syndrome common to a number of disorders, is characterized by headaches and blurred vision. The patient is alert and has papilledema without localizing signs. Air studies show normal ventricles under increased pressure. The authors describe 61 consecutive cases of this pseudotumour, 48 of which were in fat young women, and propose that this group represents a clinical entity that has hitherto received little attention.

In these 61 patients, 40 complete-exchange pneumoencephalograms showed normal ventricles, normal fluid volume and prominent cortical sulci. In 32, subtemporal decompression resulted in prompt and lasting relief. Three patients had late convulsive seizures after surgery. Seven patients had nasal quadrantanopsias, the implications of which are discussed. The authors believe that the high intracranial pressure in this condition is due to cerebral hyperemia, not brain edema. Further investigation will perhaps demonstrate a relationship between obesity, vascular dilatation and increased intracranial pressure.

     

不同手术时机的颅内血肿微创清除术治疗急性脑出血的疗效研究

目的:探讨颅内血肿微创清除术治疗急性脑出血的最佳时机,提高临床治疗水平。方法:选取我院自2007年3月至2010年7月收治的120例急性脑出血患者作为研究对象,按照发病后行颅内血肿微创清除术治疗时间分为A组(6h)、B组(12h)、C组(24h)、D组(48)各30例,比较四组患者血肿完全清除率、血肿复发率、术后3个月神经功能恢复及并发症情况。结果:①A、B组与C、D组患者血肿完全清除率、血肿复发率比较差异显著(P<0.01),具有统计学意义。②术后3个月神经功能恢复情况4组间比较均有显著差异(P<0.01),A组重度病残率均较其他三组低(P<0.01),具有统计学意义。③四组患者并发症发生情况比较差异不大(P>0.05),无统计学意义。结论:早期(≤6h)内行颅内血肿微创清除术可提高患者血肿清除率、降低血肿复发率,同时可改善患者神经功能恢复和预后,对提高患者术后生存质量具有重要价值。