厚朴的提取方法及质量分析考察

目的以厚朴酚、和厚朴酚为含量测定指标,寻找厚朴最为有效的提取方法。方法采用甲醇冷浸法、乙醇热回流法、超临界CO2萃取法(CO2supercritical fluid extraction)对厚朴药材进行提取,利用HPLC法对各提取物中厚朴酚、和厚朴酚的含量进行测定。结果超临界CO2萃取的提取物中厚朴酚、和厚朴酚的含量最高,质量分数分别为2.00%、2.79%,分别是甲醇冷浸法、乙醇热回流法的2.5倍、4倍。结论运用超临界CO2萃取法能对厚朴进行高效率的提取,HPLC法能简便、准确地测定提取物中厚朴酚、和厚朴酚的含量。     

6种不同厚朴炮制品中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的差异

目的研究不同厚朴炮制品中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量，为厚朴炮制品制订质量标准提出科学依据。方法采用HPLC法对6种不同炮制品进行检测厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量。结果6种不同炮制品中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的总含量依次为：生片〉姜紫苏制厚朴〉姜炙厚朴〉姜浸厚朴〉酒炙厚朴〉醋制厚朴〉盐水制厚朴。其中姜制3种方法中也存在着差异，以姜紫苏制厚朴含量最高。结论综合分析以厚朴的姜制方法较佳。     

不同炮制方法对厚朴主要成分的影响分析

采用高效液相法测量不同方法炮制的厚朴中厚朴酚、和厚朴酚含量及其探含量的变化规律,结果表明不同炮制方法对厚朴酚、和厚朴酚的含量存在着较大的影响,其中生品中厚朴酚、和厚朴酚含量最高,其余依次为水制厚朴、姜炙厚朴、酒炙厚朴、醋制厚朴、姜浸厚朴。以水制法和生姜炙方法最优,其含量与生品相近。     

厚朴花不同部位厚朴酚及和厚朴酚含量的比较

目的对厚朴花中各部位含厚朴酚与和厚朴酚成分含量比较,为完善药材厚朴花的质量控制方法提供依据。方法采用中国药典该品种项下的TLC法、HPLC法检测和比较厚朴花各部位中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量。结果与结论厚朴酚与和厚朴酚存在于厚朴花中各部位的含量有明显差异,其质控指标值得进一步完善。     

厚朴中厚朴酚及和厚朴酚提取工艺的优化研究

目的对厚朴中厚朴酚及和厚朴酚的提取工艺进行优化。方法采用乙醇提取法,以厚朴酚与和厚朴酚得率为评价指标,采用正交设计法对提取工艺进行优化。结果优选的提取工艺为料液比为8,70%乙醇,提取3次,每次2h。结论通过正交设计法优选的厚朴提取工艺简单合理、稳定可行。     

厚朴酚对大鼠脑创伤后神经元凋亡及死亡相关蛋白激酶表达的影响

目的观察厚朴酚对大鼠脑创伤后神经细胞死亡相关蛋白激酶（DAPK）的表达和凋亡的影响，探讨厚朴酚对脑创伤后神经细胞凋亡的脑保护机制。方法建立大鼠自由落体脑创伤模型，雄性的Wister大鼠60只，随机数字表法分为脑损伤组、生理盐水组、脂肪乳剂组、厚朴酚组各4组15只。采用TUNEL法观察细胞凋亡和RT—PCR法观察DAPKmRNA在脑创伤后的变化。结果脑创伤后受伤区、受伤周边区神经细胞过度表达DAPKmRNA，并且出现明显的神经细胞凋亡，厚朴酚能够使DAPKmRNA的表达高峰及神经细胞凋亡高峰下调。结论厚朴酚可能通过抑制DAPK的表达，减少神经细胞凋亡而发挥脑保护作用。     

HPLC法测定香砂平胃颗粒中厚朴酚及和厚朴酚的含量

目的制定香砂平胃颗粒中厚朴酚及和厚朴酚的含量测定法。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定厚朴酚、和厚朴酚的含量。结果厚朴酚、和厚朴酚进样量分别在0.0305μg～0.2034μg和0.0369μg～0.2460μg时,与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。厚朴酚、和厚朴酚平均回收率分别为97%、98%,RSD均为1.4%。结论应用HPLC含量测定方法简便易行,重现性好,可用于该产品的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定木香顺气丸中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量

木香顺气丸是由木香、砂仁、香附（醋制）、槟榔、厚朴（制）等中药组成。采用HPLC法同时测定厚朴中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量，为更有效地控制该制剂的质量提供了依据。     

不同商品规格厚朴提取液中厚朴酚与厚朴酚含量测定

厚朴酚和厚朴酚为厚朴的主要酚性成分，利用气相色谱法对不同商品规格厚朴的厚朴酚与和厚朴酚进行测定。结果厚朴酚含量从高至低依次为：根朴，靴朴，筒朴，枝朴，和厚朴酚含量最高的是根朴，以下依次为筒朴，靴朴，枝朴。     

生姜与干姜炮制厚朴的比较研究

目的比较研究生姜与干姜制厚朴中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量,为姜制厚朴时辅料的选择提供科学依据。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定两种选用不同辅料的炮制品中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量。结果以厚村·酚与和厚朴酚的总含量计,生姜制厚朴比干姜制厚朴高1l％左右。结论在姜制厚朴中应以药典法炮制厚朴为佳。     

Comparison of the gastrointestinal anatomy,physiology, and biochemistry of humans and commonly used laboratory animals

In addition to metabolic differences, the anatomical, physiological, and biochemical differences in the gastrointestinal (G.I.) tract of the human and common laboratory animals can cause significant variation in drug absorption from the oral route. Among the physiological factors, pH, bile, pancreatic juice, and mucus and fluid volume and content can modify dissolution rates, solubility, transit times, and membrane transport of drug molecules. The microbial content of the G.I. tract can significantly affect the reductive metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of drugs and colonic delivery of formulations. The transit time of dosage forms can be significantly different between species due to different dimensions and propulsive activities of the G.I. tract. The lipid/protein composition of the enterocyte membrane along the G.I. tract can alter binding and passive, active, and carrier-mediated transport of drugs. The location and number of Peyer's patches can also be important in the absorption of large molecules and particulate matter. While small animals, rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits, are most suitable for determining the mechanism of drug absorption and bioavailability values from powder or solution formulations, larger animals, dogs, pigs, and monkeys, are used to assess absorption from formulations. The understanding of physiological, anatomical, and biochemical differences between the G.I. tracts of different animal species can lead to the selection of the correct animal model to mimic the bioavailability of compounds in the human. This article reviews the anatomical, physiological, and biochemical differences between the G.I. tracts of humans and commonly used laboratory animals.     

miR-15b基因干扰在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及机制研究

目的 探讨微小核糖核酸-15b(miR-15b)基因干扰对脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响及其作用机制。方法 取新生24 h内Wistar乳鼠的大脑皮层星形胶质细胞传代培养并鉴定,氧糖剥夺/再恢复法处理模拟体内脑缺血再灌注损伤（模型组）;无特殊处理的大脑皮层星形胶质细胞为对照组。构建miR-15b干扰腺病毒载体及阴性对照载体,分别转染上述模型组细胞,记为过表达组、沉默组、过表达对照组、沉默对照组,另设置空白组。24 h后,倒置相差显微镜观察各组细胞形态学改变;氮兰四唑盐（MTS）法检测细胞存活率,乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）漏出率实验检测细胞活力;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测各组细胞miR-15b以及B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)、胱天蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)、Caspase-9 mRNA表达;Western blot检测各组细胞Bcl-2、Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白表达;荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-15b是否靶向调控Bcl-2。结果 与对照组比,空白组、过表达对照组和沉默对照组贴壁细胞减少,细胞缩小变圆,分布松散,细胞存活率和Bcl-2 mRNA及...     

Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on glucose–insulin homeostasis and lipid metabolism in first-episode schizophrenia

Rationale Glucose and lipid metabolism dysfunction is a significant side effect associated with antipsychotics. Although there are many studies about the linkages between drugs and metabolic dysfunction, most of these studies have compared the effects of two antipsychotics on only one metabolic measure: either glucose or lipid metabolism.Objectives The present study aimed to investigate the effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and sulpiride on glucose and lipid metabolism in first-episode schizophrenia.Materials and methods One hundred twelve schizophrenics were assigned randomly to receive clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, or sulpiride for 8 weeks. Planned assessments included body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide, insulin resistance index (IRI), cholesterol, and triglyceride. All measures were collected at baseline and at the end of the 8-week treatment.Results After treatment, insulin, C-peptide, and IRI were significantly increased in the four groups, but not fasting glucose levels. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly increased in the clozapine and olanzapine groups. Patients treated with clozapine and olanzapine had higher fasting insulin, C-peptide, and IRI levels than those treated with risperidone and sulpiride. Among the four antipsychotics, the increases of mean BMI from high to low were as follows: clozapine, olanzapine, sulpiride, and risperidone.Conclusions This study confirmed that the four antipsychotic drugs were associated with an increase of insulin, C-peptide, and IRI. It was found that clozapine and olanzapine were associated with an increase in cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The effects of clozapine and olanzapine on the glucose and lipid metabolism outweighed those of risperidone and sulpiride.     

基于HMGR、SQS1、β-AS基因CNVs的甘草道地性机制研究

本文利用real-time PCR方法对不同产地甘草的3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰CoA还原酶 (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, HMGR)、鲨稀合成酶1 (squalene synthetase 1, SQS1)、β-香树脂醇合成酶 (β-amyrin synthase, β-AS) 基因的拷贝数进行了研究, 发现不同产地的HMGR基因存在1～3个拷贝数变异, SQS1基因存在1～2个拷贝数变异, 未发现β-AS基因拷贝数变异。甘草HMGR、SQS1、β-AS基因拷贝数存在5种自然组合类型: A型 (2+1+1)、B型 (1+1+1)、C型 (3+2+1)、D型 (2+2+1) 和E型 (3+1+1), 其中内蒙古杭锦旗甘草存在A、B两种类型, A与B的比例为1∶1.3; 内蒙古赤峰甘草也存在A、B两种类型, 但A与B比例为3∶1; 宁夏盐池甘草存在A、B、C、D 4种类型, A/B/C/D比例为1∶5.1∶1∶2, A/B比例为1∶5.1; 甘肃民勤甘草存在A、B、E 3种类型, A/B/E比例为4.1∶2.1∶1, A/B比例为2∶1。本研究证明中药功能基因基因组拷贝数变异 (copy number variations, CNVs) 与产地具有相关性, 可能是道地药材形成的机制之一。     

The development of environmentally acceptable fluorocarbons

Abstract

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were introduced in the 1930s as the safe replacements for the toxic and flammable refrigerants being used at that time. Subsequently, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) were also developed. In addition to refrigerant applications, they were used as foam blowing agents, as solvents and as propellants for many aerosols. In the 1970s and 1980s, concern developed about their environmental impact, specifically on stratospheric ozone depletion. Industry began to consider acceptable replacements. In 1987, many of the governments of the world came together and drafted the Montreal Protocol, calling upon Industry to initially phase out production of the CFCs and later HCFCs. Within 4?months of the signing of the Montreal Protocol, the 15 global major producers joined together to form the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), which sponsored research into environmental effects and the Program for Alternative Fluorocarbons toxicity Testing, PAFT), which examined the toxicology of potential replacements for the CFCs and HCFCs. Nine replacements were identified by companies and, through this international cooperation; toxicology programs were designed, conducted, and evaluated without duplication of effort and testing; consequently these new products were introduced within less than 10?years. Indeed the Montreal Protocol has been recognized as the most appropriate international treaty to phase-down HFCs. In 2016 the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol set out a phase-down schedule for the consumption and production of HFCs. In order to reduce the consumption and emissions of high GWP HFCs. Recently lower GWP HFCs and very low GWP HFOs (hydrofluoroolefins and HCFOs (hydrochlorofluoroolefins) have been introduced into a range of applications. Summaries of the toxicology profiles of some of the original CFCs and HCFCs, the replacements and the new post-PAFT replacements are described. The chemicals in this review include CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, HCFC 22, HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HCF-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-143a, HFC-152a, HFC-245ea, HFC-245fa, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze, and HCFO-1233zd.     

湘西少数民族地区HCV、HIV及梅毒感染情况调查分析

目的了解湘西少数民族地区丙型肝炎（HCV）、爱滋病（HIV）及梅毒感染情况。方法对术前、产前、输血前及一些特殊检查治疗前进行丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗-HCV）、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体（抗-HIV）、梅毒试验（TP-ELISA）的检测分析。结果本地区HCV感染率为0.82%、HIV感染率为0.17%,梅毒感染率为4.28%。结论加强HCV、HIV及梅毒的检测。对明确疾病诊断,指导临床治疗,加强医务人员防护及院内感染工作,避免不必要的医疗纠纷,具有重要的临床和社会意义。     

Subacute toxicity evaluation in rats exposed to concrete and hwangto building environments

This study examined the potential adverse effects of the subacute exposure of rats to concrete and hwangto building environments. Polycarbonate was used as a comparison. Groups of 10 male rats were exposed to polycarbonate, concrete, or hwangto cages for a 4-week period in summer or winter. During the study period, the clinical signs, mortality, skin temperature, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross findings, organ weights, and histopathology were examined. The concentration of total volatile organic compounds (VOCs), temperature, and relative humidity in the each cages were also measured. There were no exposure-related effects in any group of the study examined in the summer. The temperature, relative humidity, and the concentration of VOCs in the cages were similar in all groups. However, in the winter study, significant differences in several parameters were detected among the groups. In the concrete group, there was an increase in the clinical signs, a reduction in the body weight gain, food intake, and liver weight, an increase in the lung weight, and an increase in the histopathological alterations in the lung and thymus. Infrared thermal analysis showed that the skin temperature of the rats in the concrete group was lower than that in the polycarbonate group. However, in the hwangto group, there was a decrease in the clinical signs and an increase in the body weight, food intake, and the weights of the heart, lung, spleen, and epididymides. Overall, the 4-week exposure of the rats to the concrete building environment had adverse effects on the clinical signs, skin temperature, body weight, and some organs in the winter but not in the summer. On the other hand, the exposure of hwangto building environment did not have any exposure-related adverse effects on the general health parameters and skin temperature in rats.     

Principles of antidote pharmacology: an update on prophylaxis, post-exposure treatment recommendations and research initiatives for biological agents

The use of biological agents has generally been confined to military-led conflicts. However, there has been an increase in non-state-based terrorism, including the use of asymmetric warfare, such as biological agents in the past few decades. Thus, it is becoming increasingly important to consider strategies for preventing and preparing for attacks by insurgents, such as the development of pre- and post-exposure medical countermeasures. There are a wide range of prophylactics and treatments being investigated to combat the effects of biological agents. These include antibiotics (for both conventional and unconventional use), antibodies, anti-virals, immunomodulators, nucleic acids (analogues, antisense, ribozymes and DNAzymes), bacteriophage therapy and micro-encapsulation. While vaccines are commercially available for the prevention of anthrax, cholera, plague, Q fever and smallpox, there are no licensed vaccines available for use in the case of botulinum toxins, viral encephalitis, melioidosis or ricin. Antibiotics are still recommended as the mainstay treatment following exposure to anthrax, plague, Q fever and melioidosis. Anti-toxin therapy and anti-virals may be used in the case of botulinum toxins or smallpox respectively. However, supportive care is the only, or mainstay, post-exposure treatment for cholera, viral encephalitis and ricin – a recommendation that has not changed in decades. Indeed, with the difficulty that antibiotic resistance poses, the development and further evaluation of techniques and atypical pharmaceuticals are fundamental to the development of prophylaxis and post-exposure treatment options. The aim of this review is to present an update on prophylaxis and post-exposure treatment recommendations and research initiatives for biological agents in the open literature from 2007 to 2009.     

金属改性玉米秸秆生物质炭吸附恩诺沙星的机理研究

目的 提高传统玉米秸秆生物质炭对抗生素的吸附能力,研究生物质炭对恩诺沙星的吸附机理。方法 利用FeCl3和ZnCl2对玉米秸秆生物质炭进行铁改性和锌改性,运用SEM、FTIR、XRD等分析方法研究改性前后生物质炭的性质和结构,并进行吸附试验。结果 铁改性和锌化生物质炭表面含氧官能团数量增加,微孔所占体积增大,比表面积分别增大了9.7和8.1倍;XRD图谱显示改性后生物质炭结晶性降低,稳定性下降。铁改性和锌化后的生物质炭,对恩诺沙星的最大吸附量分别提高了21.30%和10.81%,准二级动力学方程跟Langmuir方程能很好的描述3种炭的吸附过程,吸附热力学分析显示3种炭对恩诺沙星的吸附是一个自发、吸热、无序的过程。结论 经过铁改性和锌改性后,能够增大生物质炭的比表面积及孔隙结构,使得生物质炭能够提供更多的吸附位点,从而增强其对恩诺沙星的吸附能力。     

Confronting Inadvertent Stigma and Pejorative Language in Addiction Scholarship: A Recognition and Response

ABSTRACT. Appropriate use of language in the field of addiction is important. Inappropriate use of language can negatively impact the way society perceives substance use and the people who are affected by it. Language frames what the public thinks about substance use and recovery, and it can also affect how individuals think about themselves and their own ability to change. But most importantly, language intentionally and unintentionally propagates stigma: the mark of dishonor, disgrace, and difference that depersonalizes people, depriving them of individual or personal qualities and personal identity. Stigma is harmful, distressing, and marginalizing to the individuals, groups, and populations who bear it. For these reasons, the Editorial Team of Substance Abuse seeks to formally operationalize respect for personhood in our mission, our public relations, and our instructions to authors. We ask authors, reviewers, and readers to carefully and intentionally consider the language used to describe alcohol and other drug use and disorders, the individuals affected by these conditions, and their related behaviors, comorbidities, treatment, and recovery in our publication. Specifically, we make an appeal for the use of language that (1) respects the worth and dignity of all persons (“people-first language”); (2) focuses on the medical nature of substance use disorders and treatment; (3) promotes the recovery process; and (4) avoids perpetuating negative stereotypes and biases through the use of slang and idioms. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of each of the above principles, along with examples, as well as some of the nuances and tensions that inherently arise as we give greater attention to the issue of how we talk and write about substance use and addiction.