供肾动脉带主动脉袖口预防移植肾动脉狭窄

目的:探讨供肾动脉带主动脉袖口预防移植肾动脉狭窄的效果。方法:对955例(1030例次)行肾移植患者的肾移植供肾动脉,全部采用主动脉袖口与受者髂内动脉吻合。应用彩色多普勒血流B超及移植肾动脉血管造影排除移植肾动脉狭窄。结果:955例(1030例次)肾移植无一例出现移植肾动脉狭窄。结论:供肾动脉带腹主动脉袖口可以防止移植后肾动脉狭窄发生。     

肾移植中供受者血管变异的处理

在肾移植中,常会遇到供受者动脉病变及多支血管变异,如处理不当,常导致移植肾失败或肾功能不全.本院共施行肾移植350例,其中受者髂内动脉严重粥样斑块硬化、管腔接近闭塞者30例,供肾多支动脉变异36例,供肾动脉与髂内动脉管径悬殊较大8例,均作了合理的处理.术后移植肾血供良好,1年后随访,吻合血管通畅,肾功能正常,现将其处理经验介绍如下.1 处理方法1.1 髂内动脉严重粥样斑块硬化的处理髂内动脉管腔很小,接近闭塞.这种髂内动脉如与肾动脉吻合,开放血流后移植肾常供血不足,肾色虽鲜艳,但充盈张力差,术后常发生急性肾衰及无尿,导致肾移植失败.对此,我们有沉痛的失败教训.后来我们对25例粥样斑块硬化患者采取髂内动脉斑块切除,然后与肾动脉作端端吻合,开放血流后移植肾充盈张力良好.对5例斑块不能切除者,采取肾动脉与髂外动脉端侧吻合,同样取得良好效果.术后随访1年,肾功能正常,肾动脉无血管杂音,B超、彩色多普勒血流图、肾动脉造影(部分患者)未发现异常变化.     

髂内动脉与移植肾动脉端端吻合对肾移植受者阴茎血流及勃起功能的影响

目的:对髂内动脉与移植肾动脉端端吻合是否影响阴茎血供及勃起功能是有争议的,通过检测移植前后阴茎动脉血流,前瞻性评估髂内动脉与移植肾动脉端端吻合对受者阴茎血供及勃起功能的影响。方法:33例维持性血液透析(MHD)患者,接受了活体肾移植,移植术中使用右侧髂内动脉与移植肾动脉端端吻合。在移植前和移植后6个月,接受了国际勃起功能指数为主的问卷调查,记录移植前后阴茎多普勒血流、血肌酐、血红蛋白、胆固醇水平及移植后免疫抑制治疗方案。结果:33例MHD患者,年龄21~55岁,血液透析期间,36%的患者存在勃起功能障碍,移植后33%的患者存在勃起功能障碍。主诉中67%患者移植后勃起功能没有改变,15%患者勃起功能变差,18%患者勃起功能改善,其中包括2例术前勃起功能障碍患者。移植前后勃起功能方面的评分分别为(24.6±5.1)和(24.2±6.2),两者无显著差异(P>0.05)。移植前后患者在射精功能、插入满意度和总体满意度方面没有显著差异;然而在性欲方面,移植后患者性欲评分明显高于尿毒症期(6.2±1.6vs8.9±0.9,P<0.01)。所有患者在尿毒症期阴茎海绵体药物注射后均获得充分勃起,超声多普勒结果表明不存在阴茎动脉供血不足;6例患者舒张期血流速度(EDV)及阻力指数(R I)异常。移植后收缩期血流峰值(PSV)明显低于移植前(左侧45.9±8.9vs41.3±8.0,P<0.01;右侧46.5±8.6vs41.5±8.1,P<0.01),但无1例患者出现阴茎动脉供血不足;8例受者EDV及R I异常。结论:单侧髂内动脉阻断显著降低阴茎动脉血流,但通过对侧髂内动脉的补偿不会因为阴茎血供不足而导致ED的发生;男性肾移植受者使用髂内动脉与移植肾动脉端端吻合,对阴茎勃起功能没有负面影响。     

男性肾移植受者手术前后的勃起功能状况及动脉吻合方式对其影响

目的:评价男性肾移植受者手术前后的勃起功能状况及不同动脉吻合方式对勃起功能的影响。方法:选取22～60岁、移植后存活1年以上、血清肌酐9个月内维持在200μmol/L以下的已婚男性肾移植受者55例,其中采用供肾动脉与髂内动脉端端吻合的39例,供肾动脉与髂外动脉端侧吻合的16例。运用IIEF-5对患者移植前及移植后3、6、9个月的勃起功能进行调查,并评价移植所采用的动脉吻合方式对其影响。其中25例分别在移植前和移植后1个月检测其垂体性激素的变化。结果:肾移植术后3、6、9个月患者的IIEF-5评分与术前比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05);IIEF-5评分肾移植术后6个月、9个月患者与术后3个月比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05);术前血液透析时间在12个月以内的患者IIEF-5评分高于血液透析时间在12个月以上的患者(P<0.05);移植后9个月髂外动脉端侧吻合者的勃起功能好于髂内动脉端端吻合者,差异具有显著性(P<0.05);移植术后1个月患者的垂体激素水平与移植前差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:肾移植后,患者的勃起功能及垂体激素水平得到了改善,而采用髂外动脉与供肾动脉吻合的患者勃起功能恢复要好于采用髂内动脉与供肾动脉吻合的患者。     

糖尿病髂动脉硬化患者肾移植术51例报告

目的探讨糖尿病髂动脉硬化患者的肾移植手术特点。方法51例糖尿病合并髂动脉硬化的肾移植受者共行肾移植术54例次。其中肾动脉与髂外动脉直接端侧吻合13例次；切除硬化内膜，肾动脉与髂总／髂外动脉端侧吻合19例次；切除硬化内膜，肾动脉与髂内动脉钛环钉法端端吻合22例次。结果发生移植肾血流灌注不足致移植肾原发性无功能3例次，发生移植肾功能延迟恢复9例次（17．6％），其余42例次移植肾功能恢复良好。围手术期死亡2例（均为心跳骤停）。随访11—70个月，1年人／肾存活率为89．8％／87．8％，3年存活率为84．4％／81．3％。结论糖尿病髂动脉硬化患者移植肾动脉吻合困难，为保证移植肾有充足的血流灌注，应根据患者的不同情况选择吻合血管，并行硬化动脉内膜切除术。合并冠心病的患者肾移植术前应先行心肌再血管化手术。     

探讨肾动脉多支畸形的供肾在体外血管重建中的方式及在肾移植中的应用

目的探讨。肾动脉多支畸形的供。肾在体外血管重建中的方式及其在肾移植中的应用。方法对5例肾动脉多支畸形供肾的修整采取截取受者同侧髂内动脉的方法，依据供肾动脉的分支数而保留髂内动脉的分支数；在体外将供肾动脉各分支与髂内动脉大分支的开口进行端端吻合，然后将髂内动脉主干与受者髂外动脉行端侧吻合。将肾动脉重建后的供肾应用于双侧肾动脉瘤患者的自体肾移植术1例、亲属活体供肾肾移植术3例和尸体肾移植术1例。结果术后5例受者均未发生外科并发症。1例术后发生短暂的急性。肾小管坏死，但48h后进人多尿期，肾功能恢复顺利。术后随访10-36个月，受者移植。肾功能全部正常，肾动脉及分支未发生血栓或闭塞。结论采用受者的髂内动脉体外重建供。肾动脉的方法，可有效修复肾动脉3支以上以及。肾动脉过短的供肾，是一种安全可行的血管重建的方法，血管并发症较低，可有效应用于肾移植。     

糖尿病性肾病合并髂动脉严重硬化患者的肾移植手术处理

目的 探讨糖尿病肾病合并髂动脉严重硬化患的肾移植手术技巧。方法 15例糖尿病肾病合并髂动脉严重硬化的肾移植患，8例次清除髂内动脉内膜硬化斑块后，由钛轮钉端端吻合动脉；10例次剥离髂总或髂外动脉硬化内膜，与肾动脉端侧吻合。结果 术后心跳骤停死亡1例；1例病人连续3次发生移植肾血流灌注不足导致的移植肾原发性无功能，第4次肾移植肾功能良好；其余13例病人首次移植术后肾功能良好。结论 严重动脉硬化患的动脉吻合困难，为保证移植肾有足够的血流灌注，应根据病人的不同情况选择吻合血管，并行硬化内膜切除术。     

肾移植术中供肾二次缺血再灌注一例

我们由于失误 ,导致术中供肾二次缺血 ,恢复血流后移植肾功能恢复正常 ,现将本例报道如下。患者为男性 ,4 5岁。供肾移植于受者右侧髂窝 ,肾静脉与髂外静脉行端侧吻合 ,肾动脉与髂内动脉行端端吻合。开放血流后 ,移植肾色红润 ,但张力差 ,搏动弱 ,调整肾脏位置后肾脏又呈暗紫色。查看肾动静脉 ,见肾动脉吻合在静脉前(应在静脉后 ) ,导致肾动脉扭曲 ,肾静脉受压。调整肾脏位置仍不满意。开放血流后 6 0min输尿管无蠕动及尿液流出。只得再次阻断肾、动静脉 ,切除动脉吻合口段 ,静脉壁纵行切开 0 .5cm ,用 4℃HC A液灌洗肾脏 ,肾周放置碎冰屑…     

肾移植术后髂内动脉自体移植治疗感染性髂外动脉出血(附一例报告及文献复习)

目的 探讨肾移植术后感染性髂外动脉吻合口出血的处理。方法 报告1例髂内动脉自体移植治疗感染性髂外动脉吻合口大出血病例，结合文献复习讨论。患者，男，25岁。肾移植术后第22、24、38天3次出现感染性移植。肾动脉髂外动脉吻合口大出血，出血量分别达800、2500、3800ml。经输血、及时手术探查，两次吻合口缝合修补效果不佳，第3次手术切除移植肾，并将感染病变严重的髂外动脉段切除，髂外动脉缺损长约2cm，以3cm长的髂内动脉段移植修复。结果 修复后髂外动脉血流通畅，患侧下肢血供良好，患者恢复血液透析，等待再次移植。结论 感染性移植肾动脉髂外动脉吻合口出血为肾移植术后严重并发症，单纯修补常难以奏效，髂内动脉自体移植修补缺损合理可行，操作简易，效果较好。     

髂内动脉在肾移植术后髂外动脉出血中的应用

目的:探讨肾移植术后感染性外动脉移植肾动脉吻合口出血的处理。方法:采用自体髂内动脉片或段修补、串接治疗髂外动脉吻合口大出血。结果:修复后的髂外动脉血流通畅,患侧下肢血供良好。结论:感染性移植肾动脉髂外动脉吻合口出血为肾移植术后严重并发症,单纯缝扎止血常难以奏效,与其他方法比较,自体髂内动脉片或段修补、串接修补缺损的髂外动脉操作简单,效果非常满意。     

The long-term outcomes of transplantation of kidneys with multiple renal arteries

Kidneys with multiple renal arteries are increasingly procured for transplantation. To compare the outcomes of kidney transplantation using allografts with multiple arteries, we studied long-term graft function and survival according to their number of arterial anastomoses during an 18-year period from July 1, 1990, through December 31, 2008, in which only the recipient's external iliac artery or internal iliac artery was used for anastomosis (n = 1186). The recipients were divided into four groups: group I, single renal artery with single anastomosis (n = 890, 75.0%); group Il, multiple renal arteries, single anastomosis (n = 26, 2.2%); group Ill, multiple renal arteries, multiple anastomoses (n = 236, 19.9%); and group IV, polar artery ligation (n = 34, 2.9%). We compared the following variables patient and graft survivals; mean creatinine levels at 1 and 6 months, as well as 1-, 3-, and 5-years posttransplant; the number of acute rejection episodes, and the rates of vascular and urologic complications. The creatinine values and incidences of acute rejection episodes did not differ significantly (P = 0.399 and P = 0.990, respectively). There were no significant differences among the four groups in graft survival (P = 0.951), patient survival (P = 0.751), incidence of vascular (P = 0.999) or urologic complications (P = 0.371). The four groups were subdivided according to the recipient arterial anastomosis to the main graft renal artery. The subdivided groups showed no significant differences in graft or patient survival, or complications rates. The results indicated that multiplicity of renal arteries in kidney transplantation did not adversely affect allograft or patient survival compared with single renal artery transplantation. Moreover, the type of the arterial anastomosis (main renal artery end-to-end anastomosed to internal iliac artery or end-to-side anastomosed to external iliac artery appeared to not affect graft or patient survival or the incidence of vascular or urologic complications.     

A Case Report of Successful Kidney Transplantation in a Patient With Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Who Underwent Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair for Type B Aortic Dissection

BackgroundAutosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is associated with several cardiovascular disorders, including aortic dissection, which preferentially occurs at the thoracic or abdominal level. Because there are few case reports describing surgical repair for aortic dissection followed by renal transplantation in patients with ADPKD, kidney transplantation performed after repair for aortic dissection remains challenging.Case presentationA 34-year-old Japanese man with end-stage renal disease secondary to ADPKD underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair for complicated acute type B aortic dissection 12 months earlier. A contrast computed tomography scan before transplantation revealed an aortic dissection involving the descending aorta proximal to the common iliac arteries and confirmed multiple large bilateral renal cysts. After simultaneous right native nephrectomy, the patient underwent preemptive living-donor kidney transplantation obtained from his mother. Intraoperatively, we noted that dissection of the external iliac vessels was difficult because of dense adhesions. Arterial clamping was performed immediately below the bifurcation of the internal iliac artery to prevent further aortic dissection of the external iliac artery. After end-to-end anastomosis to the internal iliac artery was completed and the vascular clamp was released, the kidney began to produce urine immediately.ConclusionThis case suggests that kidney transplantation in patients undergoing endovascular aortic repair for aortic dissection can be performed by adequately applying a vascular clamp proximal to the internal iliac artery during vascular anastomosis.     

儿童肾移植23例临床分析

目的　探讨儿童肾移植的临床特点及围手术期处理特点。方法　回顾性分析平均年龄(15 4± 1 0 )岁的 2 3例儿童肾移植患者的临床资料 ,统计术后移植肾功能变化、急性排斥及并发症发生率。结果　 2 3例手术过程顺利 ,均未出现外科并发症。 1例治疗非顺应致移植肾失去功能 ,2 2例术后平均 5 5d恢复肾功能。术后 6个月内科并发症包括高血压 13例 (5 7% )、肺部感染 4例 (17% )、骨髓抑制与药物性肝损害各 3例 (13% )。术后 1年内急性排斥反应 4例 (17% )。术后第 1年体重平均增加 2 3kg ,身高平均增高 1 0cm。 1年、3年人 /肾生存率分别为 10 0 % / 96 %、90 % / 80 %。结论　肾移植是治疗儿童终末期肾病的有效治疗措施。合适的术式、术后免疫抑制药物的合理应用、并发症的预防和及时治疗是提高人、肾存活率的关键。     

Use of an ectopic pelvic donor kidney for transplantation

A case is presented in which an ectopic but otherwise normally functioning kidney was used for living related renal transplantation. The donor evaluation was complicated by nonvisualization of the ectopic kidney on intravenous pyelogram, presumably through an error in radiologic technique. Donor nephrectomy and transplantation of the recipient were performed uneventfully; the kidney had an ectopic arterial supply from the donor internal iliac artery which had to be anastomosed to the distal external iliac artery of the recipient because of the short vessels and short ureter. One year after transplantation, both donor and recipient are doing well with normal renal function. An ectopic kidney discovered in an otherwise healthy and willing donor should not preclude him from consideration.     

Kidney transplantation from living related donors with multiple vessels. A problem revisited

Thirty-one renal transplantations were performed using kidneys from living donors with known bilateral double renal arteries. In twenty-one patients both vessels were anastomosed but in ten patients a tiny polar vessel was sacrificed resulting in a small infarct in the grafted kidney. Results of transplantation in these patients were compared with those in recipients of related and cadaver kidneys matched for time of transplant, sex, and age of recipient. There is an increased incidence of acute tubular necrosis in recipients of transplants from living donors with double renal arteries. By several weeks after transplantation, however, renal function is identical to that in recipients of related donor organs with single arteries. Hypertension that is more common in patients with double renal arterial anastomoses is relatively easy to control with increased antihypertensive medications. Two patients had loss of the kidney transplants because of stenosis of one or both renal arterial anastomoses. Despite these losses, the results of renal transplantation from living related donors with double renal arteries are almost as successful as those from a related donor with single renal arteries.In contrast, recipients of kidneys with polar infarcts appear to undergo more episodes of rejection, infection, or both, than do recipients of related transplants with single renal arteries. In one patient with a polar infarct, delayed total ureteral necrosis developed.Living related donors with bilateral double renal arteries should be accepted as donors in preference to cadaver donors if both vessels can easily be anastomosed. If, however, a polar vessel must be sacrificed, it is suggested that a cadaver donor be utilized in preference to a related donor.     

活体肾移植供肾多支血管处理的体会

目的探讨活体肾移植供肾多支血管的处理及重建方法。方法 49例供体,供肾有多支动脉变异45例,有多支静脉变异7例,其中3例为肾动脉、静脉同时多支血管变异。供肾切取术中,对于供血面积直径小于3cm且影响操作的分支动脉,术中即予结扎、离断;多支静脉,如直径为主干的1/3以下且试夹闭该静脉未发现明显淤血等血液回流障碍者,给予结扎、离断。5例采用体外血管重建。受体肾移植术中根据分支动脉管径、长度及位置及受者髂动脉和腹壁下动脉的情况等综合条件来选择受者相应的动脉吻合。结果 48例动脉分支吻合者在开放血流后搏动良好、吻合口通畅,术后1～7d内肾功能恢复正常、术后1～2周彩色多普勒超声检查,提示该分支动脉供血区域丰富。肾静脉分支结扎者未发现淤血现象。1例高龄供肾者发生肾功能延迟恢复。术后无出血、肾动脉栓塞、尿瘘、输尿管坏死和新发高血压等并发症。结论正确处理移植肾多支血管变异,可获得良好移植效果。     

Vascular-induced erectile impotence in renal transplant recipients.

The incidence and pathogenesis of sexual dysfunction were studied in 16 male renal allograft recipients. In 9 patients with bilateral renal transplants in whom both internal iliac arteries were occluded nocturnal erections were absent and a penile arterial pulse could not be palpated. Of 7 patients with 1 renal allograft 4 demonstrated penile nocturnal tumescence and the penile pulse could be palpated in 5. Since interruption of pelvic arterial blood supply appears to contribute to impotence in renal transplant recipients consideration should be given to the use of the external iliac artery for arterial anastomosis. Two patients were treated successfully with an inflatable penile prosthesis.