ConA刺激对CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞趋化特性及其表面趋化因子受体CCR4/CCR6表达的影响

目的：体外动态观察ConA激活的调节性T细胞表面趋化因子受体的表达变化及其趋化特性，为利用调节性T细胞诱导免疫耐受提供线索。方法：①流式细胞仪分选出CD4hiCD12710CD25 hiint细胞。②纯化的调节性T细胞与CD4^＋CD25一T细胞分别用ConA（10Fg／m1）刺激0、24和48小时后，用趋化因子CCL1、CCI5、CCL20、CCI_22做趋化实验，观察各趋化因子作用下调节性T细胞与CD4^＋CD25-T细胞的趋化特性。同时，流式细胞仪检测CCR4与CCR6的表达。结果：①分离得到的调节性T细胞纯度为97．4％，活细胞率为95％，得率：4．1％。②CCL1、CCL20、CCL22均可趋化调节性T细胞，且在ConA激活后趋化效率随时间而改变。CCL1与CCL22对调节性T细胞的趋化指数显著高于CD4^＋CD25^-T细胞；CCL20对调节性T细胞和CD4^＋CD25-T细胞趋化指数都很高；CCL5对调节性T细胞趋化性则显著弱于CD4^＋CD25^-T细胞。③ConA刺激后，调节性T细胞趋化因子受体CCR4、CCR6的表达均明显高于对照组细胞（CD4^＋CD25^-细胞）。随着ConA刺激时间延长，两组细胞CCR4的表达均持续增强；两组细胞CCR6的表达均在刺激24小时后表达明显增强，48小时后CCR6的表达略有减弱，呈下降趋势。结论：①磁珠阴性分选结合流式细胞仪技术可分选出较高纯度及活率的调节性T细胞。②调节性T细胞与CD4^＋CD25^-T细胞相比，二者具有不同的趋化特性。CCL1对调节性T细胞的趋化作用较特异，CCL-22趋化作用较强，CCL5趋化作用较弱。而CCL20对CD4^＋CD25-T细胞和调节性T细胞趋化作用都强。③ConA刺激后48小时内趋化因子CCLl、CCL20、CCL-22对调节性T细胞的趋化作用随刺激时间而增强。④ConA刺激可以增强受体CCR4、CCR6表达。⑤提示趋化因子受体的表达与细胞活化状态有关，且不同受体表达变化趋势不同。     

正常人周围血初始和记忆T细胞亚群及细胞因子表达的探讨

目的：利用多色流式检测技术探讨初始和记忆T细胞亚群与细胞因子表达之间的关系。方法：自正常人静脉血中分离PBMC,经超抗原（SEB）刺激5h后,加入多种抗细胞表面标记和抗细胞因子抗体进行染色,利用流式细胞术检测,并利用Flow Jo软件分析结果。结果：根据CD45RO表达与否,将CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞分为初始和记忆T细胞,再根据归巢受体（CD62L）和趋化因子受体（CCR7）的表达与否,将初始和记忆T细胞进一步分为不同的亚群。当T细胞受到SEB激活后,CD45RO^＋和CD45RO^-的CD4^＋或CD8^＋T细胞均表达IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF-α。进一步分析结果表明,CD62L^hi和CD62L^hiCCR7^＋细胞不表达细胞因子,而CD62L^loCCR7^lo和CCR7^＋T细胞均表达细胞因子,其中CD62L^loCCR7^lo细胞表达细胞因子的阳性率明显高于CCR7^＋细胞亚群。结论：只利用CD45RO表达与否区分初始和记忆T细胞是不够准确的,同时检测CD62L的表达,可明显地提高其准确性。     

趋化因子受体CCR5、CCR7、CXCR3和CXCR6在丙肝患者肝内及外周血CD4+ T淋巴细胞上的表达及其意义

目的比较趋化因子受体CCR5、CCR7、CXCR3和CXCR6在丙肝患者肝内和外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞表面表达水平及其意义,同时进一步了解其与肝脏组织学炎症反应的关系.方法采用荧光标记抗趋化因子受体的单克隆抗体对肝内及外周血中CD4^＋T淋巴细胞表面的趋化因子受体进行染色后,采用9色11参数流式细胞仪LSRⅡ进行检测分析.结果（1）肝内CCR5^＋、CXCR3^＋或/和CXCR6^＋的CD4^＋T淋巴细胞频数高于外周血（P＜0.001）,而CCR7^＋CD4^＋T淋巴细胞频数低于外周血（P＜0.001）;（2）肝内CCR5^＋或CXCR6^＋的活性（CD38^＋）CD4^＋T淋巴细胞频数高于外周血（P＜0.05）;（3）肝内表达2种或2种以上趋化因子受体CCR5、CXCR3和CXCR6的CD4^＋T淋巴细胞频数明显高于外周血（P＜0.001）,而不表达或仅表达一种上述趋化因子受体CD4^＋T淋巴细胞频数明显低于外周血（P＜0.001）;（3）CCR5和CXCR6在肝内CD4^＋T淋巴细胞表面的表达有中等度相关;（4）肝内组织学炎症明显组表达趋化因子受体CCR5、CXCR3或CXCR6的CD4^＋T淋巴细胞频数高于炎症轻微组.结论趋化因子受体CCR5、CXCR3和CXCR6可能介导CD4^＋T淋巴细胞向肝内迁徙定植,并参与肝脏炎症的病理免疫学反应过程.     

利用多种表面标志鉴别正常人外周血初始和记忆T细胞亚群

目的探索能够准确鉴别初始和记忆T细胞亚群的表面标志及其关联性。方法自正常人静脉血中分离PBMCs,同时加入9种不同标记的抗体,进行染色,利用流式细胞仪检测,并分析结果。结果CD45RA^＋CD4^＋T细胞均表达CD27、CCR7、CD28和CD62L,而在CD45BA^-CD4^＋T细胞中,约有75％的细胞表达CD27,30％为CCR5^＋,90％为CCR7^＋,99％为CD28^＋,70％为CD62L^＋。与其相一致的是在CD62L^＋CD4^＋T细胞中,大约60％的细胞为CD45RA^＋,但CD62L^-CD4^＋T细胞中,大约95％的细胞为CD45RA^-。在CD8^＋T细胞中,大约有78％的细胞为CD45RA^＋,其余为CD45RA^-。CD45BA^＋CD8^＋T细胞的表型与CD45BA^＋CD4^＋T细胞基本相似。结论同时检测多种T细胞表面标志,深入了解T细胞各亚群的表型特征,对疾病的诊断、治疗、预后判断以及疫苗的设计和效果评价具有重要的指导意义。     

多器官功能障碍综合征小鼠肺间质树突状细胞的病理学观察

目的探讨肺间质树突状细胞在多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）免疫紊乱及脏器损伤机制中的变化与作用。方法C57BL／6小鼠腹腔注射酵母多糖复制MODS模型,分为正常、3—6h（致伤早期）、12～48h[失控性全身炎性反应（SIRS）期]、5～7d（恢复期）和10～12d（MODS期）组。光镜与电镜观察各组小鼠肺及间质树突状细胞的病变;运用免疫组织化学方法检测间质树突状细胞表面标记物CD11c和CD205,共刺激分子CD80和CD86在肺中的表达水平;逆转录-聚合酶链反应法检测趋化因子SLC及其受体CCR7在肺中的表达情况;流式细胞术检测MODS各期小鼠外周血CD4^＋与CD8^＋的T淋巴细胞数量与比值。结果致伤早期,肺间质树突状细胞显著增生,共刺激分子CD80和CD86低水平表达,趋化因子SLC及其受体CCR7在肺组织中表达水平开始上升,外周血T淋巴细胞CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值下降;SIRS期,间质树突状细胞继续增生,CD80和CD86标记阳性细胞数显著上升（与正常组比较均P〈0．01）,SLC与CCR7在肺组织中表达明显高于正常组（均P〈0．01）,外周血T淋巴细胞CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显下降（与正常组比较P〈0．01）;MODS期,肺间质树突状细胞高度增生,但CD80和CD86表达显著减少（与SIRS期比较P〈0．01）,肺组织中SLC表达水平继续上升,而CCR7表达水平明显下降（与SIRS期比较P〈0．01）,外周血T淋巴细胞CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值显著下降。结论肺间质树突状细胞在MODS中的变化可能参与并影响了MODS病程中的免疫失衡与免疫抑制过程。CCR7的表达水平可以作为估价间质树突状细胞迁移活性和机体免疫应答水平的一个指标。     

趋化因子及受体与中国HCV/HIV合并感染相关性的研究

目的：探讨趋化因子自细胞介素8（IL-8）、干扰素诱导蛋白10（IFN-inducible 10-kdaprotein，IP-10）及趋化因子受体CCR5、CXCR3，在丙肝病毒（HCV）单纯感染，艾滋病病毒（HIV）单纯感染和HCV／HIV合并感染过程中的表达及意义。方法：采用流式细胞术，检测HCV感染组（n=21）、HIV感染组（n=14）、HCV／HIV感染组（n=28）及正常对照组（n=30）人外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞和CD8^＋T淋巴细胞表面CCR5、CXCR3的表达。ELISA方法检测血清趋化因子IL-8、IP-10含量。结果：HCV感染组、HIV感染组和HCV／HIV合并感染组，血清IP-10水平都明显升高，而在合并感染组水平最高；血清IL-8水平在3组亦明显升高。HIV感染组及HCV／HIV合并感染组CD4^＋T细胞表面CXCR3表达显著降低（P〈0．001），CD8^＋T细胞表面CXCR3表达显著升高（P〈0．001）；HCV感染组CD4^＋及CD8^＋T细胞表面CXCR3表达轻度升高，但差异不显著。HCV感染组及HCV／HIV合并感染组CD4^＋及CD8^＋T细胞表面CCR5表达显著降低（P〈0.001）；HIV感染组CD4^＋及CD8^＋T细胞表面CCR5表达显著升高（P〈0.001）。结论：中国HCV／HIV合并感染患者中，血清IL-8和IP-10水平都明显升高；受体CXCR3在CD4^＋T细胞表面表达降低，而在CD8^＋T细胞表面表达升高；受体CCR5在CD4^＋及CD8^＋T细胞表面表达降低，提示趋化因子及受体与HCV／HIV合并感染密切相关。     

HSP70/CD80 DNA疫苗通过调节趋化因子及受体对哮喘小鼠气道炎症的影响

目的 观察HSP70/CD80 DNA疫苗通过调节趋化因子及趋化因子受体对急性哮喘小鼠气道炎症和气道高反应性的治疗作用.方法 以卵清蛋白(OVA)致敏小鼠,建立小鼠急性哮喘模型,同时肌肉注射HSP70/CD80 DNA疫苗.观察小鼠气道反应性,外周血IgE,肺组织炎症和黏液分泌情况,CCL5和CCL17在气道表达情况.Real-time PCR检测肺组织CCR5和CCR4基因表达.结果 与对照小鼠相比,急性哮喘小鼠的气道反应性明显增高,血清IgE含量明显升高(P＜0.05),肺组织炎细胞浸润明显(P＜0.05),大量黏液形成.HSP70/CD80 DNA疫苗治疗小鼠后,能有效减轻气道高反应性,降低血清IgE含量,降低抑制气道炎细胞浸润,减少黏液分泌(P＜0.05);且CCL5在气道上皮呈阳性表达,CCL17呈阴性(P＜0.05);肺组织CCR5基因表达增加和CCR4表达减少(P＜0.05).结论 HSP70/CD80 DNA疫苗可通过增强CCL5在气道上皮中的表达,减少CCL17表达;上调CCR5抑制CCR4,使CCR5/CCR4升高,从而恢复Th 1/Th2平衡,起到治疗哮喘的作用.     

两类记忆性T细胞的表型、迁移途径及功能的关系

幼稚T细胞由胸腺迁出后,进入二级淋巴器官的T细胞区,一旦接触抗原后即可发生增殖反应。其中一部分T细胞分化成记忆性T细胞,它针对已接触过的抗原,为机体提供快速而强烈的免疫反应。目前记为记忆性T细胞包括CCR7^-记忆性T细胞（TEM,效应性T细胞）和CCR7^ 记忆性T细胞（TCM,中央型T细胞）。CCR7^ 记忆性T细胞表面受体有助于细胞进入炎症部位,并能迅速产生免疫效应,而CCR7^ 记忆性T细胞表达淋巴结归巢受体,并缺乏迅速产生免疫效应的功能,但它能有效地刺激树突状细胞,辅助B细胞,并在再次接触相同抗原时分化成CCR7^-记忆性T细胞。     

淋巴细胞共刺激信号和凋亡信号异常与RA免疫效应亢进的研究

目的：探究T淋巴细胞表面多种细胞信号分子所介导的细胞活化或凋亡信号在RA患者免疫功能紊乱中的作用。方法：采用流式细胞术检测RA患者外周血T细胞亚群及其表面共刺激分子cD154（cD40L）、CD30和凋亡受体CD95（Fas）的表达。结果：RA患者外周血T细胞亚群偏移，CD4^＋T细胞增加，CD8^＋T细胞减少；共刺激分子CD154在CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞上的表达均上调，但CD30分子的表达均降低，并以CD4^＋T细胞降低更为明显。同时，凋亡受体CD95分子在T细胞亚群上的表达均明显增加。结论：RA患者T淋巴细胞表面多种信号分子表达异常，共同导致了RA患者免疫功能紊乱。     

趋化因子受体CCR7依赖的树突状细胞迁移的调控机制

树突状细胞(DC)是机体功能最为强大的抗原提呈细胞,不仅能够活化获得性免疫以促进机体对病原的清除,还能够诱导免疫耐受,维持免疫稳态。树突状细胞在不同免疫器官的定位及迁移是其发挥免疫功能和维持机体稳态的基础。外周的未成熟DC摄取病原体后成熟活化,上调趋化因子受体CCR7的表达。由淋巴结基质细胞所分泌的趋化因子CCL19/CCL21作用于DC表达的CCR7,促进DC向次级淋巴器官的T细胞区迁移,启动并调控T细胞介导的获得性免疫应答。CCR7信号触发一系列胞内信号通路,并受到胞内骨架系统、代谢通路及表观修饰等多种层面的调控。越来越多的研究表明DC迁移的紊乱可能导致DC在炎症部位的过度聚集及活化,引起组织过度炎症,甚至引发自身免疫性疾病。在这篇综述中,我们将讨论DC迁移过程的调控机制及其在炎症性疾病、自身免疫性疾病等免疫相关疾病中作用的研究进展。     

Functional expression of chemokine receptor CCR6 on human effector memory CD8+ T cells

Since CCR6 is a receptor for the chemokine CCL20, which is produced in tissues such as intestine and colon, it is thought that T cells expressing CCR6 are involved in mucosal immunity. The expression and function of CCR6 on human CD8+ T cells have not well been analyzed, although it is known that this receptor is expressed on a subset of human CD8+ T cells. We here characterize human CCR6+ CD8+ T cells. Multi-color flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that CCR6+ cells are predominantly found among CD8+ T cells having the memory phenotype. The expression of CCR6 is positively and negatively correlated with that of CCR5 and CCR7, respectively. CCR6+ CD8+ T cells express granzyme A and a low level of perforin but not granzyme B. In addition, a major population among these cells has the ability to produce IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha but not IL-2. These results indicate that CCR6+ CD8+ T cells have characteristics of early effector memory cells rather than effector or central memory cells. A chemotaxis assay revealed that CCR6+ CD8+ T cells have the ability to migrate in response to CCL20, suggesting that these T cells migrate to tissues such as colon and are involved in mucosal immunity.     

T lymphocytes expressing CCR3 are increased in allergic rhinitis compared with non-allergic controls and following allergen immunotherapy

BACKGROUND: In T cell-associated allergic inflammation, homing of T-helper 2 (Th2) effector cells to mucosal sites may be influenced by chemokine receptor expression. Previous studies have identified CCR3 and CCR4 as putative markers of Th2 cells and CCR5 and CXCR3 as markers of Th1 cells. The aim of this study was to assess differential chemokine receptor expression from symptomatic atopic grass pollen-sensitive subjects, compared with patients on high-dose allergen injection immunotherapy (IT) and healthy controls. METHODS: We examined chemokine receptor expression (CCR1-7 and CXCR1-4) by flow cytometry of peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We also depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) populations of CCR3+ CD4+ cells by magnetic bead separation and cells were stimulated with grass pollen allergen for 6 days. Cytokine production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: On freshly isolated PBMC, atopic individuals exhibited increased numbers of CCR3+ CD4+ cells compared with normal controls (P < 0.01). CCR3 expression in IT patients was reduced compared with matched atopic rhinitic controls (P < 0.05) and comparable with that observed in normal subjects. Depletion of CCR3+ CD4+ cells from allergen-stimulated PBMC cultures resulted in decreased interleukin (IL)-5 production compared with whole CD4+ populations (P < 0.05). Freshly isolated CCR3+ CD4+ cells have significantly higher intracellular IL-4 and lower IFN-gamma levels than CCR3- CD4+ cells. CD4+ T cells cultured from both peripheral cells and nasal biopsies demonstrated increased expression of CCR3 in the presence of IL-4 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: CCR3+ CD4+ T cells are increased in allergic rhinitis, are reduced by allergen IT, have a Th2 phenotype and contribute to allergen-specific responses. Strategies against CCR3+ T cells may be effective in human allergic diseases.     

Elevated CCR6+ CD4+ T lymphocytes in tissue compared with blood and induction of CCL20 during the asthmatic late response

CCR6 is expressed by multiple leucocyte subsets, including peripheral blood memory T cells, and mouse models implicate a role for this receptor in diverse inflammatory responses that include allergic airway disorders, inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune encephalitis. In order to study the role of CCR6 in humans, we have investigated the patterns of CCR6 expression and function on T cells from the peripheral blood, skin, nose and lung, in health and in allergic disease. Results show that CCR6 was expressed consistently on a higher proportion of tissue versus peripheral blood-derived CD4+ T cells (P < 0.01). CCR6 was expressed predominantly on CD4+ compared with CD8+ cells in both blood- and tissue-derived T cells (P < 0.001). The number of cells showing CCR6 expression was not proportionally greater in peripheral blood or nasal mucosal T cells of subjects with symptomatic allergic rhinitis. CCR6+ cells demonstrated enhanced functional responses to CCL20 and CCL20 was increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatics following endobronchial allergen provocation (P < 0.05). Thus, CCR6 may be important in the regulation of T cell recruitment to tissue and up-regulation of CCL20 expression may contribute to the recruitment and/or retention of effector T cells in allergic asthma.     

Chemokine receptors and leukocyte trafficking in the mucosal immune system

The CC chemokine receptors CCR6, CCR9, and CCR10 all contribute to the positioning of leukocytes at mucosal locations. Mucosal epithelial cells are major sources of the chemokine ligands for each of these receptors, although the pattern of expression of the individual ligands differs at distinct mucosal sites. CCR6 is expressed by most B cells, subsets of CD4 and CD8 memory T cells, and subsets of dendritic cells (DCs). Absence of CCR6 in mice leads to abnormal expansion of intestinal intraepithelial T cells and lamina propria T cells, smaller Peyer's patches, and defects in IgA-mediated responses to oral antigens and pathogens. CCR9 is present on thymocytes, most intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, and other types of intestine-homing T cells. CCR 10 is found on skin-homing T cells and also direct IgA-producing plasma cells into mucosal sites. This review discusses the role of these chemokine receptors in homeostatic regulation of the mucosal immune system.     

CCL28 involvement in mucosal tissues protection as a chemokine and as an antibacterial peptide

CCL28 chemokine is expressed by epithelial cells of various mucosal tissues. This chemokine binds to CCR3 and CCR10 receptors and plays an essential role in the IgA antibody secreting cells (IgA-ASC) homing to mucosal surfaces and to lactating mammary gland as well. In addition, CCL28 has been shown to exert a potent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Using the pig model, we investigated the expression of both CCR10 and CCR3 receptors in a large panel of mucosal tissues. RT-PCR analysis revealed the expression of CCR3 and CCR10 mRNA in salivary glands, nasal mucosae, Peyer’s patches, small and large intestine, suggesting the presence of leucocytes expressing these receptors within these tissues. CCR10 mRNA was observed in sow mammary gland at late gestation with an increasing level during lactation. Recombinant porcine CCL28 protein was produced and mass spectrometry analysis revealed antimicrobial chemokines features such as a high pI value (10.2) and a C-terminal highly positively-charged region. Using a viable count assay, we showed that CCL28 displayed antimicrobial activity against enteric pathogens and was effective in killing Salmonella serotypes Dublin and Choleraesuis, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli K88 and non-pathogenic E. Coli K12. The potent antimicrobial function of CCL28 combined with its wide distribution in mucosal tissues and secretions suggest that this protein plays an important role in innate immune protection of the epithelial surfaces.     

Systemic chemokine and chemokine receptor responses are divergent in allergic versus non-allergic humans

T(h)1- and T(h)2-polarized human T cell clones display distinct patterns of chemokine receptor expression and selective chemokine responsiveness in vitro. We hypothesized that natural exposure to environmental grass pollen would induce differential systemic chemokine and chemokine receptor expression patterns in individuals with allergic rhinitis compared to healthy controls with type 2- and type 1-dominated responses to allergen respectively. To this end, we compared chemokine receptor expression on peripheral blood T cells directly ex vivo and plasma chemokine levels between these two groups of study participants prior to and during the grass pollen season. T(h)1-associated CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 3 was strongly expressed on >50% CD4(+)/CD45RO(+) cells of all subjects. When examined longitudinally, CXCR3 expression increased over the grass pollen season (P < 0.0001), solely in non-allergic subjects. In contrast, for both allergic and non-allergic subjects, CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 5 (T(h)1-associated) and CCR3 (T(h)2-associated) were weakly expressed on <10% of CD4(+)/CD45RO(+) cells both prior to and during the grass pollen season. Type 1 chemokines CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL) 9 and CXCL10 (monokine induced by IFN-gamma and IFN-gamma-inducible protein of 10 kDa: CXCR3 ligands), and type 2 chemokines CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 11 (eotaxin: CCR3 ligand), CCL17 (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine: CCR4 ligand) and CCL22 (monocyte-derived chemokine: CCR4 ligand) were readily detectable in the plasma of most participants. Systemic CXCL9 levels decreased from pre- to grass pollen season in allergics (P < 0.05), whereas CCL17 decreased in non-allergics (P < 0.05) over the same period. Taken together, these longitudinal data suggest a systemic shift to more intensely type 1-dominated responses in non-allergic individuals and, conversely, to more type 2-dominated responses in allergic individuals upon natural re-exposure to grass pollen.     

CCR5 and CCR3 expression on T CD3+ lymphocytes from HIV/<Emphasis Type="Italic">Leishmania</Emphasis> co-infected subjects

CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) are membrane-bound proteins involved in HIV-1 entry into susceptible cells. All T lymphocyte subsets display CCR5 and CCR3 on their membrane surface. T helper 1 cells are known to express CCR5 but not CCR3, and most of T cells expressing CCR3 are T helper 2. This study aimed to assess the expression of CCR5 and CCR3 on peripheral blood CD3+ T lymphocytes of HIV-Leishmania co-infected individuals. A total of 36 subjects were enrolled; nine had HIV-Leishmania co-infection; nine were HIV-infected without Leishmania, nine had visceral leishmaniasis without HIV co-infection and nine were healthy blood donors. HIV-Leishmania co-infected subjects showed a significantly higher rate of CCR5+CD3+ T lymphocytes in comparison with the other studied groups. The higher rate of CD3+ T-cells expressing CCR5 found in HIV-Leishmania co-infected subjects may be related to the role of Leishmania as an enhancer of the progression to AIDS.     

T淋巴细胞性白血病病人CCR9的功能改变

目的：探讨趋化性细胞因子受体9(CCR9)在白血病病人中的功能改变。方法：对38例T淋巴细胞性自血病病人的血液标本进行分析。采用趋化试验和黏附试验检测胸腺表达的趋化性细胞因子TECK／CCL25(CCR9的配体)对病人CD4 T细胞的趋化功能和黏附功能的改变。结果：TECK／CCL25可以诱导几乎所有的急性T淋巴细胞性白血病(T-ALL)患者的CD4 T细胞产生强趋化移动，也可介导其发生较强的黏附作用，而对慢性T淋巴细胞性白血病(T-CLL)患者的CD4 T细胞仅显示出中度的趋化和黏附作用。结论：CCR9及其配体TECK可能与促进T-ALL CD4 T细胞的迁移和浸润有关。     

Differential pattern of CCR1 internalization in human eosinophils: prolonged internalization by CCL5 in contrast to CCL3

BACKGROUND: Whereas recent studies underlie the fundamental importance of the CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) for the recruitment of eosinophils in allergic diseases, controversial data exist about the relevance of CCR1 on eosinophils. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the expression and regulation of CCR1 on eosinophils. METHODS: Flow cytometric analysis of whole blood eosinophils and CD16-negative selected eosinophils from healthy nonatopic donors and from patients with atopic disorders was performed and CCR1 receptor internalization and re-expression were studied. RESULTS: Flow cytometric analysis of whole blood eosinophils revealed that 17.8% of the donors expressed high levels of CCR1 (CCR1high) and 82.2% low levels of CCR1 (CCR1low). A significant down-regulation of CCR1 was induced by 24 h preincubation of isolated eosinophils from CCR1high donors either with IL-3, CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), CCL5, CCL7, or CCL13. Internalization experiments using eosinophils from CCR1high donors revealed that CCL5 is more effective to induce CCR1 internalization than CCL3. Whereas CCR1 re-expression after stimulation with CCL3 reached prestimulation levels (120 min: 81.3% relative CCR1 surface expression) CCL5 induced a prolonged CCR1 internalization (120 min: 15.7%). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a distinct pattern of CCR1 internalization and re-expression in human eosinophils between CCL3 and CCL5, as CCL5 induces a prolonged CCR1 internalization and the basic value is not reached after 24 h. Since prolonged receptor internalization plays a central role in chemokine-mediated inhibition of receptor function, CCR1 seems to be an attractive target on human eosinophils for chemokine receptor blockade besides CCR3.