不典型神经鞘瘤及神经纤维瘤CT、MRI诊断

目的分析不典型神经鞘瘤和神经纤维瘤的CT和MRI表现,提高其诊断准确率. 资料与方法回顾性分析30例经手术病理证实的不典型神经鞘瘤及神经纤维瘤CT和MRI资料. 结果神经鞘瘤18例、神经纤维瘤12例.少见部位、肿瘤巨大、完全囊变、厚壁囊变、瘤周明显水肿及多发小结节影融合为其主要不典型表现.30例中有20例患者术前误诊（66.7%）. 结论不典型神经鞘瘤和神经纤维瘤定性诊断较困难,加强影像学表现与临床综合分析,有助于提高诊断符合率,MRI在定性诊断方面优于CT.     

腹膜后良性神经鞘瘤的影像学特征

目的分析腹膜后良性神经鞘瘤的 CT 和 MRI 表现,总结其影像学特征.资料与方法经手术病理证实的27例腹膜后良性神经鞘瘤患者中,21例行多层螺旋 CT 检查,9例行 MRI 检查.观察 CT、MRI 平扫和增强时肿瘤的特征性改变.结果27例腹膜后良性神经鞘瘤边缘规则光整,直径多在5~10cm之间,CT 平扫肿瘤呈实性或囊实性.CT 增强后动脉期轻至中度强化10例,主要呈云絮状、索条状强化;动脉期9例可见纤细血管显影.门脉期及延迟扫描轻度渐进性强化13例.MRI 平扫呈不均匀长 T1长 T2影,DWI 呈高信号,4例可见靶征改变,增强后门脉期及延迟呈渐进性强化.无一例发生淋巴结转移.结论腹膜后良性神经鞘瘤影像学表现具有一定特异性,CT 结合 MRI 检查及多期增强扫描对其诊断有一定价值.     

不典型神经鞘瘤的影像学诊断

目的 探讨不典型神经鞘瘤的临床影像学表现特点。方法 回顾分析44例经病理学诊断的不典型神经鞘瘤的CT和MRI表现。结果 CT表现为类圆形或分叶状低密度或等低混杂密度灶,绝大多数（38/40）边界清楚,其中实性肿瘤17例,囊实性病灶19例,单纯囊性病灶4例。CT增强扫描肿瘤实质呈渐进性不均匀强化。囊性病灶内存在强化程度不一的结节灶可能是囊实性神经鞘瘤较为特征性的表现。实性病灶呈＂同心圆样＂强化可能是实性神经鞘瘤比较有价值的征象。MRI上肿瘤实质部分呈稍长T1稍长T2信号,囊性部分呈长T1长T2信号,病灶周围可见水肿信号;＂靶征＂是特征性的MRI表现。结论 不典型神经鞘瘤可发生在身体任何部位,熟悉其影像学特点对诊断很有帮助。     

原发性肾脏罕少见良性肿瘤的CT、MRI 表现与临床病理分析

目的：分析和探讨肾脏罕少见良性肿瘤的 CT、MRI 影像学表现及临床病理分析,提高肾脏罕少见良性肿瘤的诊断准确性。方法回顾性分析本院9例经手术及病理证实的肾脏罕少见良性肿瘤的 CT 及 MRI 影像学资料,分析其影像学特点和病理特征。结果入组病例分别为混合型上皮间质肿瘤(MESTK),囊性肾瘤(CN),平滑肌瘤(RL),嗜酸细胞腺瘤(RO)。病变分布情况：6例位于左肾,3例位于右肾。瘤体大小：长径2.5~8.9 cm,平均5.7 cm;短径2.5~8.4 cm,平均4.9 cm。形态：类圆形或椭圆形(n=7),不规则形(n=2)。9例病灶突出于肾轮廓外。MESTK 呈多囊性病变,增强扫描囊性成分未见明确强化,囊壁及粗间隔可见强化。CN 呈囊性病灶,平扫可见斑片状钙化,增强扫描囊性成分未见明确强化,病灶可见强化分隔影。RL 的 CT 和 MRI 平扫密度/信号不均匀,可见斑片状坏死;病灶增强扫描皮质期及髓质期明显强化,延迟期强化程度减退。RO 1例 MRI 平扫 T1 WI 呈不均匀低信号;T2 WI 呈不均匀高信号;CT 病灶密度欠均匀,平扫以等密度为主;增强扫描皮质期、髓质期病变呈明显不均匀强化,排泄期强化程度下降,中心瘢痕可见轻度延迟强化。结论肾脏罕少见良性肿瘤具有一定的 CT、MRI 影像学特点,结合其临床病理特点,可以提高肾脏罕少见恶性肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

肾脏孤立性纤维瘤影像诊断

目的:探讨肾脏孤立性纤维瘤的病理及影像学表现,提高对少见肾脏肿瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断.方法:回顾手术病理证实的2例肾孤立性纤维瘤影像学和病理学表现.结果:2例肾肿瘤均起自肾实质并突入肾盂,大小分别为2cm和3cm;在CT平扫时均表现为略高密度软组织肿块,边缘清楚锐利,增强后有轻中度强化.其中1例行MRI检查,T2WI上肿块与肾实质比为明显低信号.病理学表现:境界清、质硬的肿块,切面灰白或黄白色有漩涡和编织状结构,形态类似子宫的平滑肌瘤.显微镜下孤立性纤维瘤可见成纤维细胞样细胞交错缠绕在一起伴大量的胶原纤维沉积,成蟹足样.免疫组织化学CD34强阳性.结论:肾孤立性纤维瘤罕见,其由于纤维组织致密造成CT上肿瘤密度较肾实质高,在MRI的T2WI上肿瘤为低信号表现,有助其诊断与鉴别诊断.     

肾上腺罕见间质肿瘤的CT表现

目的　分析 7例罕见肾上腺间质肿瘤的CT表现。方法　对 7例经手术和病理证实的肾上腺间质肿瘤的CT表现进行回顾性分析 ,其中肾上腺囊肿、肾上腺脂肪瘤各 2例 ,肾上腺神经纤维瘤、神经鞘瘤及间叶瘤各 1例。结果　肾上腺囊肿及脂肪瘤分别为水和脂肪密度 ,CT特征明显 ;神经纤维瘤及神经鞘瘤为较低密度肿块 ,增强后不强化 ,神经鞘瘤密度不均匀 ,可见囊变 ;间叶瘤为较大的等密度肿块 ,增强后呈轻～中度强化。结论　肾上腺囊肿和脂肪瘤CT可明确诊断 ;神经纤维瘤、神经鞘瘤及间叶瘤CT特征不明显 ,较难或不能与腺瘤和嗜铬细胞瘤鉴别 ,确诊需依赖组织学检查     

脑实质神经鞘瘤的MRI诊断(附5例报告)

目的 探讨脑实质神经鞘瘤的MRI表现.资料与方法 回顾性分析5例经手术病理证实的脑实质神经鞘瘤患者的MRI资料,并结合文献讨论.结果 5例肿瘤均位于幕上,额叶及顶叶各2例,颞叶1例;4例呈囊性伴壁结节,另1例以实质性为主;MRI增强扫描壁结节或实质部分明显强化;5例均伴有瘤周水肿.结论 脑实质神经鞘瘤好发于青少年,幕上脑表浅部位多见,伴囊变和瘤周水肿是其较特征性的MRI表现,最终诊断依赖于病理组织学检查.     

原发性颞下窝肿瘤的CT与MRI特点分析

目的 探讨原发性颞下窝肿瘤的CT、MRI表现特点.方法 回顾性分析经手术或穿刺病理证实的21例原发性颞下窝肿瘤的CT及MRI资料,分析其影像学表现.结果 21例中良性肿瘤10例(47.6％),包括血管瘤4例,神经鞘瘤2例,神经纤维瘤3例,脂肪瘤1例;恶性肿瘤11例(52.4％),包括横纹肌肉瘤3例,滑膜肉瘤2例,腺样囊性癌2例,腺泡状软组织肉瘤2例,纤维肉瘤和淋巴瘤各1例.血管瘤呈渐进性显著强化,常伴钙化,MRI T2WI病灶内见流空信号.神经鞘瘤表现为不均匀强化的软组织肿块,伴有出血、坏死、囊变.神经纤维瘤密度/信号较均匀,内含有散在钙化灶.脂肪瘤CT及MRI均表现为脂肪密度/信号肿块,边界清晰.横纹肌肉瘤、纤维肉瘤及淋巴瘤浸润性生长并向邻近间隙蔓延,增强扫描均匀或不均匀强化.滑膜肉瘤边界较清楚,强化明显,可伴不规则钙化.腺样囊性癌表现为浸润性生长的软组织肿块,内可见“筛状”改变.腺泡状软组织肉瘤为不均匀软组织肿块,病灶中央及周边有流空血管为其特征性影像学表现.结论 颞下窝原发性肿瘤少见,熟悉其影像学特点有利于提高诊断及鉴别诊断水平.     

肾脏少见良性肿瘤的影像学表现

目的 探讨肾脏少见良性肿瘤的影像学表现。方法 回顾性分析28例肾脏少见良性肿瘤患者的临床及影像学资料。结果 嗜酸细胞腺瘤（RO）15例,密度均匀,6例病灶中心见瘢痕样密度影,6例出现节段性强化反转。混合型上皮和间质肿瘤（MESTK）5例,1例以实性成分为主,密度及信号均匀,呈轻度强化;4例以囊性成分为主,为多囊样结构,T₁WI示病灶以混杂低信号为主,T₂WI示病灶以混杂高信号为主,增强扫描分隔及实性成分呈延迟型强化。后肾腺瘤（MA）3例,实性成分为主,钙化多见,T₁WI示等及稍低信号,T₂WI示等及稍高信号,扩散加权成像（DWI）示高信号,病灶以轻度渐进型强化为主。囊性肾瘤（CN）3例,呈多囊样结构,密度及信号不均,病灶囊壁及病灶内分隔呈轻-中度强化。血管母细胞瘤（RSH）1例,呈渐进性强化并向中心填充。后肾腺纤维瘤（MAF）1例,囊性结构并出血,呈渐进性明显强化。结论 肾脏少见良性肿瘤具有一定的影像学特征,有助于术前对肾脏良恶性肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

外周神经源性肿瘤的MRI表现与鉴别诊断

目的：探讨外周神经源性肿瘤的磁共振表现,旨在提高对该类疾病的影像学诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实的外周神经源性肿瘤21例,其中神经纤维瘤14例,神经鞘瘤6例,恶性蝾螈瘤1例。所有神经源性肿瘤患者行 MRI 扫描。结果：4例神经纤维瘤表现为“葡萄藤”状,10例神经纤维瘤为分叶状,6例神经鞘瘤表现为梭形或类圆形肿块,恶性蝾螈瘤为团块状。神经纤维瘤 MR 均表现为 T1 WI 等信号,T2 WI 以高信号为主,其中夹杂低信号分隔;神经鞘瘤 T1 WI 呈稍低信号,T2 WI 表现为低信号周边环绕高信号即“靶征”;恶性蝾螈瘤在 T2 WI 上表现为高信号,其内可见环形或线样低信号分隔影。结论：外周神经源性肿瘤发生的部位、形状、大小以及信号特点均对其 MRI 诊断有帮助。     

CT and ultrasound features of metanephric adenoma in adults with pathologic correlation.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to correlate the CT, ultrasound, and pathologic features of metanephric adenoma, a rare benign renal tumor in adults. METHOD: Retrospective review of medical records (1990-1997) revealed three adult female patients who had both preoperative imaging and nephrectomy with pathologic diagnosis of metanephric adenoma performed at our institution. CT (n = 3) and ultrasound (n = 2) features were reviewed in consensus by two radiologists and correlated with pathologic findings. RESULTS: In all three cases, the metanephric adenoma was of increased attenuation relative to adjacent renal parenchyma on unenhanced CT scans. No septa or calcifications were seen. Ultrasound images showed both tumors to be hyperechoic with enhanced through-transmission. CONCLUSION: The CT and ultrasound findings correlate with the pathologic features of a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio and psammomatous calcifications. In the adult population, it is unlikely that metanephric adenoma can be prospectively differentiated from renal cell carcinoma based on imaging features.     

儿童后肾腺瘤的临床及CT表现

目的:分析儿童后肾腺瘤的临床、病理及影像学特征。方法:对2例经病理证实的儿童后肾腺瘤结合文献中临床及影像学资料较完全的患者10例进行综合分析。结果:儿童后肾腺瘤临床伴有红细胞增多症较多见,B超多为高回声,CT平扫以相对高密度伴钙化多见,但可为囊性病灶伴壁结节,实质部分增强后强化程度不等,本院1例新病例为含大量脂肪成分的多囊性病灶,表现特殊。虽然后肾腺瘤为良性肿瘤,但是可有转移。结论:儿童后肾腺瘤的临床及影像学特征并不显著,但是综合分析其表现有助于做出正确诊断,最终诊断有赖病理学检查。     

后肾腺瘤的临床、病理及影像学诊断

目的 分析后肾腺瘤的分类及命名,临床、病理及影像学表现.方法 对1例经病理证实的后肾腺瘤,结合文献中资料较为完整的20例患者进行综合分析.结果 后肾腺瘤肿块体积较大,直径多>5 cm.均单侧发病.临床可伴有红细胞增多症.静脉肾盂造影示肾脏分泌功能存在.CT平扫肿瘤呈稍低或等密度,可伴斑点状钙化,部分可囊变;增强病灶轻到中等度强化,中央可有纤维瘢痕组织.肿瘤本身具有恶变潜能及局部淋巴结转移.病理学特点:后肾腺瘤细胞均匀一致、胞浆少,无明显异型性,核分裂像罕见;免疫组化:WT1(+)、AMACR(-).结论 后肾腺瘤临床及影像学表现特征不明显,最终诊断有赖于病理学检查.     

儿童眶部肿物的CT诊断

目的探讨儿童眶部肿物的CT表现特点。资料与方法回顾性分析39例经手术病理和l临床随访证实的眶部肿物的CT表现。结果肌锥内肿物7例，其中2例视神经胶质瘤、1例视神经鞘脑膜瘤和3例视网膜母细胞瘤累及视神经，1例表皮样囊肿位于眼外肌和视神经之间。肌锥外肿物29例，其中良性肿物2l例，包括蜂窝织炎3．例，脓肿1例，炎性假瘤3例，皮样囊肿7例，毛细血管瘤2例，淋巴管瘤、横纹肌瘤、神经鞘瘤、骨化性纤维瘤和泪腺混合瘤各1例；恶性肿物8例，其中横纹肌肉瘤5例，转移性成神经细胞瘤2例，泪腺腺样囊性癌1例。多间隙肿物3例，其中神经纤维瘤病I型1例，毛细血管瘤2例。结论儿童眶部肿物的CT表现各有其特点，结合l临床，多数可做出定性诊断。     

良性腹膜后肿瘤的CT诊断

目的：通过分析29例腹膜后良性肿瘤的CT表现，探讨CT对腹膜后良性肿瘤的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析16例神经源性肿瘤、6例间叶组织源性肿瘤、5例囊肿及2例胚胎残余组织源性肿瘤的CT资料。结果：肿瘤最大径平均为10．9cm。多数呈圆形或类圆形、轮廓光整、边界清晰。共有脂肪密度肿块3例，囊性肿块10例，囊实混合性肿块4例，非均匀实质性肿块6例及均匀实质性肿块6例。结论：腹膜后良性肿瘤具有一定的CT特征。了解这些特征有助于CT对腹膜后良性肿瘤的定位及定性诊断。     

Cystic tumors of the kidney in adults: radio-histopathologic correlations

The purpose of this study is to provide an updated pathologic-radiologic classification of cystic renal tumors and to assess imaging diagnostic capabilities. Eighty seven cases of cystic renal tumors explored with multimodality imaging (ultrasonography, CT, MRI, arteriography) and with histopathologic correlation are reported. The most common cystic carcinomas were multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (33%) and the pseudocystic necrotic carcinoma (31%), which usually belong to category IV. Less common cystic carcinomas were unilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (6%) and renal cyst wall carcinoma (6%). The association of thin septa and large locules are suggestive findings for multilocular cystic nephroma, but such criteria are not specific enough to recognize benign multilocular cystic nephroma and to exclude multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma. Since carcinomatous degeneration may occur within the wall of such tumors, especially in von Hippel Lindau disease, surgery is still required. The results of our study corroborate the Bosniak classification of cystic renal masses: no tumors belonged to the category I or II, all cystic masses which belonged to the category IV were malignant tumors, category III included benign and malignant tumors.     

盆腔器官外软组织肿瘤的CT诊断

目的 探讨盆腔器官外软组织肿瘤的CT表现及其诊断价值。材料与方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的30例原发性盆腔器官外软组织良、恶性肿瘤的CT表现。其中间叶源性肿瘤15例,神经源性肿瘤8例,胚胎残余组织源性肿瘤5例,腹膜间皮细胞肿瘤2例。结果 原发于盆腔器官外软组织肿瘤较少见,CT表现为囊性肿块者均为良性,囊实性或实性者以恶性居多。虽然肿瘤来源于多种不同组织,但CT表现可各有其特征。结论 CT是诊断盆腔器官外肺瘤的重要影像学手段,能明确肿瘤范围以及肿瘤与周围组织的关系及其性质。     

原发性肠系膜肿瘤的CT诊断

目的 探讨原发性肠系膜肿瘤(PMT)的CT表现及其诊断价值。资料与方法 回顾性分析18例良性及23例恶性共43个PMT的CT表现。间叶组织源性肿瘤34例，神经源性肿瘤4例，其他3例。结果 PMT常单发，形态多变，平均最大径8．4em，大多边界清晰伴肠管及肠系膜血管移位。可表现为囊性(2个)、囊实混合性(12个)、非均质实性(9个)、均质实性(13个)或脂肪密度肿块(7个)。结论 PMT病理类型多样，CT在肿瘤定位、明确范围与良恶性的鉴别上有较大价值，但多数不易明确其组织来源。     

With advances in medical imaging can the radiologist reliably diagnose Wilms' tumours?

AIM: To evaluate whether radiologists can accurately differentiate Wilms' tumours from other paediatric abdominal masses with renal involvement using modern imaging methods alone. METHODS: From February 1993 to June 1997, 23 patients presented to the Paediatric Oncology Service at The Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh with an intra-abdominal mass which had renal involvement. Nine patients had Wilms' tumours, 12 had neuroblastomas, one patient had xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis and there was a single case of a mesoblastic nephroma. In each case, two radiologists retrospectively reviewed the initial imaging examinations and independently reached a radiological diagnosis. RESULTS: The radiologists were concordant and reached the correct diagnosis in 20/23 cases (87%), unsure of the diagnosis in one case (4.3 %) and discordant in two cases (8.7 %). Radiologists should be aware that a mesoblastic nephroma can have identical imaging features to a Wilms' tumour. In most cases, ultrasound and a chest X-ray were sufficient to reach the correct diagnosis although computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging were superior for demonstrating the relationship of the mass to the great vessels, retroperitoneum and spinal canal. Inferior vena cava invasion was strongly predictive of a Wilms' tumour. Displacement of the great vessels, extension of the mass across the mid-line, renal displacement and tumour calcification on CT were more suggestive of a neuroblastoma although these features were also seen in a significant number of patients with Wilms' tumours. Encasement of vessels by tumour, a paravertebral mass and spinal canal invasion were highly predictive of neuroblastoma. CONCLUSION: In this study, radiologists were accurate at diagnosing Wilms' tumours using modern imaging methods, however, care should be taken in children who are less than 1 year of age as a mesoblastic nephroma may have identical imaging characteristics.