小儿难治性肺炎147例支气管肺泡灌洗液细菌培养及药敏分析

目的分析经纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)采样的支气管肺泡灌洗液细菌分离病原学及耐药性特点,及其在难治性肺炎诊治中的意义。方法2004-01—2006-04,对重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科住院的147例病程迁延、疗效不佳、病因不明的难治性肺炎患儿在静脉复合麻醉下行纤支镜术,进行支气管肺泡灌洗,收集标本进行培养,并与入院时痰培养结果比较。结果147例灌洗液标本中分离出细菌86株/80例。其中革兰阴性(G-)菌36株,前3位为肺炎克雷伯菌(8株)、铜绿假单胞菌(7株)、大肠埃希菌(6株),产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株12株,多重耐药株15株;革兰阳性(G )菌1株;真菌15株;咽部正常菌群34株。余67例无菌生长。147例患儿在入院时行痰培养,分离出细菌115株/109例,其中G-菌67株,前3位为副流感嗜血杆菌、卡他布兰汉菌、流感嗜血杆菌;G 分离菌15株;真菌7株;咽部正常菌群26株。38例无菌生长。痰液和灌洗液二者培养结果一致25例(17%)。结论对于病情复杂迁延、疗效不佳的下呼吸道感染,及早进行支气管肺泡灌洗对明确病原、指导抗生素的合理应用有重要意义。     

电子支气管镜诊治儿童难治性肺炎支原体肺炎临床研究

目的探讨儿童难治性肺炎支原体肺炎(RMPP)电子支气管镜镜下常见形态学改变及肺泡灌洗液细胞学成分特点,观察支气管镜介入治疗儿童RMPP的疗效。方法选择2012年5月至2013年5月在河北省唐山市妇幼保健院住院治疗的90例RMPP患儿作为研究对象,其中行支气管肺泡灌洗组60例,未灌洗组30例。以同期行支气管异物取出术后4周进行支气管镜复查的22例患儿为对照组。回顾分析60例RMPP电子支气管镜下常见形态学改变及肺泡灌洗液细胞学成分特点;比较灌洗组与未灌洗组患儿临床疗效及转归。结果灌洗组患儿镜下均见病变部位支气管黏膜肿胀充血,伴多少不等的黏性分泌物,且其中可见糜烂、剥脱、形成痰栓、炎性狭窄、纵行皱襞、形成塑形、段支气管通气不良、管壁黏膜小结节样突起等改变,肺泡灌洗液细胞学成分分析结果显示,与对照组相比,RMPP患儿细胞总数上升(P0.05),其中以中性粒细胞上升为主(P0.05)。灌洗组痊愈率(95.0%)显著高于未灌洗组(53.3%),灌洗组患儿肺部口罗音出现及消失早,影像学改变恢复好,且较未灌洗组恢复快(P0.05)。结论对于RMPP合并肺不张者,早期应用支气管镜行支气管肺泡灌洗治疗,能促进肺复张,改善预后,减少后遗症的发生。     

支气管肺泡灌洗液基因芯片法病原体检测对难治性肺炎患儿的病原学诊断意义

目的探讨支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)基因芯片法检测对难治性肺炎患儿病原学诊断的意义。方法回顾性研究。收集2020年1月至2022年1月昆明医科大学附属昆明市儿童医院呼吸与危重症医学科诊断为难治性肺炎的500例患儿资料, 住院期间行支气管镜检查及支气管肺泡灌洗治疗, 取BALF行基因芯片法病原体检测, 同时完善痰液、BALF细菌培养。采用χ2检验比较不同检测法的病原检出阳性率。结果 BALF基因芯片法病原体检测的阳性患儿482例(96.4%), 仅单一病原体感染患儿71例(14.7%), 另411例(85.3%)检出2种及2种以上病原体。其中, 居前3位的细菌分别为:肺炎链球菌117例次(8.3%), 流感嗜血杆菌63例次(4.5%), 百日咳杆菌32例次(2.3%)。居前3位的病毒分别为:呼吸道合胞病毒269例次(19.1%), 副流感病毒217例次(15.4%), 腺病毒132例次(9.3%)。BALF基因芯片法细菌检测阳性的患儿116例(23.2%), BALF细菌培养阳性的患儿47例(9.4%), 痰培养的阳性患儿43例(8.6%), BALF基因芯片法细菌检测的阳性率最高, 与...     

青岛地区儿童重症社区获得性肺炎肺泡灌洗液病原及药敏分析

目的:分析2018至2020年青岛市儿童重症社区获得性肺炎肺泡灌洗液病原分布以及药敏情况。方法:收集482例我院收治的青岛地区重症社区获得性肺炎患儿临床资料,使用支气管镜取支气管肺泡灌洗液进行细菌和肺炎支原体等病原的检测。结果:(1)482例我院收治的重症社区获得性肺炎患儿检出细菌感染139例(27.84%)、肺炎支原...     

细菌和病毒混合感染对儿童社区获得性肺炎的影响

目的探讨细菌和病毒混合感染对儿童社区获得性肺炎(CAP)的影响。方法对204例CAP患儿行痰细菌、病毒、非典型病原体检测,有支气管镜检指征的患儿行支气管镜下肺泡灌洗(BALF),并进行定量培养和胞内菌检测。所有患儿给予抗菌药物序贯疗法治疗。结果 204例患儿中122例检出病原菌,检出率59.80%,检出病原菌153株,其中30例细菌和病毒混合感染。70例BALF菌培养,阳性8例,BALF标本可诱导共刺激分子(ICOS)阳性5例,以BALF定量培养作为对照,ICOS在CAP诊断中的灵敏度为37.50%,特异度为96.77%。30例细菌和病毒混合感染患儿中,5岁27例(90.00%),其热程10 d的比例高于非混合感染组,更容易发生胸腔积液,更易出现肺大片状阴影,白细胞水平、C反应蛋白、BALF中性粒细胞比例更高,中性粒细胞比值则较低,平均住院时间高于非混合感染组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。所有患儿均好转出院。结论儿童CAP合并细菌和病毒混合感染可致热程和住院时间延长,合并症增加,影像学表现、实验室指标也与非混合感染患儿存在差异。     

慢性咳嗽和喘息性疾病支气管肺泡灌洗液成分分析

目的 分析慢性咳嗽及喘息性疾病患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液成分。方法 应用免疫组化及ELISA方法，对哮喘（13例）、慢性咳嗽（10例）、婴幼儿喘鸣（8例）患儿和对照组（8例）共39例的支气管肺泡灌洗液进行细胞学分析及上清液IL－5浓度测定。结果 哮喘患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液嗜酸性粒细胞为3．0％（0．7％－8．8％），上皮细胞为3．0％（0．7％－12．0％），IL－5为1．7ng/L(0－16.0ng/L)，与慢性咳嗽组及婴幼儿喘鸣组相比，差异有非常显著意义（P＜0．01）；2例慢性咳嗽及3例婴幼喘鸣儿哮酸性粒细胞亦有异常增多，与组内其他必相比差异有显著意义；婴幼儿喘鸣组中性粒细胞明显增多。结论 哮喘患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液以嗜酸性粒细胞和上皮细胞明显增多为其特征性改变；慢性咳嗽患儿中有嗜酸性粒细胞异常增多者，应注意与哮喘鉴别；婴幼儿喘鸣者以中性粒细胞增多为著，抗哮喘治疗应慎重。     

纤维支气管镜诊治难治性肺炎62例

目的探讨纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)术在小儿难治性肺炎诊治中的应用价值。方法选取2005年6月-2009年6月在本院住院经常规抗感染治疗2周以上仍无效的难治性肺炎62例。应用Olympus BF-3C30或BF-P40镜,在常规局部浸润麻醉下进行纤支镜检查和局部治疗。结果镜检结果:单纯性炎性改变27例(43%),异物吸入合并感染20例(32%),支气管内结核7例(11%),发育异常合并感染4例(6%),支气管扩张、肺含铁血黄素沉着症各2例(各3%)。其中发育异常合并感染均见于1岁内小婴儿,异物吸入合并感染多见于1～3岁婴幼儿,结核及支气管扩张多见于学龄期儿童。27例单纯性炎性病变患儿支气管灌洗液培养、支原体PCR检查及刷检涂片明确病原11例,病原检查阳性率为40%。对47例纤支镜下示炎症所致分泌物阻塞、狭窄的患儿予局部灌洗及注药治疗,取得满意效果;其中19例肺不张患儿经纤支镜治疗,2周内复张15例,复张率为79%。20例异物吸入患儿经纤支镜取出异物14例,治愈率70%。结论纤支镜在小儿难治性肺炎的病因诊断和治疗中有重要价值。     

纤维支气管镜在支气管内膜结核病诊断中的价值

目的评价纤维支气管镜对支气管内膜结核病的诊断价值。方法 2010年3月至2012年12月疑诊支气管内膜结核住院患儿67例,均行胸部CT及纤维支气管镜检,支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)作结核杆菌培养、荧光定量PCR、夹层杯法和病理活检。结果经检查临床确诊支气管内膜结核50例,支气管内膜结核镜下病变部位广泛、形态多样化。支气管内膜结核患儿的BALF FQ-PCR检测阳性率为60%,夹层杯法阳性率42%,灌洗液结核菌培养阳性率20%;病理活检阳性率46%;BALF FQ-PCR联合夹层杯法检测,阳性率可提高至76%(38/50),明显高于灌洗液结核菌培养和病理活检阳性率。结论纤维支气管镜检查为诊断支气管内膜结核的有效手段。     

支气管镜及肺泡灌洗术在婴幼儿反复喘息性疾病中的应用

目的探讨支气管镜及肺泡灌洗术在婴幼儿反复喘息性疾病诊疗中的作用及价值。方法收集415例1～36月龄反复喘息患儿支气管镜检结果及肺泡灌洗液(BALF),采用直接免疫荧光法检测7种常见呼吸道病毒,荧光定量PCR法检测肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体及博卡病毒,RT-PCR法检测鼻病毒及偏肺病毒等,并行细菌培养及细胞形态学检查。选取同期因支气管肺炎或大叶性肺炎伴有肺不张表现住院并行支气管镜及肺泡灌洗的106例非喘息患儿作为对照组,收集其BALF行细胞形态学检查。结果 415例喘息患儿中,男317例、女98例,支气管镜下表现为支气管内膜炎症405例,占97.6%,其次为气管软化69例,占16.6%。BALF检出病原体以肺炎支原体最常见,159例,占38.3%;其次为细菌74例,占17.8%,以肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌为主;病毒69例,占16.6%,以人博卡病毒为主。反复喘息患儿BALF中性粒细胞及嗜酸性细胞比例高于非喘息患儿,而吞噬细胞比例低于非喘息患儿,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论支气管镜检查可以为反复喘息患儿的早期诊断和治疗提供有效帮助。     

纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术治疗儿童难治性支原体肺炎疗效分析

目的评价纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗治疗难治性肺炎支原体肺炎的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年2月至2016年2月因难治性肺炎支原体肺炎住院的55例患儿的临床资料。结果 55例患儿中,接受纤维支气管镜和支气管肺泡灌洗治疗的30例,为治疗组,另25例为对照组。治疗组和对照组仅有肺部片状影患儿分别为17例和13例,经治疗后吸收好转率分别为100%和69.2%,两组差异有统计学意义(P=0.026);治疗组总有效率为96.7%,高于对照组的64.0%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.006);治疗组的住院时间和平均治疗费用均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);治疗组未出现严重并发症。结论纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗加局部应用药物治疗难治性支原体肺炎的效果明显,无严重不良反应。     

Role of nutrients in the regulation of in vivo protein metabolism in humans

Nutrients regulate protein metabolism both in an acute fashion and on a long-term basis. The ingestion of meals is associated with a dramatic switch from an overall catabolic state to a state of net protein anabolism. The acute response of protein metabolism to meal ingestion is mediated, in part, by an increase in insulin secretion, itself a consequence of glucose absorption. Whereas insulin may primarily suppress rates of proteolysis, amino acids are responsible for the stimulation of protein synthesis that follows food intake. In the long run, the effects of nutrition on protein metabolism depend on the energy supply, the source of the energy (carbohydrate versus fat) and dietary protein intake. Finally, specific amino acids, such as glutamine, may play an additional role as protein anabolic agents.     

氨磷汀在儿童肿瘤化疗中的应用

目的研究氨磷汀在儿童肿瘤化疗中的作用及不良反应。方法随机选择肿瘤32例患儿,采用自身对照,观察患儿在同一化疗方案中使用氨磷汀辅助治疗后黏膜损伤、骨髓抑制时间、发热持续时间、抗生素及刺激因子应用时间及氨磷汀的不良反应。结果氨磷汀辅助治疗组发生黏膜溃疡4例,明显低于对照组9例;中性粒细胞<0.5×109/L持续时间缩短,血小板<5×109/L持续时间缩短;发热持续时间、抗生素和刺激因子应用时间缩短。两组化疗过程中均未出现低体温、皮疹、低血压等情况,化疗后肾功能、心电图均正常;对肝功能影响程度相似;氨磷汀组低钙血症尤其是低钙性抽搐发生率高。结论氨磷汀能够有效保护正常组织细胞,不良反应较低,可在儿童肿瘤患者化疗中应用。     

Determinants of pregnancy in adolescents in Nepal

Objective : Social factors and prevalent norms in the community determine the proportion of teenage pregnancy in the community. In the light of high risk associated with teenage pregnancy, the socio-cultural determinants, which influence the conception among teenagers in Nepal, need to be understood. These determinants may be modified by suitable interventions to reduce teenage pregnancy. Aim of this study was to examine the socio-cultural determinants of teenage pregnancy in eastern Nepal.Methods : A case-control study design was selected for comparing the education, economic status, family support and freedom towards conception among teenagers as compared to higher age group women.Result : Seventy adolescent pregnant women were compared with seventy primigravida women in the 20 to 29 years age group. The teenage pregnant women were less educated, had poor economic background, more likely to have accidental pregnancies as compared to the other group and more likely to have love marriages. Husbands were more likely to decide about continuation of pregnancy. They had less psychological and social support from the family.Conclusion : Marriage at young age and pregnancy during teens are associated with less social acceptance and poor support in the family.     

Role of nutrients in the regulation of in vivo protein metabolism in humans

Nutrients regulate protein metabolism both in an acute fashion and on a long-term basis. The ingestion of meals is associated with a dramatic switch from an overall catabolic state to a state of net protein anabolism. The acute response of protein metabolism to meal ingestion is mediated, in part, by an increase in insulin secretion, itself a consequence of glucose absorption. Whereas insulin may primarily suppress rates of proteolysis, amino acids are responsible for the stimulation of protein synthesis that follows food intake. In the long run, the effects of nutrition on protein metabolism depend on the energy supply, the source of the energy (carbohydrate versus fat) and dietary protein intake. Finally, specific amino acids, such as glutamine, may play an additional role as protein anabolic agents.     

他汀类药物在儿童家族性高胆固醇血症治疗中的研究进展

家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)是一种常染色体显性遗传的脂质代谢障碍疾病,由于FH早期就可引起动脉粥样硬化病变,增加患者严重心血管疾病的患病风险和死亡风险,因此目前越来越强调患者自儿童期就使用他汀类药物进行治疗,以改善远期预后。文章综述他汀类药物治疗儿童FH的必要性、有效性和安全性,同时也提出目前存在的一些问题和思考。     

皮质激素在癫痫治疗中的应用

皮质激素在癫痫中的应用已有近50a的历史，现已证明其对某些癫痫综合征如婴儿痉挛症、Landau—Kleffner综合征、Rassmussen综合征、具有睡眠中癫痫性电持续状态的癫痫综合征等具有肯定的治疗作用，其确切的作用机制尚不清楚。在皮质激素应用过程中应注意其不良反应。     

Diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia in children in Chile

The incidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia in children was studied prospectively in 112 children aged 1 mo to 14 y. Diagnosis of C. pneumoniae was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on nasopharyngeal aspirates and serology by the microimmunofluorescence test on a single serum specimen. Three (2.7%) cases of pneumonia due to this agent were diagnosed by both PCR and serology. C. pneumoniae was not found in any of 62 children below 5 y of age. In the age group 5-8 y, only 1/30 (3%) was found positive, and in the age group 9-14 y, C. pneumoniae was diagnosed in 2/20 (10%) children. Conclusion: Although the number of enrolled patients is small, and the diagnostic techniques used may have some limitations, the results of this study suggest that C. pneumoniae plays a minor role in the aetiology of pneumonia in children less than 9 y of age in our country. However, it should be considered as a potential agent in pneumonia in older children.     

皮质激素在癫(癎)治疗中的应用

皮质激素在癫(癎)中的应用已有近50 a的历史,现已证明其对某些癫(癎)综合征如婴儿痉挛症、landau-Kleffner综合征、Rassmussen综合征、具有睡眠中癫(癎)性电持续状态的癫(癎)综合征等具有肯定的治疗作用,其确切的作用机制尚不清楚.在皮质激素应用过程中应注意其不良反应.