经皮穴位电刺激对结直肠肿瘤患者术后肠功能的影响

目的:观察经皮穴位电刺激（transcutaneous electrical stimulation,TEAS）对结直肠术后患者胃肠功能恢复的影响。方法:选择择期行结直肠癌手术的患者90例（男59例,女31例）,年龄≥18岁,ASA分级Ⅰ-Ⅲ级,将其随机分为TEAS组和对照组各45例。TEAS组:于手术结束拔管后患者配合情况下及术后3天内同一时间段行双侧足三里、上巨虚、三阴交穴位TEAS一次,每次30 min,选择2 Hz疏密波,强度为患者能够耐受的最大强度,一般为10～25 mA;对照组操作同TEAS组,但不开启电源。所有患者采用静吸复合全身麻醉,术前超声引导行腹横肌平面(TAP)阻滞,术中使用脑电（BIS）、体温、有创血压监测并采用肺保护通气策略,术后使用静脉自控镇痛。观察并记录两组患者一般情况(性别、年龄、体重、手术时间、术中出血量、补液量、尿量);记录两组患者术后肠蠕动恢复、肛门首次排气、进饮/食时间及术后3天内腹胀、恶心呕吐发生率;记录两组患者术前、术后12、24、48、72 h血清胃动素浓度。结果:两组患者一般情况无统计学差异;TEAS组患者术后肠蠕动恢复时间、肛门首次排气时间及进饮时间明显短于对照组（P＜0.05）,术后3天内腹胀、恶心呕吐发生率较对照组明显降低(P＜0.05)。结论:TEAS可促进术后结直肠癌患者肠功能的早期恢复,并且可以减少术后并发症的发生率。     

术中唤醒开颅术在神经外科的应用

随着神经外科手术技术的飞快发展以及患者对术后生活质量要求的不断提高,术中唤醒开颅术已不断成熟并常应用于神经外科治疗中。但目前术中唤醒开颅术在我国尚处于初步发展阶段,仅少数医疗水平发达地区有进行应用术中唤醒开颅术的病例报道,较多神经外科及麻醉科医生对该项技术较为陌生,本文将对术中唤醒开颅术的发展史、其在神经外科的应用以及常见并发症及处理进行综述。     

经皮内关穴电刺激对乳腺癌术中心率和术后恶心、疼痛的影响

目的 观察经皮穴位电刺激内关穴对硬脊膜外阻滞下行乳腺癌仿根治术的患者术后恶心呕吐、疼痛程度、平均动脉压及心率的影响.方法 90名ASA分级为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级、符合实验条件的乳腺癌仿根治术的患者随机分为经皮内关穴电刺激组(E组)、非穴位组(S组)和对照组(C组),观察术前、术中和术后各观察指标的变化.结果 E组平均动脉压显著低于S组和C组(P＜0.05),S组和C组间无显著差异(P＞0.05);E组平均动脉压有随观察时间的延长而平稳下降的趋势.C组恶心、呕吐和疼痛平均评分显著高于E组和S组(P＜0.05).E组和S组术后满意度评分显著高于C组(P＜0.05).结论 经皮穴位电刺激内关穴可以降低硬脊膜外阻滞下行乳腺癌仿根治术的患者恶心呕吐的发生率,且有较好的镇痛和稳定心率作用,患者满意度较高.     

术中神经电生理监护对保护神经功能的应用

神经外科目前已经发展到了“微侵袭”阶段。现有的一些技术,如功能性核磁共振（functional MRI,fMRI）、术中核磁共振（intraoperative MRI, iMRI）、正电子发射断层扫描（positron emission tomography,PET）、术中导航（neurosurgery navigation system）等技术的发展可以有效地指导病灶范围判断．但是这些基本都是解剖定位,而非针对神经功能的功能定位。而且,由于个体差异及病灶导致的功能重塑,使解剖定位亦出现困难。术中神经电生理监护（intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring, IONM）可以进行非常肯定的神经功能定位。本文就术中神经电生理监护技术在保护脑功能区的应用做一综述。     

鼻内窥镜和术中磁共振在经蝶垂体瘤手术中的应用

神经外科医生一直在努力追求垂体瘤手术微创且有效的途径。近年来鼻内镜和术中磁共振技术发展迅速，两者均促进了垂体瘤手术的发展，它们的结合在垂体瘤手术中是可行的。本文对鼻内窥镜和术中磁共振在经蝶垂体瘤手术中的应用作一介绍。     

电切术对老年膀胱肿瘤患者机体免疫功能的影响

目的：探讨老年膀胱肿瘤患者的电切术对其机体免疫功能的影响。方法选择老年膀胱肿瘤患者112例,根据随机对照双盲原则分为治疗组与对照组各56例,对照组给予基于传统结扎的根治性膀胱切除术,治疗组给予电切根治性治疗。结果与对照组相比,治疗组的术中出血量、术后排气时间与术后住院时间明显较少（P＜0．05）。两组术毕、术后7 d的外周血CD3＋和CD3＋CD8＋淋巴细胞绝对值都呈现明显降低的趋势（P＜0．05）,同时治疗组术毕、术后7 d的外周血CD3＋和CD3＋CD8＋淋巴细胞绝对值明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）。与对照组相比,治疗组术后切口出血、切口感染、吻合口瘘、肺部感染等并发症发生率明显较低（ P＜0．05）。术后治疗组的躯体功能、角色功能、认知功能、情绪功能和社会功能评分明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论老年膀胱肿瘤患者的电切术具有更好的微创性与安全性,能促进患者免疫功能的恢复,从而有利于总体生活质量的改善。     

手术切除联合术中射频在多发性肝癌患者中的应用

目的：探讨手术切除联合术中射频消融（ radiofrequency ablation,RFA）治疗多发性肝癌（ hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC）的安全性及可行性。方法：2005年1月至2014年1月,我院收治多发性肝癌（≥2个）患者42例,术前通过彩超、增强CT、MRI共发现肿瘤病灶112个,术中超声新发现肿瘤9个。手术方式包括：半肝切除7例,右肝后叶切除2例,左肝外叶切除6例,不规则肝切除27例,共切除肿瘤病灶49个。RFA处理肿瘤病灶72个。术中常规施行超声造影。结果：所有患者均成功完成手术。手术切除肿瘤时间14~45min（25.1±12.8）min。单个肿瘤病灶RFA时间9~37min（17.2±11.9）min,总RFA时间16~61min（36.4±19.2）min。总的手术时间73~189min（138.2±76.6）min。术中出血量80~1100ml（429.7±226.5）ml。无肝肾功能衰竭、胃肠及膈肌损伤等发生。术后7天开始抗病毒治疗（ HBV DNA≥5.00E＋2IU/ml）,术后1月行TACE。术后失访2例,40例随访时间为6~103月（49.2±31.8）月。对于复发病例采用再次手术切除、RFA、TACE等方法治疗。结论：手术切除联合RFA治疗多发性肝癌能最大限度保存正常肝脏组织,提高肝癌根治性切除率,有选择的实施安全可行。     

术中放疗在术中不可切除T4期胰腺癌的应用研究

[目的]对术中不可切除T4期胰腺癌进行单纯术中电子线放疗研究,探讨其安全性和疗效。[方法]2009年12月～2011年7月共入组16例术中不可切除的T4期胰腺癌。术中行电子线放疗,中位剂量18Gy,术后依病情决定是否给予化疗。分析手术时间、住院时间、不良反应、局部控制以及生存情况。[结果]手术中位时间180min,术后住院中位时间10.5d,未观察到3度以上的不良反应。1年局部控制率80.0%,1年生存率12.5%,中位生存期9.5个月。[结论]对术中不可切除的T4病变进行单次16～20Gy以上的术中放疗有效且耐受性好,能达到术后同步放化疗相似的生存率及局部控制率。但整体远处转移率高,建议对能耐受者应给予化疗。     

经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中活检的应用研究

目的：探讨膀胱肿瘤电切术（transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBT）中肿瘤基底部及边缘部位活检的应用价值及意义。方法收集2010年3月至2013年4月行 TURBT 术的膀胱癌患者58例,病理类型均为膀胱尿路上皮癌。术中活检28例（活检组）,活检部位包括肿瘤基底部和创面边缘可疑黏膜;未活检30例（未活检组）。观察两组术后1年肿瘤复发、进展情况。结果（1）活检组：1例活检发现肿瘤肌层浸润,行根治性全膀胱切除术;27例为非肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌,其中5例行二次TURBT ,包括3例活检未见肌层组织及2例活检见上皮异形增生,另22例活检未见异常。随访1年,肿瘤复发5例,进展2例。（2）未活检组：2例为肌层浸润性膀胱癌,28例为非肌层浸润性膀胱癌。随访1年,肿瘤复发10例,进展6例。结论TURBT 术中行肿瘤基底部及边缘可疑部位活检,有助于明确肿瘤分期分级,提高残余肿瘤的检出率,明确电切范围及深度,并为二次 TURBT 提供参考依据。     

经尿道膀胱肿瘤等离子整块剜除术在膀胱癌治疗中的应用效果

目的 比较经尿道膀胱肿瘤等离子整块剜除术(TeURBT)和传统经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)在膀胱癌治疗中的应用效果.方法 根据手术方法的不同将76例膀胱癌患者分为TeURBT组(n=36,接受TeURBT治疗)和TURBT组(n=40,接受TURBT治疗).比较两组患者的围手术期指标、磷酸化蛋白激酶B(p-AKT...     

磁共振功能成像在脑肿瘤诊断中的应用

目前,MRI因软组织分辨率高、无辐射及多平面成像等优势已成为脑肿瘤疾病的一种常规检查手段。近年来,随着磁共振技术的发展及磁场强度的增加,一些新的MR功能成像技术已开始越来越多的应用于临床,如磁共振波谱、脑功能成像、灌注成像、磁敏感加权成像、弥散张量成像等,主要用于脑肿瘤之间及脑肿瘤与非肿瘤性疾病的鉴别、肿瘤的分级、指导外科术式的选择、放疗方案的制订等。     

Craniotomy Under Local Anesthesia and Monitored Conscious Sedation for the Resection of Tumors Involving Eloquent Cortex

Objective. Resection or even biopsy of an intra-axial mass lesion in close relationship to eloquent cortex carries a major risk of neurological deficit. We have assessed the safety and effectiveness of craniotomy under local anesthesia and monitored conscious sedation for the resection of tumors involving eloquent cortex. Methods. We have performed a retrospective review of a consecutive series of 157 adult patients who underwent craniotomy under local anesthesia by one surgeon (P.M.B.) at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. All patients had tumors in close proximity to eloquent cortex, including speech, motor, primary sensory, or visual cortex. In most cases the lesion was considered inoperable by the referring surgeon. All resection was verified by post-operative imaging approximately one month after surgery and all cases were reviewed by an independent neurosurgeon (A.D.). Results. In 122 cases, brain mapping was performed to identify eloquent cortex and in the remainder neurological monitoring was maintained during the procedure. Radiological gross total resection was achieved in 57% of patients and greater than 80% resection was achieved in 23%. Thus 4 out of 5 of patients had major resection despite the close relationship of tumor to eloquent cortex. In 13%, resection could be done but less than 80% of tumor was removed because of danger of neurological deficit. In 7% of patients, only a biopsy could be done because of infiltration into eloquent cortex that could only be assessed at surgery.In 76 patients with pre-operative neurological deficits, there was complete resolution of these deficits in 33%, improvement in 32%, no change in 28%, and long-term worsening in 8%. Among 81 patients with no pre-operative neurological deficit, 1 patient suffered a major permanent neurological deficit, and 2 developed minor deficits. There was a transient post-operative deficit in one-third of cases, but this had resolved at one month in all but three patients.Monitored conscious sedation was performed without anesthetic complications using midazolam, sufentanyl and fentanyl with or without propofol. Only one case needed to be converted to general anesthesia. Patient satisfaction with the procedure has been good. Operating time and hospital stay were lower than the mean for brain tumor craniotomy at this hospital. Conclusions. Tumor surgery with conscious sedation is a safe technique that allows maximal resection of lesions in close anatomical relationship to eloquent cortex, with a low risk of new neurological deficit. Only 7% of intrinsic cortical tumors were ineligible for partial or complete resection with this technique.     

磁共振功能成像在脑胶质瘤侵袭性行为评价中的作用

脑胶质瘤的侵袭常沿着有髓神经纤维和血管基底膜途径进行。MR功能成像包括MRS、PWI和DWI．具有一定的分子成像的能力。MRS代谢物浓度变化可以明确瘤体和瘤周的代谢物变化。Cho／Cr值自近瘤周区向远瘤周区有逐渐降低的趋势．而NAA／Cr则有升高趋势．符合胶质瘤沿白质纤维自近向远侵袭性生长的特点。MRI灌注成像rCBV对胶质瘤分级的预测具有一定价值。MRI弥散成像通过反映组织内水分子的扩散特性反映脑内肿瘤的病理变化,常以扩散张量成（DTI）、表观扩散系数（ADC）和白质纤维柬追踪~（V13来间接反映胶质瘤的生物学侵袭性特点。MR功能成像在评价脑胶质瘤侵袭性上具有一定价值,临床医生应把传统MRI与多种功能成像技术联合应用来提高MRI对胶质瘤侵袭性的认识。     

骨髓异常的磁共振成像及其临床应用研究

目的：探讨磁共振成像（magnetic reconance imaging,MRI) 在评价骨髓病变中的作用。方法：定性定量分析78例正常人群、44例骨髓病变患者（15例白血病、13例非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、16例增生性贫血）的脊柱MRI汲骨髓穿刺、外周血检查资料，并将MRI定量资料与临床实验室检查资料进行相关性分析。全部病例均经骨髓穿刺或活检证实。结果：①白血病及淋巴瘤T1加权像（T1-weigted imaging,T1WI)低信号多于增生性贫血及正常人群（P＜0．05），T2加权像（T2-weigted imaging,T2WI)高信号多于增生性贫血及正常人群（P＜0．05）；正常人群、白血病、淋巴瘤强化无差异（P＞0．05）；白血病弥漫性浸润多于淋巴瘤（P＝0．000）。②T1WI白血病及淋巴瘤骨髓肌肉信号强度比（signal intensity ratio on T1WI,SIR1)低于增生性贫血及正常人群（P＜0．05）。③增生性贫血SIR1与粒细胞和红细胞之比呈正相关（P＝0．006），与骨髓中红细胞比例负相关（P＝0．008）；白血病SIR1与骨髓幼稚细胞比例负相关（P＝0．048）。结论：MRI可显示脊柱红骨髓的分布；MRI定性分析可区分良、恶性骨髓病变；定量分析SIR1诊断价值有限；SIR1可评价增生性贫血的贫血程度，粗略预测白血病的瘤负荷。     

磁共振弥散加权成像在脊柱转移瘤和脊柱感染性病变鉴别诊断中的应用

目的比较脊柱转移瘤和感染性病变的磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)与表观扩散系数(ADC)值的不同特点,为二者鉴别诊断提供参考。方法选取30例脊柱转移瘤患者和24例脊柱感染患者为观察对象,分别为脊柱转移瘤组和脊柱感染组,2组患者均进行磁共振弥散加权成像检查。比较脊柱转移瘤病变和感染病变的磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)、表观扩散系数(ADC)值以及对比噪声比(CNR)。结果 30例脊柱转移瘤组患者的弥散加权图像中,全部为高信号。24例脊柱感染疾病组患者的弥散加权图像中,18例患者为低信号,4例为等信号,2例患者为高信号。以DWI高信号作为脊柱转移瘤的诊断指标,诊断的敏感性为100.0%(30/30),特异性为91.67%(22/24),准确性为96.30%(52/54)。以DWI低信号作为脊柱感染病变的诊断指标,诊断的敏感性为75.05%(18/24),特异性为0.0%(0/30),准确性为33.33%(18/54)。脊柱转移瘤组患者病灶平均ADC值为(0.72±0.12)×10^-3mm^2/s,明显低于脊柱感染组患者的(1.43±0.14)×10^-3mm^2/s,比较差异有统计学意义(t=20.06,P<0.05)。脊柱转移瘤组患者病灶平均CNR值为(27.46±4.35),明显高于脊柱感染组患者的(13.58±3.14),差异有统计学意义(t=13.12,P<0.05)。结论脊柱转移瘤患者磁共振弥散加权成像以高信号为主,而感染性疾病以低信号为主,而且脊柱感染性疾病的ADC值明显高于脊柱转移瘤病变。磁共振弥散加权成像检查对于脊柱转移瘤和感染性疾病的鉴别诊断具有重要意义。     

Comparing Accuracy of Mammography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Residual Calcified Lesions in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy

Background

Neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) is performed to increase the rate of breast-conserving surgery in advanced breast cancer patients. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is accurate in predicting residual cancer, if calcification remains, the issue of whether to perform the surgery on the basis of the residual tumor prediction range in mammography (MMG) or MRI has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to estimate the accuracy of predicting residual tumor after NST for residual microcalcification on mammographic and enhancing lesion on MRI.

The Role of Endorectal Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Management of Early Rectal Lesions in a Tertiary Center

BackgroundIn early rectal cancer, ERUS has a vital role in determining radical or local excision based on identification of T-stage. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEMs) has a reduced morbidity and mortality compared with radical surgery. Correct identification of lesions that can be managed with TEMs is therefore imperative. Our aim was to assess the accuracy of ERUS in identifying mucosal/submucosal lesions and thus their suitability for TEMs.Patients and MethodsA retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent ERUS was carried out over an initial 25-month period at a tertiary colorectal center. Our main outcome measures were T-stage measured using ERUS or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (indicating suitability for local excision, ie, ≤ T1) with correlation with that of the subsequent surgical specimen and improvement in accuracy over time. After data analysis and review, the study was repeated over the subsequent 12 months to establish whether there was a learning curve with the use of ERUS.ResultsOver the initial period, 52 patients who met the inclusion criteria underwent ERUS. T-staging was accurate in 73.1% (38/52) with identification of ≤ T1 lesions having a sensitivity of 70.8% and a specificity 100%. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of MRI was similar to that of ERUS (72.7%, 70.0%, and 100% respectively). Over the subsequent period, 23 patients underwent ERUS with T-staging accuracy improving to 78.3% (18/23) (P = .777).ConclusionIn our experience, ERUS is a useful adjunct to clinical assessment and pelvic MRI in determining suitability for local excision. Its 100% specificity in determining that a lesion is limited to the mucosa or submucosa aids in the assessment of lesions that are being considered for submucosal resection. Over the time periods assessed, improvement in T-staging accuracy was demonstrated, which might be due to the presence of a learning curve.     

MRI在36例宫颈癌术前分期中的价值

[目的]评价MRI对宫颈癌术前诊断的准确性。[方法]回顾性对比分析我院2009年1月至2011年7月经病理学证实的36例宫颈癌病例的术前MRI分期和术后病理分期。[结果]宫颈癌组织MRI表现为宫颈区类圆形或不规则分叶状软组织肿块影,T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈中高信号。增强扫描肿瘤大部分呈中等不均匀强化,部分中心坏死区无强化。术前MRI分期的准确率为80.6%（29/36）。[结论]MRI是评价宫颈癌较可靠的影像学检查手段。