带监测皮岛的腓骨移植修复四肢骨缺损

目的 探讨带监测皮岛的腓骨移植修复四肢长管状骨大段骨缺损的临床疗效.方法 对四肢严重创伤、骨肿瘤、骨髓炎引起的大段骨缺损采用带监测皮岛的吻合血管的腓骨移植,结合自体髂骨移植进行修复19例,并通过监测皮岛观察腓骨移植后的血供情况.结果 术后经过1～3年随访,切口均一期愈合,X线显示骨缺损愈合时间为3～12个月,平均5.6个月. 结论 带监测皮岛的腓骨移植加自体髂骨移植是修复四肢大段骨缺损的良好方法.     

带监测皮岛的吻合血管腓骨移植修复下肢骨缺损

目的 观察带监测皮岛的吻合血管腓骨移植修复下肢大块骨缺损中监测皮岛血循环的可靠性与实用性。方法 以源于腓动脉的比目鱼肌肌皮支供血的小腿外侧皮肤设计监测皮岛的吻合血管的腓骨移植修复下肢长骨缺损,通过观察监则皮岛的血运监测移植腓骨的血供情况。结果 临床应用１６例,其中有６例监测皮岛于术后监测过程中准确提示了移植腓骨血循环障碍,并经及时手术处理而恢复血供,１６例腓骨游离移植均达早期骨性愈合。结论 监测皮     

大段复合骨修复四肢骨缺损携带监测皮岛的临床意义

目的探讨大段复合骨移植修复四肢大段骨缺损中设计携带监测皮岛的临床意义。方法自2001年1月至2004年12月,采用带3 cm×5 cm监测皮岛的自体腓骨干或腓骨近段与大段异体骨开槽捆绑或嵌套式复合骨移植修复四肢大段骨缺损19例,骨缺损长度12～25 cm,平均16．6 cm；移植的自体腓骨15～28 cm,平均18．3 cm。术后1周内连续观察监测皮岛的颜色、温度、弹性、毛细血管充盈等指标,定期影像学观察、评价大段复合骨移植骨愈合情况。结果监测皮岛能准确了解移植腓骨的血供。其中,监测皮岛显示静脉危象1例,经手术探查取出吻合口血栓后皮岛及移植腓骨血管危象解除；其余监测皮岛正常。经6～54个月(平均23．2个月)随访,全部监测皮岛存活并与周围皮肤正常愈合。15例在术后3个月即有异体骨与自体骨影像学骨性愈合。术后超过1年并已拆除内固定的共有11例,术中证实异体骨与自体骨间已骨性愈合。结论在大段复合骨移植中设计携带监测皮岛,有助于了解移植腓骨的血供和早期预测大段复合骨的转归。     

腓动脉蒂的腓骨移植治疗下肢长管骨大段缺损

下肢长管骨大段骨缺损,临床治疗较为困难。１９９４年以来,我科应用以腓动脉为血供的腓骨、联合皮瓣行游离移植治疗下肢长管骨大段骨缺损并软组织缺损,取得了满意的效果。１临床资料本组８例,男７例,女１例。年龄２２～５２岁,平均３６岁。５例伴有胫前软组织缺损,...     

带监测皮岛的组合腓骨移植治疗股骨大段缺损

目的 探讨带监测皮岛的组合腓骨移植治疗股骨大段缺损的临床疗效。方法 将带监测皮岛的腓骨移植做如下改进以治疗股骨大段缺损：带监测皮岛的腓骨中段折断成双腓骨进行修复7例；带监测皮岛的腓骨捆绑同种异体骨修复7例。结果 带监测皮岛的双腓骨移植监测皮岛全部成活，术后3～9年随访显示移植骨增粗、塑形、无折断。带监测皮岛腓骨捆绑同种异体骨移植除1例术后局部渗液取出异体骨外，其余6例术后1～2年随访显示移植腓骨与异体骨紧密结合，移植骨增粗、塑形、无折断。结论 带监测皮岛双腓骨或捆绑同种异体骨移植修复股骨缺损，可增加移植腓骨骨量和强度，可减少或避免移植腓骨折断。     

带监测皮岛的腓骨移植

目的 探索吻合血管腓骨移植术后腓骨血牮的监测方法。方法 设计一种与移植腓骨血供同源的小腿外侧小皮瓣－－监测皮岛进行移植。临床应用３０例。术后通过对监测皮岛的观察,达到监支腓骨血供的目的。结果 ３０例中,６例监测皮岛于术后监测过程中准确地提示了移植腓骨血管危象,均及时得到手术探查、复通血供。３０例移植腓骨均达到有性愈合。结论 监测皮岛是腓骨移植术后血供监测的可靠方法。     

采用带血管腓骨移植一期修复慢性骨髓炎大段骨缺损

目的 探索慢性骨髓炎大段骨早期摘除后骨缺损的一期修复效果。方法 胫骨慢性骨髓炎并大段骨清除后,作吻合血管腓骨移植一期予以重建１８例;作炎性骨段切除,采肜带血管蒂腓骨移位一期予以修复２例。结果 胫骨慢性骨髓炎在摘除在大段死骨后应用吻合血管腓骨移植或带血管腓骨移植或带血管蒂腓骨移位重建。术后３￣６个月见重建骨完全骨性愈合,邻近关节诸骨受累的炎症得到完全控制;修复肢体的功能与外形恢复令人满意。结论 对慢     

吻合血管腓骨游离移植治疗创伤性胫骨大段骨缺损

目的 观察吻合血管腓骨游离移植创伤性胫骨大段缺损的疗效.方法 采用吻合血管腓骨游离移植创伤性胫骨大段缺损患者6例,男5例,女1例,骨缺损长度平均5.5 cm,切取腓骨长度平均10.8 cm.结果 所有患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,移植骨全部愈合且管径逐渐增粗.平均随访3年1个月,在患肢活动、负重后无移植骨骨折,供区踝关节无畸形.结论 吻合血管腓骨游离移植是治疗创伤性胫骨大段缺损的有效方法之一.     

吻合血管腓骨游离移植治疗创伤性胫骨大段骨缺损

目的 观察吻合血管腓骨游离移植创伤性胫骨大段缺损的疗效.方法 采用吻合血管腓骨游离移植创伤性胫骨大段缺损患者6例,男5例,女1例,骨缺损长度平均5.5 cm,切取腓骨长度平均10.8 cm.结果 所有患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,移植骨全部愈合且管径逐渐增粗.平均随访3年1个月,在患肢活动、负重后无移植骨骨折,供区踝关节无畸形.结论 吻合血管腓骨游离移植是治疗创伤性胫骨大段缺损的有效方法之一.     

吻合血管腓骨游离移植治疗创伤性胫骨大段骨缺损

目的 观察吻合血管腓骨游离移植创伤性胫骨大段缺损的疗效.方法 采用吻合血管腓骨游离移植创伤性胫骨大段缺损患者6例,男5例,女1例,骨缺损长度平均5.5 cm,切取腓骨长度平均10.8 cm.结果 所有患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,移植骨全部愈合且管径逐渐增粗.平均随访3年1个月,在患肢活动、负重后无移植骨骨折,供区踝关节无畸形.结论 吻合血管腓骨游离移植是治疗创伤性胫骨大段缺损的有效方法之一.     

Free vascularized fibular transplant. A new method for monitoring circulation of the grafted fibula

Free vascularized fibular grafts were used to treat seventeen patients who had extensive defects and pseudarthroses in long bones of the extremities. Of the seventeen, thirteen had been followed for from eighteen months to five years and could be evaluated. All thirteen grafts healed with no radiographic evidence of bone necrosis or resorption. During the immediate postoperative period, the patency of the anastomoses was monitored by observing the color of the skin of an island pedicle (so-called buoy) skin graft whose blood supply was in continuity with that of the fibular graft. Preoperative Doppler measurements were used to determine the most favorable location for the island pedicle graft. In the presence of defects of both bone and skin, the skin defect can be covered by using a large buoy flap. The largest flap used in this series measured fifteen square centimeters.     

Monitoring island flap for fibular graft in 30 patients with long bone defects

To study the effect of vascularized fibulargraft on large defects of long bones and the monitoringmethod for the vascular status of the grafted fibula.     

The osteocutaneous free fibular graft

Free osteocutaneous fibular grafts, revascularised by microvascular anastomoses, have been used for one-stage reconstruction of extensive bone and skin loss in the lower leg in seven patients. The addition of an integral skin flap to a vascularised fibular graft makes reconstruction of bone defects with significant skin loss possible, and the technique for designing and raising such a flap is presented. The advantages of this transfer over other microvascular osteocutaneous flaps are the available length of straight cortical bone, the large thin skin flap, the good diameter of the vascular pedicle and the fact that dissection is carried out under a tourniquet.     

Vascularized bone grafts to the upper extremity. Indications and technique.

Massive autogenous bone grafts with an intact vascular pedicle decrease the time to bony union and immobilization required for treatment of segmental bony defects. These techniques have been shown to be effective in treatment of segmental defects of more than 6 cm after trauma or tumor resection in relatively avascular beds. Additionally, in the upper extremity, the free vascularized bone graft is in the developmental phase for employment in the reconstruction of epiphyseal arrest and congenital radial club hand. There are disadvantages to free vascularized bone transfers compared with conventional techniques. For example, a free vascularized fibular transfer requires a team skilled in microvascular technique, a long operative time (6 to 10 hours), and the sacrifice of a major vessel to the lower extremity. If the anastomosis fails, however, the free vascularized fibula will act as a conventional bone graft, thereby minimizing adverse effects. We think that by proper patient selection, appropriate evaluation and preparation of the bony defect, meticulous microvascular anastomosis, and correct fixation and immobilization of the graft a good outcome can be achieved in those patients with large bony defects that defy the use of conventional methods.     

吻合血管节段性腓骨移植修复邻近关节巨大腔性骨缺损

目的：邻近关节骨肿瘤或肿瘤样病变切除后的修复。方法：仿据排骨血供的特性,设计吻合血管腓骨多节段移植,修复胫骨上端、股骨下端及股骨近端骨缺损。结果：临床应用10例,经术后3个月随访,移植骨愈合良好,关节功能恢复令人满意。结论：采用该方法,修复邻近关节骨肿瘤切除后巨大腔性骨缺损,远优于吻合血管或单纯松质骨植入,从根本上避免或替代了异体半关节移植。     

Failure of free vascularized fibular graft for osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a histopathologic study of 6 cases

The rationale for the use of free vascularized fibular graft for osteonecrosis of the hip is based on the assumption that the graft will provide support and blood supply to the osteonecrotic head. We report the histopathologic features of 6 consecutive osteonecrotic heads with failed vascularized fibular grafts. Three grafts were partially viable, and 3 were necrotic. The medullary canal was completely necrotic in 4 grafts. A thin layer of new, viable periosteal bone and bone remodeling was present at the surface of 4 grafts. New bone applied to the surface of the graft, especially in the 3 necrotic ones, suggests that the new bone originated from the host bed and not from the graft. Therefore, the risks and benefits of the vascular anastomosis, which in these cases provided no viability to the graft, should be re-evaluated. These findings were observed in failed cases and cannot be extrapolated to successful ones.     

Reconstruction of the bones and joints of the upper extremity by vascularized free fibular graft: report of 46 cases.

The vascularized free fibular graft was applied in reconstructing bone and joint structures of the upper extremity in 46 cases between August, 1977 and December, 1989. Among these, 30 were grafts of the fibular shaft and 16 were grafts of the fibular head. There were 19 bony defects after trauma or osteomyelitis, 18 bony or articular defects after resection of tumors, five congenital deformities or defects, and four replacements for fibrous dysplasia. The longest grafted fibula was 22 cm and the shortest, 5 cm. Thirty-one cases were followed for more than two years, and these were evaluated for functional ability in daily living, roentgenologic appearance, and 99mTc scan during follow-up. The results revealed quite sufficient functional restoration, solid bone healing, and adequate blood supply, in most cases. The vascularized free fibular head graft appears to be an ideal procedure for the reconstruction of defects of the lower end of the radius or the upper humerus, including the humeral head. The stability of the reconstructed wrist or shoulder joint was maintained by suturing the lateral collateral ligament, the palmar collateral ligament around the wrist, or by passing the long head of the biceps brachii through the grafted fibula at the shoulder. Methods for fixation of the fibular shaft to the recipient bone and the selection of vessels for anastomoses, both in the graft and at the recipient site, are discussed. The importance of postoperative functional exercise is emphasized.     

Reconstruction of traumatic tubular bone defects using vascularized fibular graft

Large segmental bone defects due to major trauma constitute a major challenge for the orthopaedic surgeon, especially when combined with poor or lost soft tissue envelope. Vascularized fibular transfer is considered as the gold standard for the reconstruction of such defects of the extremities due to its predictable vascular pedicle, long cylindrical shape, and tendency to hypertrophy, and resistance to infection. Vascularized bone grafts remain viable throughout the healing period and are capable of inducing rapid graft union without prolonged creeping substitution, osteogenesis and hypertrophy at the reconstruction site, and fight with infection.The fibular graft can be transferred solely, or as a composite flap including muscle, subcutaneous tissue, skin and even a nerve segment in order to reconstruct both bone and soft tissue components of the injury at single stage operation. Such a reconstruction can even be performed in the presence of local infection, since vascularized bone and adjacent soft tissue components enhances the blood flow at the traumatized zone, allowing for the delivery of antibiotics and immune components to the infection site.In an effort to preserve growth potential in pediatric patients; the fibular head and proximal growth plate can be included to the graft. This practice also enables to reconstruct the articular ends of various bones, including distal radius and proximal ulna. Apart from defect reconstruction, vascularized fibular grafts also proved to be a reliable in treating atrophic nonunions, reconstruction of osteomyelitic bone segments. These grafts are superior to alternative reconstructive techniques, as bone grafts with intrinsic blood supply lead to higher success rates in reconstruction and accelerate the repair process at the injury site in cases where blood supply to the injury zone is defective, poor soft tissue envelope, and local infection at the trauma zone.     

A modified induced membrane 2-stage technique using a thoracodorsal artery perforator free flap followed by vascularized or non-vascularized free fibular transfer for the treatment of complex bone infection with concomitant severe soft tissue lesion–A case series of 9 cases

Treatment of post-traumatic complex bone infection is very challenging. The two principal bone reconstruction approaches are the single-stage vascularized bone graft technique and the two-stage induced membrane technique (IMT). Here we introduce a modified 2-stage induced membrane technique (MIMT) for complex long bone infection with a major bone defect and a concomitant severe soft tissue lesion. The 2-stage procedure consists of bone debridement, placement of a PMMA spacer and soft tissue reconstruction with a thoracodorsal artery perforator free flap (“Tdap”) at stage 1. At stage 2, the thoracodorsal artery perforator flap is elevated and a fibular strut graft (either vascularized of non-vascularized) is placed for bone reconstruction.We retrospectively analyzed the extents of lower extremity, long bone, post-traumatic bone infection treated via MIMT from 2008 to 2020. There were nine such cases (eight males) of mean age 59.8 (range 31 to 79) years. The osteomyelitis durations ranged from 3 to 360 months (mean 53 months). The cortical bone defect sizes was ranged from 9 to 14 cm (mean10.7 cm). All skin resurfacing employed Tdap. Vascularized fibular grafts were placed in six patients and non-vascularized grafts were placed in three. The fibular graft size ranged from 12.5 to 19 cm (mean 16.2 cm). Non-vascularized iliac bone grafts served as the fibula docking sites.Unfortunately, all patients suffered complications before bone union was achieved. One case of plate stress fracture and one case of screw fracture required plate and screw change. In three cases of cellulitis, one resolved by use of intravenous antibiotics, others required plate and screw removal. Wound disruption required re-suture and distal skin flap partial necrosis was covered by perforator-based island flap. One case of fibular stress fracture needed cast for 4 weeks. A peroneal nerve palsy patient recovered spontaneously. Bone union was achieved after 6 months in five patients and after 8 months in three (mean 6.9 months). All patients were able to walk unaided. The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 14 years (mean 6.2 years).MIMT saves the limbs in cases with difficult post-traumatic bone infection. It is valid treatment option for complex bone infections with severe soft tissue lesions. However, even with this technique potential complication must be considered.