血小板及冷沉淀输注对创伤大出血患者凝血功能的影响

目的探讨血小板及冷沉淀输注对创伤大出血患者凝血功能的影响。方法以保定市第一中心医院西院2011年8月~2014年8月收治的131例行大量输血治疗的创伤大出血患者作为研究对象,在大量输血早期预防性输注血小板和(或)冷沉淀预防性输注。将仅输注血小板的患者设为血小板组;将仅输注冷沉淀的患者设为冷沉淀组;将联合输注血小板与冷沉淀者设为联合组。观察不同输注方法对3组患者输血前后凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、血小板(PLT)等的影响。结果联合组患者输注后PT、APTT、TT较输注前明显缩短(P0.05),FIB、PLT较输注前明显增加(P0.05);联合组与血小板组比较,PT、APTT、TT明显缩短,FIB明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),联合组与冷沉淀组比较,PT、APTT、TT明显缩短,PLT明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);3组在住院时间上无统计学差异;联合组生存率高于血小板组和冷沉淀组,但无统计学意义(χ2=1.09,P0.05和χ2=0.64,P0.05);3组入院后24h红细胞输注量无统计学差异;联合组血小板输注量少于血小板组(t=6.30,P0.05),冷沉淀输注量少于冷沉淀组(t=7.17,P0.05)。结论创伤大出血患者大量输血早期联合输注血小板与冷沉淀可明显提高患者凝血物质的含量,缩短凝血时间,比单独输注血小板或冷沉淀更有利于避免凝血功能紊乱,具有更显著的止血效果。     

创伤大量输血治疗方案的研究进展

输血是创伤救治中的重要措施,许多学者建议制定大量输血治疗方案(massive transfusion pro-tocol,MTP)来指导输血及相关的治疗。本文主要讨论实施MTP的目的,能够减少血液制品输注量、提高输注效率、早期纠正创伤性凝血病和减少输血并发症等等。关于MTP的启动和终止目前尚无统一标准,由各医疗单位自行制定。启动MTP还依靠主观的经验判断,也有学者提出客观的评分法,但有待进一步验证。MTP是以标准流程的形式指导大出血和创伤性凝血病的治疗,涉及浓缩红细胞(RBC)、新鲜冰冻血浆(FFP)、血小板和冷沉淀输注以及重组Ⅶ因子(rFⅦa)的使用时机、剂量和目标等等,需要创伤外科、急诊科、血库、检验科和麻醉科等部门的通力协作。已有的大量实践证实,实施MTP可以减少血制品使用总量,提高输注效率;减轻创伤性凝血病的严重程度;降低脏器功能衰竭发生率、改善严重创伤患者的生存率;可能减少输血相关的并发症。MTP的实施中也存在诊疗标准不一致、血液成份的最佳输注比例不明确、对早期死亡的大出血患者的作用不确切等问题,需要进一步研究和解决。     

什么是严重创伤出血患者的大量输血方案?

解答:大量输血(massive transfusion)指24h内给成人输注超过20U红细胞;或输注血液制品超过患者自身血容量的1~1.5倍;或1h内输注血液制品>50%自身血容量;或输血速度﹥1.5ml/(kg·min)。对于严重创伤合并大出血的患者,需要紧急启动大量输血方案(massive transfusion protocol,MTP),常用方案包括:(1)方案一:红细胞、新鲜冰冻血浆(FFP)、血小板考虑按6∶4∶1输注,即相当于我国12U红细胞∶800ml FFP∶1U血小板。(2)方案二:红细胞、FFP、血小板考虑按1∶1∶1输注,即相当于我国1U红细胞∶100ml FFP∶1U血小板,三者均是从200ml全血分离。应根据患者临床表现及实验室检查结果     

高渗盐液经骨髓腔通路复苏失血性休克犬凝血功能的变化

目的探讨不同复苏液经骨髓腔通路复苏失血性休克犬对凝血功能的影响。方法建立犬失血性休克模型,从胫骨骨髓腔输注小剂量7.5%氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40溶液(HSH)、生理盐水(NS)两种复苏液,测定复苏各时间点凝血酶原时间(PT),活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)。结果失血性休克后,实验组PT、APTT延长,与对照(sham)组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),实验组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);复苏后2 h,HSH组PT、APTT明显延长,与NS组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);复苏后48 h实验组PT、APTT降至正常,与sham组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),实验组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论经骨髓腔通路输注小剂量HSH复苏失血性休克,对凝血功能影响轻微,未出现严重的出血倾向,是一种安全、有效的复苏方案。     

基层医院大量输血协议对多发伤患者创伤诱导出血的影响

世界卫生组织估计,到2020年创伤将成为引起患者死亡的第二大原因[1].在创伤患者中,早期死亡患者中绝大部分与创伤部位出血以及获得性凝血病即创伤诱导出血(trauma-induced coagulopathy,TIC)有关[2].大量输血协议[3](massive transfusion protocols,MTP)是指24 h内输血量≥患者循环血容量或输注的浓缩红细胞(packed red blood cell,PRBC)＞10 U,或指在1h内输入的PRBC ＞4 U.     

冷沉淀在抢救大量输血后凝血异常中作用的观察

目的　观察输注冷沉淀对大量输血后凝血异常的作用。方法　对 8例严重损伤大量输血后有凝血异常的病人 ,行输冷沉淀前、输冷沉淀后 12～ 2 4小时和输后 3～ 5天凝血象及血浆Fn水平测定。结果8例患者输注冷沉淀后 12～ 2 4小时及输后 3～ 5天与输注前相比 ,患者的凝血酶原时间 (PT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、部分凝血活酶时间 (APTT)均明显缩短 ,纤维蛋白原 (Fbg)含量增加 ,血浆纤维结合蛋白 (Fn)水平显著提高 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,5例患者D 二聚体转为阴性。结论　对大量输血后并发凝血异常的患者及时输注冷沉淀可提高血循环中凝血因子及纤维蛋白原等凝血物质的含量 ,缩短凝血时间 ,纠正凝血异常     

大量输血前后患者凝血四项及血小板检测结果分析

目的：对外伤急诊大出血患者进行输血前后不同时间的凝血四项及血小板（PLT）动态分析,了解大量输血对上述指标的影响。方法：对37例大量输血患者输血前及输血后第1、3、7d的凝血四项及PLT等指标进行动态检测,并进行统计学比较。结果：大量输血后第1d与输血前比较,胛、APTT、TT时间有显著延长（P〈0．05）,FIB及PLT较输血前显著降低（P〈0．05）;输血后第3d与输血后第1d比较,PT、APTT、TT时间有显著缩短（P〈0．05）,FIB则显著增高（P〈0．05）;输血后第3d PLT与输血前比较,无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;输血后第7d PT、APTT、TT、FIB、PLT等均基本恢复到输血前,无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：对外伤急诊患者进行大量输血治疗时,应注意凝血四项及PLT等指标的监测,为临床治疗提供有力的依据,以免引起不必要的出血。     

大量输血对受血者凝血功能的影响

 目的 探讨大量输血对受血者凝血功能的影响。方法 回顾性分析2012-01至2015-05首钢医院收治的85例需大量输血患者(≥1200 ml)的临床资料,分别于术前、术后第1 天及第3天对受血者的血细胞计数值(HGB、HCT、PLT等)、血凝指标值(FIB、APTT、PT等)进行测量,观察各数值变化,以分析大量输血对受血者凝血功能的影响。结果 与术前相比,术后第1天受血者的PLT值明显降低,且术后第3天仍未恢复术前水平,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。术后第1天,受血者的HCT值、HGB值均显著高于手术前,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),术后第3天受血者的HCT、HGB值较术前水平高。术后第1天,患者的FIB值明显较术前低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后第3天,患者的FIB值高于术前水平,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。而术后第1天受血者的PT、TT、APTT均较术前明显延长,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。术后第3天,受血者的PT、TT、APTT值较术后第1天有显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 大量输血后,受血者血小板显著减少,凝血功能大幅度下降,应加强监测,及早发现可能的凝血功能障碍。     

严重创伤失血性休克患者凝血功能测定与输血的临床分析

目的探讨严重创伤失血性休克患者凝血功能变化及输血等有关问题。方法将69例严重创伤(AIS≥3或ISS≥16)病例,按照ISS值分为ISS<25组与ISS≥25组,分别监测凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)与纤维蛋白原(FIB),血红蛋白(HB)、血细胞比容(HCT)及血小板计数(PLT);记录创伤后失血量与输血量;用SPSS软件进行统计学处理。结果总治愈率为84.1%,凝血象异常占76.8%(53/69),成分输血占总输血量的72.3%。ISS≥25组与ISS<25组比较,PT时间明显延长(P=0.016),失血量、输血总量显著增加(P=0.028,P=0.004)。结论严重创伤失血性休克患者损伤越严重对凝血功能影响越大;在积极进行快速液体复苏的同时,需要外科确定性手术止血;在补充血液丢失时须充分考虑纠正凝血功能异常。     

凝血及纤溶指标检测与产后出血的关系研究

目的探讨常规凝血及纤溶指标的变化与产后出血的关系。方法对82例产后出血患者根据产后出血量的不同分为三组:少量出血组26例,出血量500～1 000 ml;大量出血组32例,出血量>1 000 ml;对照组24例,为正常孕产妇,出血量<500 ml。定量检测三组产时及产后48 h常规凝血指标血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)及D-二聚体(D-D)、血小板(PLT)、血红蛋白(HGB)。结果与对照组比较,少量出血组PT、APTT、TT、D-D均明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),而FIB、HGB、PLT均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);与少量出血组比较,大量出血组PT、APTT、TT、D-D均明显升高(P<0.01),而FIB、HGB、PLT则明显降低(P<0.01)。结论产后及时监测常规凝血及纤溶指标的变化对于了解产妇机体凝血功能以及产后出血的发生从而降低孕产妇病死率具有重要意义。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.