非控制性出血休克大鼠早期低压液体复苏的理想复苏压力研究

目的利用大鼠非控制性出血休克模型,探讨早期低压复苏的理想复苏压力。方法W istar大鼠64只,基础平均动脉血压(MAP)为(129.9±14.3)mmHg,断脾法复制非控制性出血休克模型,将血压(MAP)降至40或50mmHg,分为3个处理时段,第1时段模拟院前救治时段,用2∶1乳酸林格氏液和6%的右旋糖酐输注分别将MAP维持在40、50、60、70、80、100mmHg,维持1小时;第2时段模拟医院确定性处理情况,结扎脾动脉止血,输血输液将MAP恢复至100mmHg,维持2小时;第3时段,观察第1时段不同压力复苏对大鼠休克复苏效果的影响。观察指标包括动物存活情况、血压、液体输注量、血细胞比容及动脉血气等。结果院前急救采用高压复苏(80、100mmHg),动物存活时间短,在第1时段末就有50%的动物死亡,需要的液体输注量大,血液稀释严重,代谢性酸中毒明显,血气指标差;而以<70mmHg(50、60、70mmHg)的血压复苏,动物存活时间延长,液体输注量小,血液稀释轻,血气指标正常或接近正常;以50、60mmHg血压输注效果最好,但太低的输注压力(40mmHg)也不利于休克复苏,在第三时段末动物死亡率为75%。结论对非控制性出血休克及活动性出血,止血前采用高压复苏会增加血液丢失及血液稀释,明显影响休克复苏效果,适当低压复苏有利于动物的后期恢复,输注压力以50、60mmHg最好,但太低的输注压力(40mmHg)也不利于休克复苏。     

轻度低温联合低压复苏对非控制出血性休克大鼠的保护作用及与线粒体功能改善的关系

目的 观察轻度低温联合低压复苏对非控制出血性休克大鼠的保护作用及对线粒体功能的影响.方法 通过断脾复制非控制性出血性大鼠休克模型(时相Ⅰ),以乳酸林格液(LR)和羟乙基淀粉(HES)(体积比2:1)在37℃和32℃分别进行维持50mmHg 1小时的低压复苏和维持80mmHg 1小时的常压复苏(时相Ⅱ),彻底止血后用全血...     

精氨酸血管加压素与去甲肾上腺素联合应用时对非控制性出血性休克肝肾血流量及线粒体功能的影响

目的观察精氨酸血管加压素（arginine vasopressin,AVP）与去甲。肾上腺素（NE）合用提高非控制性出血性休克大鼠复苏效果的机制。方法采用大鼠脾实质切除及脾动脉切断方法复制非控制性出血性休克模型,在止血前采用低压复苏（50mmHg,1小时）后结扎血管彻底止血,观察乳酸林格氏液（LR）、NE、AVP0．4U／kg、AVP0．04U／kg、AVP0．4＋NE或0．04U／kg＋NE对肝、肾线粒体功能和血流量的影响。组织血流量采用激光多普勒测定,线粒体功能以呼吸控制率[即在有或无二磷酸腺苷（ADP）条件下消耗氧的比率]表示。结果非控制性出血性休克大鼠在休克后以及低压复苏后肝、肾线粒体功能和血流量均明显降低,LR、NE、AVP0．04或0．4U／kg复苏不能有效改善肝、肾组织线粒体功能以及肝肾组织血流量,AVP0．4U／kg或0．04U／kg与NE合用可明显改善休克动物肝、肾组织线粒体功能和组织血流量,与LR组、NE组、AVP0．4U／kg或0．04U／kg组相比有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论AVP与NE合用改善非控制性出血性休克大鼠的复苏效果与其改善休克动物重要器官线粒体功能和组织血流量有关。     

低血压复苏治疗出血未控制的创伤失血性休克的实验研究

探讨低血压复苏在出血未控制的创伤失血性休克治疗中的意义。建立创伤性休克动物模型，随机分为不复苏组、传统复苏组和低压复苏组，于创伤前后测定凝血酶原时间、部分凝血活酶时间及肝、小肠、骨骼肌的组织氧分压变化，监测生命体征，记录存活时间。结果显示，传统复苏组休克期出血量显著多于其他两组，凝血酶原时间、部分凝血活酶时间延长，而低压复苏组可显著改善组织氧分压，延长存活时间。提示低血压复苏治疗更能改善出血未控制的创伤性休克大鼠的预后。     

精氨酸血管加压素对海水浸泡合并非控制性失血休克大鼠复苏效果的观察

目的 观察精氨酸血管加压素(AVP)对海水浸泡合并非控制性失血休克大鼠的复苏效果.方法 采用15℃低温海水联合脾切除的非控制性失血休克Sprague-Dawley(SD)雄性大鼠72只,14～16周龄,体重(230±20)g,按随机数字表法将大鼠分为单纯乳酸林格液(LR)复苏对照组(LR组),去甲肾上腺素(NE)联合LR复苏组(NE组)、AVP联合LR复苏组(AVP组),各24只.休克后各实验组大鼠分别静脉输注LR、NE(5μg/kg)+LR以及AVP(0.1U/kg)+LR.观察AVP对休克大鼠失血率、复苏液体量、凝血功能、酸中毒及存活的影响.结果 经海水浸泡合并非控制性失血休克后,在彻底止血前低压复苏阶段AVP组失血率(49±3.6)％较LR组大鼠失血率(52±6.0)％减少,NE组失血率较LR组增加.确定性治疗阶段AVP组复苏液体量(32.9±2.23)mL较LR组复苏液体量(66.7±5.63)mL显著降低(P<0.01),NE组复苏液体量(47.0±3.50)mL减少,但与LR组比较无显著差异(P>0.05).复苏结束后,AVP组凝血功能显著改善,表现为凝血酶原时间国际化比值(PT-INR)、凝血酶原时间(PT)较LR组显著缩短(P<0.05,P<0.01),分别为(2.0±0.11)s和(23.2±1.20)s;NE组凝血功能改善不显著(P>0.05).血气分析提示各组大鼠pH值均恢复至7.3左右,AVP组氧分压(PaO2)较LR组和NE组有一定程度增加,至(153.0±14.49)mmHg.AVP组平均存活时间显著延长至26h,24h存活率为50％;NE组和LR组平均存活时间分别为20h和16h,24h存活率均仅为25％.结论 AVP能显著减少海水浸泡合并非控制性失血休克大鼠的失血率和输液量,改善凝血功能和血气,延长存活时间,提高存活率.     

野战腹部创伤非控制性失血性休克的分阶段救治模拟研究

目的制作野战腹部血管损伤非控制性失血性休克(UHS)模型,探索在休克不同阶段给予不同复苏方案的治疗效果。方法SD大鼠50只,左股动、静脉及左心室插管后开腹,其中42只于腹主动脉中下段用25G针头穿刺造成活动性出血模拟UHS,32只造模成功。根据战创伤实际,将动物分为受伤早期、早期救助期、后期救治期及观察期4个阶段。大鼠随机分为以下4组:对照组(n=10),不进行治疗;院内治疗组(n=11),早期不复苏,后期救治期给予手术止血并输入林格液维持血压在90mmHg左右;分阶段救治组(n=11),于早期救助期以1ml/(kg.min)的速度持续缓慢输入林格液,后期救治期治疗同院内治疗组;假手术组(n=8)。监测大鼠平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、血乳酸水平及肝肾功能等,并统计腹腔出血量及存活时间。结果血管损伤后15min对照组大鼠平均动脉压由94.7mmHg下降到28.9mmHg(P<0.01),分阶段救治组早期持续性液体复苏后休克大鼠平均动脉压逐渐升高,但仍然未超过60mmHg。CVP的变化与MAP相似。对照组、院内治疗组伤后早期血乳酸水平、转氨酶活性及肌酐水平即升高,而分阶段救治组升高显著延迟。对照组、院内治疗组、分阶段救治组大鼠平均存活时间为分别为76、846、2480min,对照组大鼠均在24h内死亡,院内治疗组及分阶段救治组72h死亡率分别为72.7%和36.4%。结论采用以早期持续性缓慢液体复苏为特征的分阶段救治措施,虽然不能快速升高血压及有效循环血量,但可有效抑制血乳酸水平的升高,维持器官功能,且不会显著增加腹腔出血量,从而可延长UHS动物存活时间、提高存活率。     

非控制性失血休克复苏策略和护理干预

目的评估不同方法液体复苏和护理干预对非控制性失血休克结局的影响。方法采用回顾性队列研究,分析2011年6月—2016年6月手术治疗的855例非控制性失血休克胸腹多发伤患者。纳入对象分为两组:低压复苏组573例,术前限制性液体复苏,收缩压控制在80~85mm Hg,输液总量1 000m L;传统复苏组282例,术前强制性输液,输液总量2 000m L,收缩压维持在85mm Hg以上。比较分析两组血液和输液需要量、病死率、术后早期并发症和凝血象。结果总病死率9.2%(79/855),53.2%死于失血性休克并凝血病。存活病例治愈的主要并发症:凝血病131例、腹腔间隙综合征11例、过负荷补液71例、急性肺损伤70例、轻度心脏衰竭46例。低压复苏组与传统复苏组输血输液需要量、病死例数、术后早期异常指标并需要处理的例数、凝血象检查、ICU时间≥7d例数相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论非控制性失血休克采用"损害控制性复苏"即低压复苏和止血性复苏,可降低病死率和并发症发生率。护理干预重点是掌握复苏压力、时间、方法和凝血因子全面及时补充;并发症护理重点为"致死三联征"即凝血病、低体温和酸中毒。     

3种不同分子量的羟乙基淀粉对大鼠非控制出血性休克的复苏效果比较

目的 比较3种不同分子量的6%羟乙基淀粉(HES)/0.9%氯化钠(NaCl)溶液对大鼠非控制出血性休克的早期低压复苏效果.方法 采用脾脏损伤 切断脾动脉的一分支造成大鼠非控制出血性休克模型,32只Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠按照止血前输注液体的不同分为4组:Ⅰ组,不复苏(no resuscitation,NR)组;Ⅱ组,HES40组;Ⅲ组,HES130组;Ⅳ组,HES200组.伤后平均动脉压(MAP)降至40mmHg时各组分别用3种不同的6%HES/0.9%Nacl溶液开始进行低压复苏,使MAP维持在50mmHg,持续1小时(低压期),Ⅰ组此期不输注任何液体.然后结扎脾动脉止血,各组均以林格氏液加肝素化的供体大鼠全血进行充分液体复苏2小时.观察血流动力学、出血量、血细胞比容(Hct)、止血前期和止血后期的输液量、存活时间.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,早期低压复苏虽然增加了出血量,却显著延长了存活时间,其中Ⅲ、Ⅳ组存活时间比Ⅱ组显著延长,且止血前和止血后输液量显著少于Ⅱ组,而Hct显著高于Ⅱ组,其改善血流动力学的作用显著强于Ⅱ组.结论 用HES进行低压复苏,较之不复苏延长了非控制出血性休克大鼠的存活时间.不同分子量的HES复苏效果不同,HES130和HES200的复苏效果优于HES40.     

不同量万汶对初进高原失血性休克大鼠的复苏效果

通常对高原失血性休克早期复苏多采用乳酸林格氏液（LR）。万汶属新一代胶体液羟乙基淀粉（HEs）,具有扩容效应好、持续时间长、体内无蓄积、肾毒性小等优点。本文旨在通过观察不同量万汶对高原失血性休克大鼠复苏后MAP动脉血指标和生存时间比较,来探讨万汶的复苏效果。作者选取初进高原（海拔3780m）SD大鼠30只,体重250g-300g,     

限制性液体复苏治疗早期失血性休克的实验研究

近几年 ,一些学者对传统的快速大量液体复苏观念提出了质疑 ,同时也提出了在失血性休克早期进行限制性液体复苏的概念。笔者采用Ｃａｐｏｎｅ等[1 ] 设计的一种有活动性出血的ＳＤ大鼠失血性休克模型 ,比较无液体复苏、限制性液体复苏和快速大量液体复苏对大鼠失血性休克的救治疗效。一、材料与方法1.实验材料 :健康、性成熟、清洁型标准的雄性ＳＤ大鼠 4 2只 ,体重 2 70～4 60ｇ,由浙江医学科学院实验动物中心提供。2 .实验方法 :( 1)麻醉和监测 :应用10ｇ Ｌ戊巴比妥钠 ( 4 0ｍｇ ｋｇ)腹腔注射麻醉 ,并将其固定于 2 5℃的恒温板上 ,置导…     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.