结构脂肪乳剂对胃肠肿瘤病人静息能量代谢和脂质过氧化的影响

目的:观察结构脂肪乳剂(STG)和物理混合的中长链脂肪乳剂(MCT/LCT)对胃肠肿瘤病人静息能量代谢和脂质过氧化的影响. 方法:对择期手术的胃肠道肿瘤病人64例,随机分为STG组和MCT/LCT组,于术后第2～6天分别使用STG和MCT/LCT构成的等氮、等热量PN支持,共5d.术后第1至第6天检测病人静息能量代谢、氮平衡和血清超敏C-反应蛋白,术后第6天抽取静脉血行脂质过氧化水平检测. 结果:两组病人术后静息能量代谢均较术前明显升高,STG组病人明显低于MCT/LCT组(JP＜0.05)；两组病人采用STG和MCT/LCT的PN治疗后氮平衡均有改善,而STG组病人累计氮平衡值明显高于MCT/LCT组病人(J＜0.05).STG组病人血清中丙二醛和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶水平亦明显低于MCT/LCT组(P＜0.05). 结论:对胃肠肿瘤病人,在减轻脂质过氧化损伤和维护能量代谢稳定方面,STG比MCT/LCT更为优越.     

结构脂肪乳剂对腹部中等手术后病人脂肪代谢的影响

目的:观察结构脂肪乳剂(STG)和物理混合的中/长链脂肪乳剂(MCT/LCT)对腹部中等手术后病人脂肪代谢的影响.方法:选择40例腹部中等手术后、需要肠外营养支持至少5 d以上的病人40例,按前瞻、随机、盲法、对照原则分为STG组20例和MCT/LCT组20例.术后第1 d至第5 d两组病人按等氮、等热量进行肠外营养支持.于手术前、术后第1 d营养支持前及术后第6 d的清晨6:00留取血标本检测三酰甘油和胆固醇.术后第2 d输注前与输注结束时抽取静脉血检测三酰甘油、胆固醇和游离脂肪酸.结果:与术前值相比,两组病人三酰甘油与胆固醇在术后第1 d均明显下降,术后第6 d 两组三酰甘油水平又逐渐上升.但与STG组相比,输注物理混合MCT/LCT后,病人的三酰甘油及中链脂肪酸升高幅度更大一些,而STG LCFA的升高要更明显.结论:在对术后病人三酰甘油以及中链脂肪酸的代谢影响等方面,STG影响要小于MCT/LCT;对长链脂肪酸的影响STG要大于物理混合MCT/LCT,这与STG结构特点有关.     

结构脂肪乳剂与物理混合的中/长链脂肪乳剂脂肪酸代谢比较研究

目的:比较结构脂肪乳剂(STG)与物理混合的中/长链脂肪乳剂(MCT/LCT)在人体内的脂肪酸代谢情况.方法:40例健康志愿者随机分为STG组和MCT/LCT组,每组20例.分别于早晨6h内匀速输注20%力文脂肪乳剂和20%力保肪宁脂肪乳剂1.0 g/(kg·次).并于给药前和给药后2、4、6和24 h留取血标本测定血...     

不同碳链脂肪乳剂对肝脏外科病人术后的影响

目的观察两种不同碳链脂肪乳剂对肝脏外科病人术后自然病程的影响。方法选择肝脏外科病人25例，随机分为两组；长链脂肪乳剂组（n＝12，简称LCT组），中／长链脂肪乳剂组（n=13，简称MCT组）。LCT组脂肪乳剂为20％Inralipid，MCT组为20％Lipofundin，连续观察1周。在术前，术后1、4、7天测定肝功能、血脂、血及尿液中肉毒碱（CNT）以及激素的变化。结果两组对肝脏酶学无明显影响。胆红素在术后1天明显升高，但MCT组随后显著下降，LCT组下降速度慢于MCT组，P＜0．05。PN期间血脂代谢无异常。CNT术后明显升高，尿排出减少，术后7天LCT组血CNT高于MCT组，尿CNT低于MCT组，P＜0．05。血皮质醇、胰岛素（I）、G以及G／I术后第1天均明显升高，随后逐渐下降，而LCT组术后7天，胰高糖素（G）以及G／I维持在较高水平。血糖术后明显升高，术后4、7天，LCT组持续在较高水平，MCT组已属正常。结论MCT／LCT乳剂可能是肝脏外科病人更为理想的脂肪能源。     

手术创伤及脂肪乳剂对术后胃肠外营养病人多不饱和脂肪酸代谢的影响

目的用气相色谱法测定病人红细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸及血清游离脂肪酸,观察手术及输入脂肪乳剂对术后PN病人脂肪酸代谢的影响。方法15例胃大部切除病人随机分为三组,每组5例：（1）LCT500组：含20％Intralipid500ml／d。（2）LCT250组：含20％Intralipid250ml／d。（3）MCT／LCT250组：含20％Lipofundin250ml／d。各组病人经中心静脉等糖、等氮匀速输入“全合一”营养液。结果手术应激期（术后第1天）红细胞膜磷脂及血清内亚油酸和油酸的含量均较术前显著降低。术后TPN支待7天后,LCT500ml组,血清及红细胞膜磷脂亚油酸恢复至术前水平。LCT／MCT250ml组血清及红细胞膜磷脂亚油酸含量仍然显著低于术前水平,说明EFA体内含量不足。结论手术创伤病人亚油酸的补充应适当增加,亚油酸用量应为269～52g。     

糖尿病患者中链和长链甘油三酯乳剂的清除比较

比较胰岛素非依赖性糖尿病患者中/长链甘油三酯(MCT/LCT)混合乳剂和长链甘油三酯(LCT)乳剂的清除率。每组各6例,在4小时输入脂肪期间,MCT/LCT组血甘油三酯达稳定状态。动力学参数表明MCT/LCT乳剂有着明显较小的表观分布容积和较短的半衰期。两种乳剂对血糖浓度也有不同的影响。在葡萄糖和脂肪代谢紊乱时,如需行含脂肪的肠外营养,应优先选择MCT/LCT混合乳剂。     

新生儿肝功能障碍时不同脂肪乳剂对血脂和肝功能影响的比较研究

目的 :比较中 /长链和长链脂肪乳剂对肝功能障碍新生儿血脂和肝功能的影响。　方法 :将 40例血清胆红素水平≥ 5 1.3μmol/L(3mg % )的新生儿随机分成两组 ,分别应用中 /长链脂肪乳剂 (MCT/LCT组 ,2 0 %Lipo fundin)和长链脂肪乳剂 (LCT组 ,2 0 %Intralipid) ,剂量均为 2 g/ (kg·d) ,持续 1周。在实验前、后分别抽血测定血脂和肝功能。　结果 :两组总胆固醇无显著变化 ,甘油三酯在LCT组升高 ,在MCT/LCT组下降 ,与实验前相比均无显著差异 ,组间比较MCT/LCT非常显著地低于LCT组。胆红素在两组均显著下降 ,但MCT/LCT组下降比LCT组更加显著。γ GT和ALP在LCT组无明显改变 ,但在MCT/LCT组却有显著降低 ,并显著低于LCT组。　结论 :在危重新生儿合并有肝功能障碍时 ,应用中 /长链脂肪乳剂显著优于长链脂肪乳剂。     

肠外营养中脂肪乳剂对红细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸组成的影响

利用大鼠胃肠外营养(PN)模型观察长链脂肪乳剂(LCT),中链/长链脂肪乳剂(MCT/LCT),以及不含脂肪乳剂对红细胞(RBC)膜磷脂肪酸组成的影响。PN总热量为300kcal.kg~(-1).d~(-1),非蛋白热卡:氮为182:1,LCT组,MCT/LCT组分别由10％的Intralipid和10％的Lypofundin提供30％的非蛋白热卡。7天后,分析RBC膜磷脂酰二极管胆硷(PC)脂肪酸组成。结果发现,不含脂肪乳剂组18:1n-9明显高于对照组;LCT组18:2n-6升高,而20:4n-6却下降;MCT/LCT组与对照组相比,脂肪酸组成变化不明显。结论:无脂肪乳剂TPN导致必需脂肪酸缺乏;LCT组由于18:2n-6的过量供给,抑制Δ6去饱和酶的活性,MCT/LCT组由于50％LCT被MCT替代,减低了对此酶活性抑制。     

静脉输注长链及中/长链脂肪乳剂对脂蛋白代谢的影响

目的比较静脉输注长链(LCT)及中长链(MCT/LCT)脂肪乳剂时血浆脂蛋白代谢.方法选择12例健康志愿者进行前瞻性随机交叉对照研究, 连续输注MCT/LCT或LCT6小时(0.20g TG.Kg-1@h-1),测定研究前及输注中4h、6h、8h、12h及24h时血清TG、FFA,PL、FC、CE浓度以及血浆各脂蛋白成份.结果脂肪乳剂输注过程中,MCT/LCT组血清甘油三酯(TG)浓度明显低于LCT组,而血浆FFA浓度约为LCT组的3倍(p<0.001), MCT/LCT 的半衰期明显短于[LCT (68(12)分钟vs.(116(18)分钟,p<0.05].LCT组血浆游离胆固醇浓度明显高于MCT/LCT 组(p<0.05),而血浆胆固醇酯(CE)浓度在研究过程中两组均无明显变化.结论MCT/LCT的水解、代谢清除率要明显高于LCT,MCT/LCT输注时TG与LDL之间转换率较高,脂肪颗粒较少获取CE,其残余颗粒的清除也高于LCT.     

不同脂肪乳剂对危重早产儿血脂和血气分析的影响

目的:观察不同脂肪乳剂对危重早产儿血脂和动脉血气分析的影响.方法:将30例患有肺炎等疾病的危重早产儿随机分成三组,第1组不给予脂肪乳剂作为对照,另两组分别按2 g/(kg·d)给予长链脂肪乳剂(LCT组,20%Intralipid)和中/长链脂肪乳剂(MCT/LCT组,20%lipofundin),连续5天.在试验前和结束时分别作血脂测定和动脉血气分析. 结果:血脂分析示各组试验后与试验前比较差异无显著性意义,应用不同脂肪乳剂后与对照组比较差异亦无显著性意义.动脉血气分析示各组试验后与试验前比较差异无显著性意义,应用不同脂肪乳剂后与对照组比较差异亦无显著性意义. 结论:危重早产儿应用不同脂肪乳剂,在2 g/(kg·d)时对血脂和动脉血气无明显影响.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.