腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术联合经肛门内括约肌切除术治疗超低位直肠癌

目的探讨腹腔镜全系膜切除术（TME）联合经肛门内括约肌切除术（ISR）对超低位直肠癌的治疗效果。方法对接受腹腔镜TME联合经肛ISR手术的35例超低位直肠癌患者的临床和随访资料进行回顾性分析。结果35例患者肿瘤下缘距肛门2～5（平均3．4）cm;高、中分化腺癌32例,绒毛状腺瘤癌变3例;pTNMⅠ期16例,ⅡA期15例,ⅢA期3例,ⅢB期1例。术后末端回肠造口狭窄1例,吻合口瘘3例（均为未行末端回肠造E1者）。经4～49（中位时间16）个月的随访．1例患者出现吻合口复发．1例死于肝转移。随访满1年的19例患者术后1年排粪次数为1～4次／d．控便时间5min以上。结论腹腔镜TME联合经肛ISR治疗超低位直肠癌具有根治、保肛和微创的优点!侣廊进行严格的病例选择．     

Robotic-assisted laparoscopic low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer

Background With advanced stereoscopic vision, lack of tremor, and the ability to rotate the instruments surgeons find that robotic systems are ideal laparoscopic tools. Because of its high operating cost, however, robotic surgery should be reserved to procedures in which the technology can be of maximum benefit, usually when precise dissections in confined spaces are required. Because conventional laparoscopic total mesorectal excision is a challenging procedure, we have sought to assess the utility of the DaVinci robotic system in laparoscopic low anterior resections for cancer of the rectum. Methods Between November 2004 and May 2005 robotic-assisted low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision was performed on six consecutive patients with rectal cancer. These cases were compared with six consecutive low anterior resections performed with conventional laparoscopic techniques by the same surgeon. Results There were no conversions in either group. Operative and pathological data, complications, and hospital stay were similar in the two groups. Robotic operations appeared to cause less strain for the surgeon. Conclusions Robotic-assisted laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer is feasible in experienced hands. This technique may facilitate minimally invasive radical rectal surgery. Presented, in part, at the 14th International Congress of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, September 14–17, 2005 San Diego, California.     

A prospective evaluation of anorectal function after total mesorectal excision in patients with a rectal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Rectum resection with total mesorectal excision (TME) and neorectal anastomosis often compromises anorectal function. Insight into the underlying mechanisms is lacking. Therefore, a prospective study was designed to investigate the relationship between clinical and functional outcomes preoperatively and postoperatively. METHODS: Eleven patients with rectal cancer were examined before and 4 and 12 months after surgery and compared with 11 healthy volunteers (HVs). Anorectal (neorectal) function was examined by clinical outcome questionnaire, anal manometry, rectal compliance, and sensation. Six HVs also underwent barostat measurements in the sigmoid colon. RESULTS: Clinical parameters of soiling and passive incontinence (loss of stool without sensation) increased significantly until 12 months postoperatively, whereas urgency and tenesmus increased temporarily, returning to preoperative values at 12 months. In anorectal measurements, anal sphincter function was grossly preserved; however, rectal-anal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) was decreased at 4 months but recovered after 1 year. Neorectal compliance was similar to that of HV sigmoid, increasing slightly after 12 months but still significantly lower than that of normal rectum. Neorectal sensation to pressure distention was similar to that of normal rectum, however accompanied by smaller volumes. Neorectal distention induced contractions of large amplitude at 4 months, returning to normal after 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the transient increase in urgency and tenesmus after surgery results from a temporary increase in neorectal "irritability" accompanied by some adaptation of compliance in time. In contrast, episodes of incontinence and soiling are increased after 1 year most likely because of reduced neorectal capacity and RAIR recovery in the presence of a low basal anal sphincter pressure.     

全直肠系膜切除术治疗直肠癌

近年来 ,我国结直肠癌的发病率不断上升 ,目前结直肠癌是第三位常见的癌 ,其中直肠癌约占其中的 1 3 ,直肠癌患者中只有大约 5 0 % -60 %能够根治性切除。传统方法进行的直肠癌根治术术后局部复发率为 2 0 % -3 0 % ,复发率与病理分期有关 ,DukesC期患者局部复发率为 40 %以上 ,局部复发是影响患者长期生存率的主要问题。通过对直肠癌术后复发病例的研究 ,表明直肠系膜的切除与否与直肠癌术后复发密切相关。因此 ,如何提高局部手术的根治性 ,降低术后复发率是提高患者生存率的关键[1 ] 。　　全直肠系膜切除术 (totalmesorectalexcision ,…     

直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术

目的 比较全直肠系膜切除（ TME）和传统手术方法对直肠癌术后局部复发及长期生存率的影响。 方法 将 1993年 9月起采用 TME术的直肠癌患者 168例与 1981～ 1992年行传统切除方法的 126例患者进行比较,分析两组的临床病理参数。结果 手术后并发症发生率无差异, TME组 2年复发率为 4. 6％, 明显低于对照组的 20. 6％ (P=0.001)。 2年及 3年生存率 TME组分别为 87.1％和 80.3％,对照组分别为 76.1％ 和 68.7％, TME组生存率高于对照组 (P=0.013)。 TME技术、肿瘤的 Dukes分期、患者的年龄、肿瘤距肛门的距离等因素中,只有 TME是独立的影响生存率的指标, TME、肿瘤的 Dukes分期是独立的影响局部复发的指标。结论 对于距离肛门 12 cm范围内的直肠癌,采用 TME技术能有效地降低局部复发率及提高患者生存率。     

腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除术

目的探讨腹腔镜外科技术在直肠全系膜切除术(TME)的应用。方法对39例腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除术患者进行随访和回顾性分析。结果腹腔镜直肠前切除术30例,中转手术1例;腹腔镜辅助Miles手术9例。无手术死亡,术中盆底静脉丛破裂出血1例(发生率2.6%)。平均手术时间185min,平均出血量85ml,平均术后住院日为8.5d。术后发生吻合口瘘1例,尿潴留1例。39例患者术后随访1～28个月,仅1例DukesC1期的低分化腺癌患者,术后12个月盆腔局部肿瘤复发。全组患者的trocar穿刺孔及腹壁切口无肿瘤种植。结论腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除术创伤小、疼痛轻、恢复快。只要严格掌握手术适应证,正确应用腹腔镜技术就能完成此类手术。     

全直肠系膜切除联合内括约肌切除术治疗低位直肠癌的临床研究

目的探讨腹腔镜及开腹全直肠系膜切除术(TME)联合内括约肌切除术(ISR)治疗低位直肠癌的术式、疗效、并发症及恢复肛门功能的治疗经验。方法回顾性分析2007年3月至2009年7月实施开腹或腹腔镜TME联合ISR治疗6例低位直肠癌患者的临床资料及随访资料,总结手术结果、并发症、术后辅助治疗、肿瘤预后、大便次数及肛门功能Kirwan分级随时间的变化情况。结果 6例手术均达到根治性切除,除1例肛门狭窄外无其他手术并发症发生,5例行术后放化疗。6例患者最长随访时间48个月,未发现肿瘤复发及转移,每天大便次数均随时间进展逐渐减少,至术后1年降至5～8次/d,肛门功能Kirwan分级随时间进展逐渐下降。结论 TME联合ISR对具适应证的低位直肠癌疗效确定,腹腔镜手术更具优势,扩肛等术后治疗措施有助于防止并发症的发生,有利于肛门功能的恢复。     

Chemoradiation combined with total mesorectal excision for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer

Rectal cancer is characterized by a high rate of local recurrence. Although it is widely believed that local control results in improved patient outcome, its strategy is still controversial. In Japan, total mesorectal excision (TME) or tumor-specific mesorectal excision (TSME) with pelvic sidewall dissection is regarded as the standard procedure, while TME or TSME with preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is common in Western countries. Most clinical data have indicated that preoperative CRT is not associated with improved long-term survival but with a lower incidence of local recurrence. In addition, CRT is known to enhance the severity of impaired sphincter function. Currently, trials using CRT regimens with newly developed chemotherapy agents are ongoing to elucidate the effect on the control of distant metastasis. According to clinical reports, the prognosis of Japanese patients undergoing surgery alone is as favorable as that in patients undergoing surgery plus CRT in the West, which implies that CRT is not a necessary treatment but a selective option. The precise prediction of tumor response and advances in CRT regimens resulting in better survival may improve the treatment of rectal cancer in the future.     

腹腔镜全直肠系膜联合经肛门内括约肌切除治疗低位直肠癌的疗效探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜全直肠系膜（TME）联合经肛门内括约肌切除（ISR）治疗低位直肠癌的疗效,评估手术的安全性。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2012年12月采用腹腔镜TME联合ISR术治疗的42例低位直肠肿瘤患者（腹腔镜组）,同时选取2006年1月至2012年12月开腹行TME联合ISR术治疗的44例低位直肠肿瘤患者（开腹组）。比较分析两组患者的一般资料、手术情况、临床病理特点、术后并发症和术后生活质量。结果两组患者的一般情况和术后临床病理特点相近。腹腔镜组患者均顺利完成手术,总体手术时间（min）明显小于开腹组（181.2±65.4 vs 216.6±82.9,t=2.192,P=0.031）,出血量（ml）亦明显小于开腹组（83.2±37.5 vs 117.4±33.0,t=4.495,P〈0.01）。4例低位直肠癌患者发生吻合口瘘,经保守治疗治愈,并发症发生率与开腹组相比差异无统计学意义。两组患者肛门功能自我评价以及KIRWAN分级差异均无统计学意义。结论对于术前评估早中期低位甚至超低位直肠癌,特别是肿瘤没有侵犯肛门内括约肌的患者,采用腹腔镜TME联合ISR术是安全可行的,提高了保肛成功率,保留患者术后肛门括约肌功能,改善生活质量。     

经肛门全直肠系膜切除和腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除对直肠癌的疗效对比

目的分析比较经肛门全直肠系膜切除（TaTME）与腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除（LaTME）在中低位直肠癌治疗中的疗效及预后。 方法选择东营市东营区人民医院2015年2月至2016年2月收治的64例择期行全直肠系膜切除术（TME）的中低位直肠癌患者,随机分为TaTME组与LaTME组,各32例。观察并比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、标本完整率、环周切缘（CRM）阳性率、远端切缘（DRM）阴性率、淋巴结清扫数目、保肛率、中转开放手术率、术中及术后并发症、术后住院时间、局部复发率、远处转移率、2年总体生存率（OS）各指标间的差异。 结果TaTME组患者的术中出血量、中转开放手术率、手术时间、标本完整率、CRM阳性率、保肛率、术后住院时间、尿潴留发生率均显著优于LaTME组（均P<0.05）。患者均获随访2~24个月,TaTME组中位生存时间为23.9个月,局部复发率、转移率分别为6.2%（2/32）、3.1%（1/32）。LaTME组中位生存时间为19.7个月,局部复发率、转移率均为3.1%（1/32）。两组术后复发率、转移率比较,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.350、0.516,P=0.554、0.472）。TaTME组与LaTME组1年OS分别为100.00%、93.75%,2年OS分别为96.87%、81.25%。两组1年OS比较,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.516,P=0.472）,TaTME组的2年OS显著高于LaTME组患者（χ²=4.402,P=0.036）。 结论与LaTME术相比,TaTME术治疗中低位直肠癌具有较高的安全性和有效性,且术后并发症较少,术后住院时间短,可以改善患者预后。     

Total mesorectal excision with radiofrequency in rectal cancer

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the safety, the efficacy and the oncologic results in rectal cancer with total mesorectal excision using Ligasure (LS), a modern bipolar vessel sealing system, with monopolar electrocoagulation or stiches (ME). METHODS: From July 2005 to December 2007 one hundred twenty-nine patients underwent colon resection for cancer at the San Martino Hospital of Genoa (Italy); 43 patients underwent rectal resection. All patients underwent laparotomy rectal resection with total mesorectal excision; 9 (21%, group LS) underwent total mesorectal excision with radiofrequency, 34 (79%, group ME) with monopolar elettrocoagulations, vessels ligation or stiches. Patients of group LS were similar to patients of group ME in age, gender, weight and body mass index. Cancer stage was for group A 3 stage B, 5 stage C and 1 stage D, for group B 4 stage A, 15 stage B, 8 stage C, 6 stage D and 1 non-staged tumor. RESULTS: There were no differences in intraoperative or postoperative complications. Operat-ing time was similar in both group. Oncological results was similar in both groups. The major cost in group LS were attributable to cost of service. CONCLUSION: The Ligasure device does not reduce operating time in laparotomy rectal cancer resection but permit correct oncological results in patients submitted to total mesorectal excision. The costs of device reserved its use to surgery of low-rectal cancer or laparoscopic approach.     

Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for low rectal cancer

Background

Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer is coming out of age with recent publications highlighting its safety, feasibility, sound oncological outcomes, and improved quality of life. Nevertheless, laparoscopic proctectomy remains a challenging procedure. An embedded didactic video demonstrates a step-by-step laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with coloanal anastomosis for a low rectal cancer.

Methods

A five-trocar technique is shown. The key steps demonstrated are: high division of the inferior mesenteric artery, medial-to-lateral mobilization of the descending colon, high division of the inferior mesenteric vein, take-down of the splenic flexure, total mesorectal excision with division of the rectum at the pelvic floor, and side-to-end coloanal anastomosis. Principles of a good anastomosis and potential pitfalls are described, including protection of the ureter and pelvic autonomic nerves.

Results

A series of ten consecutive patients operated for low rectal cancer with total mesorectal excision is reported. Median (range) operative time and estimated blood loss were 274 (135?C360) minutes and 25 (10?C50)?ml. Median tumor height from the anal verge was 7 (4?C10)?cm. Reconstruction included three coloanal J-pouch and seven side-to-end anastomosis. Nine anastomoses were performed by using a double-stapled technique. One patient with an intersphincteric dissection required a handsewn anastomosis. A diverting ileostomy protected all coloanal anastomosis. Median length of stay was 3 (range, 2?C7) days. One of ten patients was readmitted for a small bowel obstruction. The embedded video demonstrates a total mesorectal excision down to the pelvic floor in a patient who had a T2 cancer 6?cm from the anal verge with prior open cholecystectomy and hysterectomy.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision is a safe and effective procedure. Patient selection and advanced laparoscopic skills are paramount. It is hoped that this didactic video will contribute to a wider and safer practice of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for low rectal cancer.     

腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除治疗中低位直肠癌的前瞻性非随机对照研究

目的：通过与开腹直肠全系膜切除的前瞻性非随机对照研究，评价腹腔镜TME治疗中低位直肠癌的临床疗效。方法：将2001年9月至2005年3月我院外科收治的中低位直肠癌病人，按纳入与剔除标准非随机分为腹腔镜组和开腹组，进行对照分析。结果：人组病例共251例，腹腔镜组和开腹组分别为110例和141例。腹腔镜组的中转开腹率为1．82％。腹腔镜组的平均手术时间、手术切除范围、术后并发症的发生率以及住院天数和开腹组均无显著性差异，而术中出血量、术后肠道功能的恢复要优于开腹组。中位随访期为28（11-57）个月，随访期内两组病例的局部复发率、远处转移率及无瘤生存率均无显著性差异。结论：腹腔镜TME治疗中低位直肠癌是安全、可行的．可以获得和传统开腹手术相同的中长期疗效，且在术后恢复上明显优于传统开腹手术。     

腹腔镜下直肠癌全直肠系膜切除手术

目的 探讨腹腔镜下直肠癌全直肠系膜切除(total mesorectal excision，TME)手术的可行性。方法 自2000年3月至2003年11月共行腹腔镜下直肠癌TME手术67例，其中直肠癌前切除术(anterior resection，AR)45例，直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术(abdominal pelineal resection，APR)22例。结果 本组67例患者按TME原则采用腹腔镜完成直肠癌手术，术中出血量10～50ml，手术时间2.5～5．0h，无术中死亡，术后持续胃肠减压时间8～24h，平均术后24～48h开始进食水，术后1～3d下床活动，术后1～5d开始排便。术后住院时间7～10d。术后随访时间3～43个月，2例患者局部复发，2例患者肝转移；术后因局部复发和肝转移各死亡1例，失访3例；有19例术后不足1年的患者，未发现转移及复发。结论 只要有较好的开腹TME手术经验和腹腔镜操作技能，腹腔镜下直肠癌TME手术是可行的。