MSCT对OSAHS患者上气道多平面狭窄的评估

目的:探讨MSCT在评估阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者上气道狭窄平面中的价值。方法:对52例临床确诊为OSAHS患者及60例正常对照者进行上气道MSCT扫描,分别测量腭后区、舌后区、会厌后区3个平面气道的最小横截面积及容积,判断OSAHS患者上气道的狭窄平面。结果:测量正常成年人上气道3个平面的横截面积参考值,腭后区为100mm2,舌后区为180mm2,会厌后区为220mm2。本组52例OSAHS患者中单纯腭后区狭窄28例,单纯舌后区狭窄6例,腭后区及舌后区同时狭窄12例,腭后区、舌后区及会厌后区3个层面均狭窄6例。狭窄平面以腭后区最多见,单纯及合并腭后区狭窄约占88.4%;34.6%的患者存在多平面狭窄。结论:MSCT能较全面评估OS-AHS患者上气道情况,为制定手术方案提供重要依据。     

螺旋CT和便携睡眠监测阻塞定位仪评估OSAHS上气道狭窄

目的:研究螺旋CT和便携睡眠监测阻塞定位仪(apnea graphy,AG)在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)诊断中的临床应用价值。方法:22例睡眠打鼾患者,便携睡眠监测阻塞定位仪进行整夜睡眠呼吸监测,分析呼吸紊乱指标、出现呼吸暂停低通气事件时的阻塞平面,不同平面的阻塞次数和总阻塞次数。上气道多层螺旋CT自鼻咽部顶壁平扫至环状软骨下缘平面,测量清醒状态下上气道的软腭后区、舌后区气道的横截面积及冠、矢状径。将AG测定上气道狭窄平面与CT测量判断平面进行比较。结果:①22例患者均很好耐受整夜AG监测,16例符合OSAHS,其中轻度2例,中度8例,重度6例。6例排除OSAHS;②16例OSAHS中AG测压均为上部和下部联合阻塞,上部阻塞为主13例,其中1例上部阻塞为100%,下部阻塞为主3例。不同病例上部、下部阻塞频度不同,多为上部阻塞为主;③22例CT测量中4例无狭窄平面,14例腭后区狭窄,1例舌后区狭窄,3例腭后区、舌后区双重狭窄;④16例OSAHS中,AG测压腭后区阻塞为主13/16,CT测量腭后区狭窄12/16,无统计学差异(P>0.05)。AG测压下部阻塞为主3/16,CT测量舌后区阻塞4/16。结论:AG作为便携PSG对OSAHS定性定位诊断具有重要作用,结合CT测量可以很好地评估上气道腭后区狭窄。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征合并高血压持续正压通气后对血管内皮生长因子的影响

 目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS)合并高血压患者持续正压通气(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP)后对血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)的影响。方法 选取47~57岁OSAHS合并高血压患者45例,对所有入选病例进行PSG监测和血压监测,并根据监测的通气结果分组。对所有患者进行CPAP治疗,之后再次行PSG监测和血压监测。考察以下指标:AHI、SaO₂、收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压、血VEGF因子浓度。结果 OSAHS合并高血压患者经CPAP治疗后,PSG监测通气指标均有改善,血压下降;三组治疗后VEGF因子浓度为(40.77±13.19)pg/ml、(41.92±15.84)pg/ml、(56.06±18.91)pg/ml,与三组治疗前VEGF因子浓度相比明显降低,治疗前分别为(52.07±15.82)pg/ml、(74.11±21.20)pg/ml、(92.79±24.03)pg/ml,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);VEGF浓度与各项指标之间呈现典型的正相关,其中与AHI、SaO₂,以及舒张压之间的相关性极为显著。结论 CPAP治疗OSAHS合并高血压患者效果显著,阻塞性睡眠呼吸障碍造成患者体内形成低氧环境,VEGF因子水平显著增高,可诱发血管增生,最终导致高血压形成。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者上气道的MRI研究

观察清醒状态下阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（ＯＳＡＳ）患者与正常对照组上气道及周围软组织的变化,并在睡眠状态下应用ＭＲＩ动态扫描对阻塞部位进行定位,探讨ＯＳＡＳ的发生机制及ＭＲＩ的应用价值。方法应用ＭＲＩ对２３例经多导睡眠监测（ｐｌｙｓｏｍｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＰＳＧ）确诊的ＯＳＡＳ患者及３０例无打鼾的健康成人进行上气道检查,于轴面图像测软腭后区（ｒｅｔｒｏｐａｌａｔａｌｒｅｇｉｏｎ,ＲＰｋｋｈｎｆｔｊ     

螺旋CT扫描在小儿气道异物诊治中的应用价值及适用范围

目的：探讨螺旋CT扫描在小儿气道异物诊治中的应用价值及适用范围。方法：对76例可疑气道异物的患儿行螺旋CT扫描及图象重建,以内窥镜或手术结果为金标准,评估MSCT检查的敏感度、特异度,总结其适用范围。结果：经内窥镜及手术确诊气道异物68例,未见异物8例,其中3例为肉芽肿,2例炎性狭窄;螺旋CT诊断气道异物72例（6例假阳性）,未见异物4例（2例假阴性）。螺旋CT对气道异物诊断的敏感度为94.3%（66/70）,准确率为85.9%（66/76）。结论：螺旋CT扫描对小儿气道异物的诊断敏感度及准确度高,定位准确,可显示各种合并症,是无创非侵入性检查的首选方法。但应适用于一定范围内,以减少不必要的检查。     

儿童鼻咽部形态学的低剂量多层螺旋CT研究

目的利用低剂量多层螺旋CT多平面重建（MPR）技术探索儿童鼻咽部气道大小及鼻咽部顶后壁软组织厚度。方法收集2005年5月至2007年10月来我院检查鼻咽部儿童的CT扫描图像,选择其中符合条件的73例进行回顾性分析。为研究其鼻咽腔形态学特点,测量了儿童鼻咽顶后壁软组织厚度（A值）及鼻咽部矢状径（N值）,并计算二者比值。根据儿童年龄分为两组：A组1～7岁（n=42）,B组8～14岁（n=31）。结果所有儿童正常鼻咽部气道矢状位均呈镰刀形,周围脂肪间隙清晰,后缘光整连续。A组及B组鼻咽顶后壁软组织厚度（A值）均数大小分别为9．23±4．85mm和9．56±4．74mm;MN值范围两组分别为0．2～0．58和0．21～0．6;两组间没有统计学差异。结论低剂量多层螺旋CTMPR显示,1～14岁健康儿童鼻咽腔矢状位呈弓向上镰刀形,边缘光整,周围脂肪间隙清晰,A／N≤0．6。     

复发性多软骨炎气道病变的MSCT诊断

目的 探讨MSCT及其后处理技术在复发性多软骨炎气道病变中的诊断价值.方法 对7例确诊为复发性多软骨炎患者气道进行MSCT容积扫描及后处理成像,并对气道病变CT表现进行回顾性分析.结果 复发性多软骨炎患者气道病变特征性CT表现是不同程度气道管壁增厚、钙化及管腔狭窄,其后处理图像能清楚、全面地显示全气道病变形态特点、狭窄范围及程度.结论 复发性多软骨炎气道病变的MSCT表现有一定特征性,其后处理技术对病变的诊断及显示可提供很大的帮助.     

CT和上气道测压评估OSAHS舌后区咽腔狭窄

目的对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者舌后区咽腔进行评价.材料和方法应用16层螺旋CT对29例OSAHS患者进行清醒状态下的上气道扫描并测量上气道腭后区、舌后区最小轴面积以及舌后区最小轴面积层的前后、左右径.同时应用睡眠过程中上气道测压的方法评价同一患者咽腔下部阻塞情况.结果舌后区咽腔最小面积层左右径与上气道测压舌后区阻塞及低通气事件发生的频度具有相关性.结论OSAHS患者舌后区咽腔左右径的大小影响呼吸暂停低通气事件的发生.     

A rare case of isolated laryngotracheal amyloidosis with airway narrowing and vocal fold involvement

Primary amyloidosis is a rare condition with 6-10 cases in a million, with focal involvement representing 9%-15% of those cases [1,2]. Isolated tracheobronchial amyloidosis is extremely rare and when present, can result in focal or diffuse thickening of the glottis, trachea and bronchi, leading to hoarseness, shortness of breath, and dysphonia. Computed tomography (CT) usually shows circumferential thickening of trachea and bronchi with or without calcifications and associated airway narrowing of affected segments. MRI demonstrates intermediate to low signal on T1, low signal on T2 and variable heterogeneous enhancement. Multiple conditions can result in thickening of the airway including but not limited to inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic etiologies. Biopsy with histologic correlation provides a definitive diagnosis. Biopsied tissue demonstrates characteristic apple-green birefringence with Congo red stain. There is no cure for amyloidosis and the prognosis is quite variable depending on the extent of airway involvement. Current treatments are aimed at alleviating symptoms and include bronchoscopic debridement, laser therapy, and balloon dilation with adjuvant radiation therapy. Here, we present a rare case of a 47-year-old male with isolated laryngotracheal amyloidosis with marked airway narrowing and vocal fold involvement.     

MSCT上肢静脉直接成像技术的应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)成像技术在上肢CT静脉血管成像中的诊断价值。 方法 回顾性分析56例行上肢CT静脉血管成像患者的检查资料, 并对上肢静脉血管采用容积再现、最大密度投影、多平面重组、曲面重建等多种方式后处理, 选定A、B、C(肱骨内外髁连线向近心侧5 cm处头静脉和肱静脉的轴位图像;肱骨内外髁连线向近心侧8 cm处头静脉和肱静脉的轴位图像;锁骨下静脉的轴位图像)层面分别测量管腔内CT值。测量数据采用SPSS 17.0统计软件包分析, 对上肢静脉选定层面的静脉管腔内测量的数据采用单因素方差分析, 以P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。 结果 56例完成MSCT上肢静脉直接成像的患者中, 右上肢发现病变14例, 左上肢21例, 阳性率为62.5%(35/56), 同期行彩色多普勒超声检查, 阳性率为58.9%(33/56)。肱骨内外髁连线5 cm处各测量位置中静脉管腔内CT值的差异无统计学意义(肱静脉管腔:F=0.004, P>0.05;头静脉管腔:F=0.102, P>0.05)。肱骨内外髁连线8 cm处各测量位置中静脉管腔内CT值的差异无统计学意义(肱静脉管腔:F=0.007, P>0.05;头静脉管腔:F=2.271, P>0.05)。锁骨下静脉层面各测量点之间的CT值差异无统计学意义(F=0.001, P>0.05)。统计结果提示顺静脉血管方向不同位置静脉管腔内对比剂充盈均匀。上肢静脉远端主干管腔内对比剂浓度高于近心端管腔内对比剂浓度, 各层面之间CT值的差异有统计学意义(F=1441.52, P < 0.05)。提示顺静脉血流方向对比剂浓度逐渐减低。 结论 MSCT上肢静脉直接成像的优势在于可以较大范围显示上肢静脉全程, 清晰显示侧支循环, 明确血管狭窄、阻塞的原因, 了解周围结构情况, 辨别血栓形成时间等。该技术相对安全方便、创伤小, 减少了碘对比剂用量, 减轻了患者的经济负担。应用该技术能提高上肢静脉血栓的诊断率, 为临床选择适当的治疗方法提供了可靠的依据。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征MSCT研究

目的:评价上气道多层螺旋CT多呼吸时相扫描及后处理技术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的诊断价值.方法:对68例OSAHS患者和65例健康志愿者分别在平静呼吸、深吸气末、深呼气末及闭口堵鼻深吸气(Müller呼吸)这4个呼吸时相于清醒状态下行上气道MSCT扫描,测量不同呼吸时相鼻咽区、腭咽区、舌咽区和会厌...     

Dynamic upper airway soft-tissue and caliber changes in healthy subjects and snoring patients

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The oropharyngeal airways are smaller in those who snore than in those who do not. We sought to determine which soft-tissue component surrounding the airways contributes to upper airway narrowing in those who snore. METHODS: Ten control subjects and 19 snoring patients underwent CT, with 2-mm-thick axial sections obtained every 0.6 seconds during the respiration cycle at the same oropharyngeal level. We selected two sections with the widest and narrowest parts of the oropharyngeal airway to measure the anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of the airway and the thickness of the bilateral parapharyngeal fat pads, pterygoid muscles, and parapharyngeal walls. Mean values were calculated for each phase. For each subject, differences were calculated by subtracting the values in narrowest phase from those in the widest phase. RESULTS: Changes in airway dimension (P < .05) and lateral parapharyngeal wall thickness (P < .01) were significantly different between snorers and control subjects. Changes in parapharyngeal wall thickness and transverse oropharyngeal airway diameter changes were significantly related (P < .01) in those who snored but not in control subjects. CONCLUSION: Airway narrowing predominantly occurs in the lateral dimension in people who snore. Changes in the lateral pharyngeal wall are more important than the parapharyngeal fat pads in airway calibration. Narrowing of the upper airway area at the end of the expirium and the beginning of the inspirium is thought to be the cause of snoring and due to augmented muscle mass and prolonged laxity rather than inadequate activation of the pharyngeal dilating muscles.     

Development of an accelerated MSCT protocol (Triage MSCT) for mass casualty incidents: comparison to MSCT for single-trauma patients

During multiple casualty incidents (MCI) emergency radiology departments have to deal with a large number of patients with suspected severe trauma within a short period of time. The aim of this study was to develop a suitable accelerated multislice computed tomography (MSCT) protocol to increase patient throughput for this kind of emergency situation. We presumed a scenario of 15 patients being admitted to the trauma service with suspicion of severe injuries after a MCI over a period of 2 h. An accelerated Triage MSCT protocol was developed and evaluated for MSCT scanner productivity (patients per hour) and time (minutes) needed for a total MSCT body workup using an anthropomorphic phantom. In addition, time (minutes) for transfer and preparation was measured. These timeframes were compared to a control group consisting of 144 single patients with multiple trauma undergoing standard MSCT according to our trauma room protocol. All MSCT studies were conducted using a 4-detector row scanner. (1) For the study group (Triage MSCT), average time for patient transfer and preparation was 2.9 min (2.5–4.3 min), mean CT examination time was 2.1 min (1.7–2.4 min); image reconstruction took 4.0 min (3.3–4.3 min). Total time in scanner room was 8.9 min (7.7–11.3 min), resulting in a maximal productivity of 6.7 patients per hour. Image transfer to the digital picture archive and communication system archive was completed after an average 9.5 min (8.9–10.8 min). (2) For the control group (single casualty MSCT), the mean time for patient transfer and preparation was 20.4 min (9.0–39.2 min), mean examination time was 6.0 min (3.1–11.3 min). Times for image reconstructions were not recorded in the patient series. Mean total time in scanner room was 25.3 min (11.0–72.4 min), resulting in a patient throughput of 2.4 patients per hour. MSCT has potential to serve as a powerful tool in triage of multiple casualty patients. The introduction of a Triage MSCT scanning protocol resulted in an increase of patient throughput per hour by a factor of almost 3.     

2型糖尿病合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征持续气道正压通气疗效

 目的 观察和评估2型糖尿病合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者使用持续气道正压通气(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP)治疗16周后临床疗效的变化。方法 选取2012-01至2017-06于煤炭总医院内分泌科确诊2型糖尿病合并有OSAHS的患者60例,随机分配到A组(降糖药物联合无创呼吸机)、B组(单纯使用降糖药物),每组30例。降糖治疗方式不限。并根据血糖检测值来调整降糖治疗方案,直到血糖达标。呼吸机每日佩戴不少于6 h,随访16周。比较两组患者空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PPG)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞功能(HOME-β)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb₁Ac)达标的时间以及血脂四项、呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea-hypopnea index,AHI) 、最低脉搏容积血氧饱和度(minimum pulse volume oxygen saturation, LSp O₂%)、生活质量及对治疗满意度等变化情况。结果 两组患者血糖均得到良好控制,FPG: A组(6.10±0.32) mmol/L vs B组(6.92±1.61 )mmol/L, 2hPPG:A组(8.23±3.12 )mmol/L vs B组(8.91±2.81) mmol/L, Hb₁Ac%:A组6.38±0.32 vs B组 6.50±1.12, TC:A组(4.41±1.22) mmol/L vs B组(4.52±1.35) mmol/L; TG:A组(1.43±0.34 )mmol/L vs B组(1.50±0.62 )mmol/L,LDL-C: A组(2.50±0.42 )mmol/L vs B组(2.63±0.63 )mmol/L,HDL-C:A组(1.28±0.58) mmol/L vs B组(1.18±0.45) mmol/L,两组差异无统计学意义 (P＞0. 05) 。 A组HOMA-IR较 B 组降低(2.01±1.22 vs 3.92±1.61,P＜0.001),A组的HOMA-β较 B组有改善(164.23±60.52 vs 104.91±52.81),AHI(4.31±1.20 vs 31.62±8.35),LSp O₂%(95.43±3.34 vs 89.50±4.62)(P＜0.001)。A组指尖血糖达标所需时间短于B组[(7.01±1.02)d vs (10.12±1.42)d],问卷调查患者的生活质量(98% vs 62%)及对治疗的满意度提高(100% vs 52%)(P＜0.05)。结论 对2型糖尿病合并OSAHS患者进行CPAP治疗,可以改善胰岛素抵抗,恢复胰岛细胞功能,缩短血糖达标所需时间,提高患者的生活质量及对治疗的满意度,是安全有效、简便可行的。     

多层螺旋CT诊断肝静脉阻塞型布加综合征临床分析

布加综合征(Budd-Chiari syndrome,BCS)是由于多种原因引起肝静脉和(或)肝段下腔静脉部分或完全性闭塞,引起患者肝脾肿大,顽固性腹水及门脉高压等症状一组临床症候群[1,2]。本文通过对30例肝静脉阻塞型BCS患者采用多层螺旋CT增强扫描(MSCT),并与数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查结果进行对比,探讨其临床价值。