3.0T磁共振脑转移瘤IVIM与MR灌注加权成像的相关性研究

目的初步探讨利用体素内不一致运动磁共振成像(introvoxelincoherent motion MR imaging,IVIM-MRI)评价脑转移瘤的灌注,并与灌注加权成像(perfusion weighted Imaging,PWI)的指标进行相关性评价。方法收集在本院2012年6月~2012年12月间26例经手术证实的不同类型癌症发生脑转移的患者行MRI增强检查。扫描序列包括IVIM及PWI。选取颅内转移病灶共60个,应用工作站后处理软件分别测定瘤体及对侧Slow ADC(SADC)、Fast ADC(FADC)、Fraction of FastADC(FFADC)和血流量(cerebral blood flow,CBF)、血容量(cerebral blood volume,CBV),并计算出各个参数的相对值(r),即:r值=(实质病灶值/对侧正常值)×100%。将瘤体与正常侧的IVIM指标进行统计学比较,并将IVIM与PWI的各参数进行Pearson相关性分析。对IVIM和PWI的参数进行转移瘤诊断的ROC分析。结果转移瘤的SADC为(0.437±0.023)×10-3 mm2/s),其对侧脑组织的SADC为(0.223±0.010)×10-3 mm2/s),两者间差异有统计学意义(t=4.83,P0.01);转移瘤的FADC为(3.65±0.11)×10-3 mm2/s),其对侧脑组织的FADC为(2.27±0.12)×10-3 mm2/s),两者间差异有统计学意义(t=8.36,P0.05);转移瘤的FFADC为441.67×10-3±21.19×10-3,其对侧脑组织的FFADC为276.5×10-3±8.07×10-3,两者间差异有统计学意义(t=7.28,P0.01)。转移瘤的rFADC为5.57±31.66,rCBV为2.79±1.27,Person相关性分析显示rFADC与rBV呈弱相关(r=0.274,P0.05),而rFFADC、rSADC与rCBF、rCBV无明显相关性。FADC、FFADC、SADC、CBF、CBV的ROC曲线分析显示,AUCFADC=0.924(P=0.025);AUCFFADC=0.860(P=0.034);AUCSADC=0.896(P=0.030);AUCCBF=0.849(P=0.035);AUCCBV=0.865(P=0.034)。FADC的ROC曲线的AUC最大,诊断准确性更高。结论 IVIM的参数测量能反映转移瘤的灌注特性,但是由于与PWI的技术原理不同,灌注的测量指标之间只具有弱相关性。     

Viral-induced cirrhosis: grading of severity using MR imaging.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether MR imaging can be used to grade the severity of cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MR examinations of 46 patients with cirrhosis were retrospectively reviewed independently by two radiologists and correlated with clinical severity assessed by Child-Pugh classification. MR imaging analysis by reviewers who were unaware of clinical status included comparison of volume indexes (computed as the product of three axis measurements) of the spleen and each segment of the liver, and changes in hepatic contour, iron or fat deposition, and presence of varices and collaterals. RESULTS: Volume index of the spleen and the presence of ascites and varices were significantly and positively correlated (p = .008, .002, .0001, respectively) with the clinical severity of cirrhosis (Child-Pugh classifications), and volume indexes of the posterior, medial, and lateral segments of the liver were significantly and inversely correlated (p = .001, .049, .041, respectively). On an MR scoring system based on four items (volume index of the spleen; volume index of posterior + medial + lateral segments; presence of ascites; and presence of varices and collaterals), averaged total MR scores were 2.5 +/- 0.3, 4.9 +/- 0.6, and 7.9 +/- 0.8 for Child-Pugh grades A, B, and C, respectively (p < .0001). The accuracy of MR scoring in distinguishing between clinical Child-Pugh grade A cirrhosis and further grades was 89%, the sensitivity was 93%, and the specificity was 82%. CONCLUSION: An MR scoring system can be used to grade the severity of cirrhosis.     

Glioma grading: sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of perfusion MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging compared with conventional MR imaging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of conventional MR imaging in predicting glioma grade are not high. Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) measurements derived from perfusion MR imaging and metabolite ratios from proton MR spectroscopy are useful in predicting glioma grade. We evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of perfusion MR imaging and MR spectroscopy compared with conventional MR imaging in grading primary gliomas. METHODS: One hundred sixty patients with a primary cerebral glioma underwent conventional MR imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced T2*-weighted perfusion MR imaging, and proton MR spectroscopy. Gliomas were graded as low or high based on conventional MR imaging findings. The rCBV measurements were obtained from regions of maximum perfusion. Metabolite ratios (choline [Cho]/creatine [Cr], Cho/N-acetylaspartate [NAA], and NAA/Cr) were measured at a TE of 144 ms. Tumor grade determined with the three methods was then compared with that from histopathologic grading. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to determine optimum thresholds for tumor grading. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for identifying high-grade gliomas were also calculated. RESULTS: Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for determining a high-grade glioma with conventional MR imaging were 72.5%, 65.0%, 86.1%, and 44.1%, respectively. Statistical analysis demonstrated a threshold value of 1.75 for rCBV to provide sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 95.0%, 57.5%, 87.0%, and 79.3%, respectively. Threshold values of 1.08 and 1.56 for Cho/Cr and 0.75 and 1.60 for Cho/NAA provided the minimum C2 and C1 errors, respectively, for determining a high-grade glioma. The combination of rCBV, Cho/Cr, and Cho/NAA resulted in sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 93.3%, 60.0%, 87.5%, and 75.0%, respectively. Significant differences were noted in the rCBV and Cho/Cr, Cho/NAA, and NAA/Cr ratios between low- and high-grade gliomas (P <.0001,.0121,.001, and.0038, respectively). CONCLUSION: The rCBV measurements and metabolite ratios both individually and in combination can increase the sensitivity and PPV when compared with conventional MR imaging alone in determining glioma grade. The rCBV measurements had the most superior diagnostic performance (either with or without metabolite ratios) in predicting glioma grade. Threshold values can be used in a clinical setting to evaluate tumors preoperatively for histologic grade and provide a means for guiding treatment and predicting postoperative patient outcome.     

内皮抑制素治疗脑胶质瘤MR灌注成像的实验性研究

目的　通过内皮抑制素治疗大鼠C6脑胶质瘤前后磁共振灌注成像 (PWI)的研究 ,探讨PWI在疗效早期评价中的价值。材料与方法　建立大鼠脑胶质瘤模型后第 15d ,以 3种剂量内皮抑制素皮下注射治疗 7d ,于治疗前和治疗后 2d进行PWI检查 ,观察肿瘤的相对局部脑血流容积 (rrCBV)变化 ,并与治疗结束时肿瘤生长抑制率 (Sv)进行回归分析。结果　 3种剂量治疗 2d后肿瘤rrCBV下降百分比分别为 (2 1.92± 3.36 ) %、(35 .5 6± 4 .14 ) %和(38.13± 3.90 ) % ,治疗结束时Sv 则为 (2 8.2 9± 3.4 1) %、(5 3.77± 7.0 8) %和 (5 9.4 6± 3.2 0 ) %。两者密切相关 (r =0 .85 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论　PWI可在抗血管生成治疗后早期预期疗效     

磁敏感加权成像对儿童脑肿瘤分级诊断的价值

目的：探讨磁敏感加权成像(SWI)在儿童脑肿瘤分级诊断中的临床应用价值。方法2010—2011年经手术或活检病理证实脑肿瘤患者28例纳入研究,根据2007年 WHO 分级,11例归为低级别组(Ⅰ、Ⅱ级),17例归为高级别组(Ⅲ、Ⅳ级)。采用1.5T 或3.0T 超导型 MR 成像仪完成 SWI 检查,将 SWI 图像上病灶内的低信号分为点状、团簇状、线状和斑片状灶,并采用4级评分,不规则低信号灶在排除孤立静脉成分和钙化后认定为磁敏感伪影(MSA)即出血成分,分析2组的出血率和低信号评分值。结果高级别组低信号评分值(2.76)显著高于低级别组(1.55,Z=4.0569,P <0.001)。高级别组显示出血率(76.37%)显著高于低级别组(18.18%)(χ2=5.8119,P =0.0159<0.05)。结论儿童不同级别脑肿瘤的 SWI 表现有明显差异,通过相关信号分析有助于术前分级。     

Localized proton MR spectroscopy of the brain in children

Small-voxel (3.0–8.0 cm³), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging–guided proton MR spectroscopy was performed in 54 patients (aged 6 days to 19 years) with intracranial masses (n = 16), neurodegenerative disorders (n = 34), and other neurologic diseases (n = 4) and in 23 age-matched control subjects without brain disease. A combined short TE (18 msec) stimulatedecho acquisition mode (STEAM) and long TE (135 and/or 270 msec) spin-echo point-resolved spatially localized spectroscopy (PRESS) protocol, using designed radio-frequency pulses, was performed at 1.5 T. STEAM spectra revealed short T2 and/or strongly coupled metabolites; prominent resonances were obtained from N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho), and total creatine (tCr). Lactate was well resolved with the long TE PRESS sequence. Intracranial tumors were readily differentiated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collections. All tumors showed low NAA, high Cho, and reduced tCr levels. Neurodegenerative disorders showed low or absent NAA levels and enhanced mobile lipid, glutamate and glutamine, and inositol levels, consistent with neuronal loss, gliosis, demyelination, and amino acid neuro-toxicity. Preliminary experience indicates that proton MR spectroscopy can contribute in the evaluation of central nervous system abnormalities of infants and children.     

Intraoperative MR Imaging during Glioma Resection

One of the major issues in the surgical treatment of gliomas is the concern about maximizing the extent of resection while minimizing neurological impairment. Thus, surgical planning by carefully observing the relationship between the glioma infiltration area and eloquent area of the connecting fibers is crucial. Neurosurgeons usually detect an eloquent area by functional MRI and identify a connecting fiber by diffusion tensor imaging. However, during surgery, the accuracy of neuronavigation can be decreased due to brain shift, but the positional information may be updated by intraoperative MRI and the next steps can be planned accordingly. In addition, various intraoperative modalities may be used to guide surgery, including neurophysiological monitoring that provides real-time information (e.g., awake surgery, motor-evoked potentials, and sensory evoked potential); photodynamic diagnosis, which can identify high-grade glioma cells; and other imaging techniques that provide anatomical information during the surgery. In this review, we present the historical and current context of the intraoperative MRI and some related approaches for an audience active in the technical, clinical, and research areas of radiology, as well as mention important aspects regarding safety and types of devices.     

Predictive modeling in glioma grading from MR perfusion images using support vector machines

The advantages of predictive modeling in glioma grading from MR perfusion images have not yet been explored. The aim of the current study was to implement a predictive model based on support vector machines (SVM) for glioma grading using tumor blood volume histogram signatures derived from MR perfusion images and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the model and the sensitivity to sample size. A total of 86 patients with histologically‐confirmed gliomas were imaged using dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI at 1.5T. Histogram signatures from 53 of the 86 patients were analyzed independently by four neuroradiologists and used as a basis for the predictive SVM model. The resulting SVM model was tested on the remaining 33 patients and analyzed by a fifth neuroradiologist. At optimal SVM parameters, the true positive rate (TPR) and true negative rate (TNR) of the SVM model on the 33 patients was 0.76 and 0.82, respectively. The interobserver agreement and the TPR increased significantly when the SVM model was based on an increasing sample size (P < 0.001). This result suggests that a predictive SVM model can aid in the diagnosis of glioma grade from MR perfusion images and that the model improves with increasing sample size. Magn Reson Med 60:945–952, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

MR line scan diffusion imaging of the brain in children

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging of the self-diffusion of water has become increasingly popular for the early detection of cerebral infarction in adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate MR line scan diffusion imaging (LSDI) of the brain in children. METHODS: LSDI was performed in four volunteers and 12 patients by using an effective TR/TE of 2736/89.4 and a maximum b value of 450 to 600 s/mm2 applied in the x, y, and z directions. In the volunteers, single-shot echo planar imaging of diffusion (EPID) was also performed. The patients (10 boys and two girls) ranged in age from 2 days to 16 years (average age, 6.6 years). Diagnoses included acute cerebral infarction, seizure disorder, posttraumatic confusion syndrome, complicated migraine, residual astrocytoma, encephalitis, hypoxia without cerebral infarction, cerebral contusion, and conversion disorder. In all patients, routine spin-echo images were also acquired. Trace images and apparent diffusion coefficient maps were produced for each location scanned with LSDI. RESULTS: In the volunteers, LSDI showed less chemical-shift and magnetic-susceptibility artifact and less geometric distortion than did EPID. LSDI was of diagnostic quality in all studies. Diffusion abnormalities were present in five patients. Restricted diffusion was present in the lesions of the three patients with acute cerebral infarction. Mildly increased diffusion was present in the lesions of encephalitis and residual cerebellar astrocytoma. No diffusion abnormalities were seen in the remaining seven children. CONCLUSION: LSDI is feasible in children, provides high-quality diffusion images with less chemical-shift and magnetic-susceptibility artifact and less geometric distortion than does EPID, and complements the routine MR examination.     

MR evaluation of brain iron in children with cerebral infarction

Young children and infants normally have essentially no detectable brain iron. We evaluated brain iron patterns on 23 MR scans in 20 patients under 6 years of age with clinical and MR-documented cerebral infarctions in an attempt to further understand the neuropathologic phenomenon of increased iron deposition, which has been observed in other disease states. MR was performed at 1.5 T with spin-echo sequences from 1 day to 4 years after infarction. MR scans were interpreted without knowledge of clinical information and were assessed for (1) location and character (i.e., bland or hemorrhagic) of infarct, and (2) nonheme iron (i.e., marked hypointensity on long TR/TE images) in the basal ganglia, red nuclei, substantia nigra, thalami, dentate nuclei, and deep white matter. Sixteen of 20 infarctions were associated with increased iron. Six of seven cases with unilateral iron deposition had ipsilateral infarctions. The location (deep versus cortical) and age of the infarction had no apparent bearing on iron patterns. We conclude that increased brain iron is commonly associated with cerebral infarction and is nonspecific, rather than a marker of movement disorders. Since iron may arise from either interruption of transport pathways or directly from cell injury and, in fact, iron itself may propagate the tissue injury, this finding may have important clinical and pathophysiologic implications in ischemic brain injury.     

大鼠放射性脑损伤的MRS、PWI研究

目的研究大鼠放射性脑损伤不同时期的MRS、PWI表现,为其早期诊断提供依据。方法将成年大鼠30只随机分为对照组和照射组,照射前均行MRI、MRS及PWI检查。照射组分别于照射后1、3、6、9及12个月行MRI、MRS及PWI检查,计算NAA/Cr和Cho/Cr比值,测量灌注后大鼠双侧侧脑室周围的rCBV值。结果 1各照射组大鼠的NAA/Cr比值与对照组相比逐渐下降,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);照射后Cho/Cr比值先上升,3个月时达峰值,随后逐渐下降,6个月内各组的Cho/Cr与对照组相比有统计学意义(P0.05);2照射1个月后各组的rCBV值均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MRS及PWI能在放射性脑损伤发生形态学改变之前检测出脑组织代谢及灌注异常,为放射性脑损伤的早期诊断提供依据。     

Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the brain in children: findings in the normal brain and in the brain with white matter diseases

PURPOSE: To establish quantitative standards for age-related changes in diffusion restriction of cerebral white matter in healthy children and to compare data with results in children with white matter diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in 44 children (age range, 7 days to 7.5 years) without brain abnormalities and in 13 children with proved leukodystrophy. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and apparent anisotropy (AA) were measured in 11 regions of interest within white matter. Age-related changes were analyzed with regression analysis. RESULTS: During normal brain myelination, ADCs in different anatomic regions were high at birth (range, 1.04 x 10(-9) m(2)/sec +/- 0.05 [SD] to 1.64 x 10(-9) m(2)/sec +/- 0.09) and low after brain maturation (range, 0.75 x 10(-9) m(2)/sec +/- 0.02 to 0.92 x 10(-9) m(2)/sec +/- 0.02). AA was low at birth (range, 0.05 +/- 0.01 to 0.52 +/- 0.04) and high after brain maturation (range, 0.25 +/- 0.02 to 0.85 +/- 0.03). Age relationship could be expressed with monoexponential functions for all anatomic regions. Anisotropy preceded the myelination-related changes at MR imaging. ADC and AA in four children with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease were identical with results in healthy newborn children and showed no age dependency. In peroxisomal disorders, Krabbe disease, and mitochondriopathy, demyelination on T1- and T2-weighted MR images led to expected findings at diffusion-weighted MR imaging, with high ADC and low AA, whereas in Canavan disease and metachromatic leukodystrophy, the opposite findings were revealed, with low ADC within the demyelinated white matter. CONCLUSION: During early brain myelination, diffusion restriction in normal white matter increases. Anisotropy precedes myelination changes that are visible at MR imaging. Compared with T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging, diffusion-weighted MR imaging in white matter diseases reveals additional information.     

Metabolic and destructive brain disorders in children: findings with localized proton MR spectroscopy

The diagnostic potential of volume-selective proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy in vivo was evaluated in 20 children and young adults with various neurodegenerative brain disorders. All patients were examined with MR spectroscopy in conjunction with MR imaging of the brain on a whole-body imager at 1.5 T. Comparison of spectra in our patients with those of children with normal myelination (prominent signals from N-acetylaspartate [NAA], creatine/phosphocreatine, and choline) revealed a marked decrease of NAA in 12 of 17 patients with focal or generalized demyelination. In patients with Canavan disease, NAA signal intensity was markedly increased, but no choline signal was found. Increased signal intensity from lactate occurred in patients with Leigh disease, neuroaxonal dystrophy, Schilder disease, and Cockayne disease, which indicated a disturbed energy metabolism in the examined region. These results demonstrate that proton MR spectroscopy can be applied in a clinical environment to facilitate diagnosis of hereditary and acquired brain disorders in children.     

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy in children with liver cirrhosis: diffusion-weighted MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopy of the brain

Introduction

The aim of this work was to detect minimal hepatic encephalopathy (minHE) in children with diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) of the brain.

Methods

Prospective study conducted upon 30 consecutive children (age range 6–16 years, 21 boys and 9 girls) with liver cirrhosis and 15 age- and sex-matched healthy control children. Patients with minHE (n?=?17) and with no minHE (n?=?13) groups and control group underwent DWI, ¹H-MRS, and neuropsychological tests (NPTs). The glutamate or glutamine (Glx), myoinositol (mI), choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr) at the right ganglionic region were determined at ¹H-MRS. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value and metabolic ratios of Glx/Cr, mI/Cr, and Cho/Cr were calculated.

Results

There was elevated ADC value and Glx/Cr and decreased mI/CI and Ch/Cr in patients with minHE compared to no minHE and control group. There was significant difference between minHE, no minHE, and control group in the ADC value (P?=?0.001 for all groups), GLx/Cr (P?=?0.001 for all groups), mI/Cr (P?=?0.004, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively), Ch/Cr (P?=?0.001 for all groups), and full-scale IQ of NPT (P?=?0.001, 0.001, and 0.143, respectively). The NPT of minHE had negative correlation with ADC value (r?=??0.872, P?=?0.001) and GLx/Cr (r?=??0.812, P?=?0.001) and positive correlation with mI/Cr (r?=?0.732, P?=?0.001).

Conclusion

DWI and ¹H-MRS are imaging modalities that can detect minHE in children with liver cirrhosis and correlate well with parameters of NPT.     

磁敏感加权成像与动态磁敏感加权对比增强MR灌注加权成像联合应用在脑星形细胞瘤分级中的价值

目的 探讨磁敏感加权成像(SWI)与动态磁敏感加权对比增强(DSC) MR灌注加权成像联合应用在脑星形细胞瘤分级诊断中的价值.方法 82例经手术病理证实的脑星形细胞瘤患者行SWI与DSC MR灌注加权成像扫描,低级别星形细胞瘤15例(WHOⅡ级),间变性星形细胞瘤10例(WHOⅢ级),胶质母细胞瘤57例(WHOⅣ级).评价肿瘤内磁敏感信号(ITSS)与相对脑血容量(rCBV)最大值,应用Kruskal Wallis检验、Welch检验、Spearman相关系数、Pearson相关性分析和受试者工作特征曲线分析ITSS和rCBV单独使用和两者联合应用对星形细胞瘤分级的效能.结果 低级别星形细胞瘤14例未见到ITSS,间变性星形细胞瘤ITSS分级为1～3级,胶质母细胞瘤ITSS分级均为3级,3组间差异有统计学意义(H=71.96,P＜0.01).Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ级星形细胞肿瘤内rCBV最大值分别是1.26 ±0.42、3.59 ±2.09和8.34±1.16,3组间差异有统计学意义(F'=681.72,P＜0.01).肿瘤内ITSS与rCBV最大值和病理分级呈正相关(r值分别为0.72、0.89,P值均＜0.01),rCBV与病理分级呈正相关(r=0.78,P＜0.01).SWI、DSC及SWI与DSC联合应用鉴别Ⅱ和Ⅲ级星形细胞瘤ROC曲线下面积分别是0.99、0.93、1.00,鉴别Ⅲ和Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤ROC曲线下面积分别是0.70、0.94、0.94,鉴别高低级别星形细胞瘤ROC曲线下面积分别是1.00、0.99、1.00.结论 脑星形细胞瘤ITSS可以对脑星形细胞瘤进行分级,SWI与DSC联合应用可以提高脑星形细胞瘤分级的准确性.     

Subscapularis tendon tears: detection and grading at MR arthrography

PURPOSE: To assess diagnostic accuracy in the detection and grading of subscapularis tendon lesions at magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR arthrograms in 50 consecutive patients (29 with normal subscapularis tendons, 11 with a lesion in the cranial quarter, seven with a major tear but not complete detachment, three with complete detachment) with arthroscopic or surgical confirmation were evaluated independently by two radiologists. Diagnosis was established on findings from transverse and/or parasagittal images. RESULTS: With transverse images alone, sensitivity was 95%/100% (reader 1/reader 2); specificity was 55%/62%. With parasagittal images alone, sensitivity was 91%/91%; specificity was 76%/90%. With combined images, sensitivity was 91%/91%; specificity was 86%/79%. Interobserver agreement was substantial (kappa = 0.67). Forty-one of 50 (82%) grades for subscapularis abnormalities matched at MR imaging and surgery; nine mismatches differed by only one degree. Several signs were specific (90%-100%) but insensitive (29%-62%); these included leakage of contrast material onto the lesser tuberosity, fatty degeneration of the subscapularis muscle, and abnormality in the course of the long biceps tendon (luxation, subluxation). CONCLUSION: MR arthrography is accurate in the detection and grading of subscapularis tendon lesions. Specificity of findings on transverse images for this diagnosis can be improved by including indirect signs and findings on parasagittal images.