MSCT门静脉成像对门脉高压症中门静脉血栓形成与临床病情关系的研究

目的:采用64排螺旋CT门静脉成像探讨肝硬化(LC)门脉高压症(PH)门静脉血栓(PVT)形成对临床病程进展的影响。方法:对183例LC患者行CT检查,其中并发PVT者109例,无血栓者74例,应用MIP、MPR、CPR方法多角度多层面显示门静脉系统血管结构和侧支循环,测量血栓范围和狭窄程度。分别比较PVT组和对照组之间、不同Child-Pugh(CP)分级亚组间的肝功能、凝血功能、门脉系统血管宽度、侧支循环、脾脏大小的差异,分析PVT组各影像特征之间及其与肝功能的相关性。结果:PVT组与对照组间的血清总胆红素、门静脉和脾静脉宽度、脾面积、脾/胃-肾分流的差异均有统计学意义(t=-2.830、P=0.005;t=3.576、P<0.001;t=0.780、P=0.043;t=3.491、P=0.001;χ2=5.350、P=0.021),PVT组平均值均较高,且在CP的B和/或C级下差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),A级中差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);前腹壁静脉曲张在各分级中差异均有统计学意义(χ2=4.485,P=0.034)。PVT组肠系膜上静脉血栓与肠壁水肿有一定的相关性(r=0.227,P=0.018);脾静脉与胃左静脉宽度有一定的相关性(r=0.371,P<0.001)。结论:门静脉血栓形成与门脉高压症病情密切相关,可能为促进肝硬化临床病程发展的重要因素。     

Septic thrombosis of the portal vein: CT and clinical observations

The CT and clinical findings were reviewed in seven patients with septic thrombosis of the portal vein (STPV). Of the seven patients, five had associated pyogenic liver abscesses. Five of seven patients presented de novo with STPV without a clinically obvious extrahepatic source of intraabdominal infection. All seven patients were successfully managed nonsurgically with intravenous antibiotics and in two patients percutaneous drainage of hepatic abscesses. Serial follow-up examinations in five patients demonstrated complete resolution of portal venous thrombus in three patients and progression to cavernous transformation in two. When diagnosed early by CT or sonography, STVP may have a more benign clinical course following appropriate antibiotic therapy.     

直接法多层螺旋CT静脉造影诊断下肢深静脉血栓简

目的：探讨直接法多层螺旋CT静脉造影（MSCTV）诊断下肢深静脉血栓的临床应用价值。方法直接法多层螺旋CT（MSCT）下肢静脉造影17例,同期均行彩色多普勒超声血流显像（CDFI）检查。直接法MSCTV检查后,所得图像经处理后传送至工作站进行多平面重建（MPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）、表面遮盖（SSD）及容积再现（VR）重建。结果直接法MSCTV检查显示13例存在下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）,彩色多普勒超声检查显示10例,2例髂静脉及1例胫腓静脉血栓彩色多普勒超声未能检出。直接法MSCTV上DVT主要表现为静脉腔内造影剂充盈缺损、静脉节段性不显影、栓塞静脉远端扩张及其周围侧支循环静脉迂曲扩张、周围软组织肿胀、皮肤增厚。结论直接法MSCT能清晰显示DVT形成的部位、范围、侧支静脉情况及病变血管周围的解剖结构,对彩色多普勒超声不易检出的盆腔及小腿深静脉栓塞也能清晰显示,可以作为下肢深静脉血栓检查的常规方法。     

Macronodular hepatic tuberculosis associated with portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension

Tuberculosis (TB) of the liver is usually associated with miliary spread. Macronodular TB of the liver is rare. A case of macronodular TB of the liver in a 31-year-old woman causing portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension is presented. Ultrasound and CT appearances are described. There was coexistent ileo-caecal TB with extensive mesenteric and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Macronodular TB should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a patient presents with multiple calcified masses in the liver with portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension.     

肝硬化患者CT门静脉血管成像中门静脉侧支血管的表现

目的 分析肝硬化患者在16排螺旋CT门静脉血管成像(CTPV)上门静脉侧支血管的表现.方法 对36例经临床、肝功能和影像学检查诊断为肝硬化门静脉高压的患者行腹部CTPV检查,经图像后处理,获得门静脉系统及侧支血管三维重建图像.结果 CTPV可以直观地显示门静脉系统及整个门静脉侧支循环系统.36例病例中显示胃左静脉曲张29例(80.6%),食管下段静脉曲张18例(50.0%),胃短/W后静脉曲张15例(41.7%),食管旁静脉曲张9例(25.0%),胃-肾/脾-肾分流8例(22.2%),门静脉海绵样变7例(19.4%),脐静脉与腹壁静脉曲张6例(16.7%),椎旁静脉分流4例(11.1%).结论 CTPV能很好地显示肝硬化患者门脉高压侧支循环的开放部位、范围及严重程度,对判断病情、选择治疗方案及估计预后有重要的临床应用价值.     

门静脉癌栓合并门脉高压症的TIPS姑息治疗

目的 评价门静脉癌栓（portal vein tumor thrombosis,PVTT) 合并门脉高压症患者行经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术（transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS)姑息治疗的疗效，并讨论其技术特点。方法 本组报告14例终末期肝癌合并门静脉癌栓及门静脉高压症患者，平均年龄53．6％。8例门静脉主干完全堵塞，6例门静脉主干及分支有不同程度栓塞，5例合并门静脉海绵样变。1例单纯上消化道大出血，3例单纯顽固性腹水，10例上消化道大出血合并顽固性腹水。结果 14例中10例患者成功行TIPS治疗，门静脉压力平均从术前37.2mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)降至术后18.2mmHg，平均降低19.0mmHg；腹水减少或消失，消化道出血，腹胀，腹泻等症状缓解，平均生存32.3d。4例失败。结论 TIPS是姑息治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓引起的上消化道大出血和顽固性腹水的有效方法。     

Magnetic resonance portal venography: use of fast-acquisition true FISP imaging in the detection of portal vein thrombosis

AIM: To determine the accuracy of true fast imaging with steady-state precession (true FISP) in the diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis and compare it to contrast-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four consecutive patients with suspected portal venous thrombosis underwent contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography and true FISP imaging of the portal vein. All patients had undergone at least one other imaging study, either computed tomography, (CT) or ultrasound. Both sets of MR images were evaluated for patency of the portal venous system and for image quality. RESULTS: Portal vein thrombosis was diagnosed in six of the 24 patients. Four patients with portal vein thrombosis were accurately diagnosed on the true FISP sequence. This sequence also accurately diagnosed the patency of the portal vein in 17 patients. However, the results were inconclusive in three patients. The image quality of the true FISP sequence of the three inconclusive patients was graded as either poor or fair. Of these three patients, contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography confirmed portal vein thrombosis in two patients and portal vein stenosis in one patient. True FISP imaging had a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 100% for the diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study show that the true FISP sequence is useful in diagnosing portal vein thrombosis. It could be employed as an adjunct to contrast-enhanced MR angiography in the severely debilitated patient where respiratory motion may degrade the images or in patients where the use of intravenous contrast medium is not possible due to poor venous access.     

下肢静脉病变与肺动脉栓塞关系的研究

目的 探讨下肢静脉病变与肺栓塞（PE）发病之间的关系。方法 对50例正常对照者和200例临床高度怀疑PE和下肢静脉病变的患者,行^99Tc^m-大颗粒聚合白蛋白（MAA）和^99Tc^m-葡聚糖酯（GP）双下肢静脉显像和肺灌注/通气显像,其中15例进行了肺动脉造影。结果 对照组下肢静脉显像和肺灌注/通气显像均显示正常,200例患者肺灌注/通气显像示：175例为多发性PE,25例正常。175例PE患者中128例有下肢静脉病变,占73.14%（128/175例）,其中下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）119例,占68.00%（119/175例）;25例非PE者均有下肢静脉病变。153例下肢静脉病变者中检出PE128例,占83.66%(128/153例）。下肢DVT 119例,其中由髂、股静脉血栓引发PE者101例,占84.87%（101/119例）。结论 双下肢静脉显像与肺灌注/通气显像联合应用,有助于PE及其病因的诊断。     

Pulsed Doppler duplex sonography and CT of portal vein thrombosis

Five patients with partial or complete portal vein thrombosis were examined by both computed tomography (CT) and pulsed Doppler duplex scanning. Duplex scanning correctly identified portal vein thrombosis in all five. Duplex sonography may be the preferred technique to detect and follow portal vein thrombosis because of lower cost, lack of need for intravenous contrast material, and easier availability for multiple follow-up examinations.     

TIPSS技术在门脉癌栓性门脉高压中的应用

目的 探讨TIPSS技术在治疗门静脉癌栓合并门脉高压中的技术特点及禁忌证。方法 16例门静脉癌栓合并门脉高压症患者，9例门静脉主干完全堵塞，7例门静脉主干及分支有不同程度栓塞；6例合并门脉海绵样变；1例单纯上消化道大出血；4例单纯顽固性腹水；11例上消化道大出血合并顽固性腹水。结果 16例中11例患者成功行TIPSS治疗，技术成功率约68.8%，门脉压力从术前4.9kPa降至2.4kPa，平均降低2.5kPa，腹水减少或消失，症状缓解。平均生存136d。5例失败。结论 TIPSS是治疗门脉癌栓引起的上消化道大出血和顽固性腹水的有效方法，门脉海绵样变是该术的禁忌证。     

CT demonstration of portal and superior mesenteric vein thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma

Three cases of hepatocellular carcinoma in which computed tomography (CT) demonstrated thrombosis of the portal vein are reported. In one patient, extension of the thrombus into the superior mesenteric vein was identified as well. The outstanding CT features of portal vein thrombosis were: (a) enlargement of the vein, (b) intraluminal low density area, and (c) hyperdense peripheral ring due to the enhancement of the venous wall. These findings may be useful in differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from hepatic metastases.     

门静脉癌栓螺旋CT及CT门静脉造影的诊断价值

目的：评价门静脉癌栓螺旋CT及其门静脉血管造影（CTP）的特征及诊断价值。方法：43例门静脉癌栓形成的患者作了螺旋CT平扫和增强扫描，30例进行了多平面重组（MPR）和CTP成像，15例患者治疗的作了CT随访。结果：螺旋CT轴位和MPR图像能清晰显示门静脉癌栓，直接的CT征象为门静脉增粗及充盈缺损23％在动脉期癌栓有不均匀强化；间接征象包括门静脉管壁强化（42％）、侧支循环形成（100％）、门静脉海绵样变（44％）及周围肝脏血流动力学的改变。CTP能直观地评价门静脉的癌栓位置、管径及阻塞程度和侧支循环的情况。CT扫描可很好地显示门静脉癌栓治疗后的变化情况。结论：螺旋CT轴位图像结合MPR和CTP图像，可以便完整的提供门静脉癌栓的全面资料。     

胰源性区域性门静脉高压的多层螺旋CT诊断及其临床价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）及图像后处理技术对胰源性区域性门静脉高压的诊断及临床价值.方法 对胰源性区域性门静脉高压症患者28例使用16排多层螺旋CT机行腹部平扫及增强扫描,采用图像后处理技术,显示胰源性区域性门静脉高压异常的脾静脉及侧支血管情况.结果 CT显示脾静脉狭窄或闭塞28例,胃冠状静脉曲张14例（14/28）,胃短静脉曲张15例（15/28）,胃网膜静脉曲张25例（25/28）.结论 MSCT及图像后处理技术能很好地从不同方位显示胰源性区域性门静脉高压侧支循环血管,具有重要的临床指导价值.     

Efficacy of multi-slice helical CT venography for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis: comparison with venous sonography

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of contrast enhanced multi-slice helical CT (MSCT) venography for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in comparison with venous sonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MSCT was used to obtain contiguous, 5-mm thick axial CT images from the diaphragm to the ankles of 27 patients after intravenous injection of contrast material. These patients were clinically suspected of having DVT. The same patients underwent venous sonography before CT examination. The detectability of DVT with MSCT venography was compared with that with venous sonography. RESULTS: MSCT venography detected DVT in 21 patients, but venous sonography did so in only 17. MSCT venography detected DVT missed by venous sonography in five patients, while venous sonography detected DVT missed by MSCT venography in one patient. CONCLUSION: MSCT venography can be expected to make a valuable contribution to the diagnosis of DVT and to the prophylaxis of pulmonary embolism.     

Superior vena cava syndrome and bilateral subclavian vein thrombosis. CT and radionuclide venography correlation

Radionuclide venography (RNV) and CT with contrast infusion were performed in a patient with superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome and upper extremity swelling due to SVC and bilateral subclavian vein thrombosis resulting from infection of a Le Veen peritoneovenous shunt. Although CT was suggestive of thrombosis and excluded extrinsic compression by a mass, obstruction of the SVC and deliniation of collateral venous channels were best demonstrated by RNV.     

门静脉内径值与CT门静脉成像密度达峰值及达峰时间的相关性研究

目的:通过测量不同门静脉内径值的CT门静脉成像密度达峰值和达峰时间,探讨门静脉内径值与门静脉成像密度达峰值及达峰时间的相关性。方法:将60例门静脉内径值介于12.0~22.0 mm的患者分为3组,每组均采取特定区域多时间点扫描。对扫描结果进行统计分析,绘制TDC。对每例门静脉扫描密度达峰值与门静脉内径值行线性相关性分析。结果:门静脉内径值12.0~15.0 mm组达峰时间为60 s,15.1~19.0 mm组为70 s,19.1~22.0 mm组为75 s。达峰时间随门静脉内径值增加而延迟。密度达峰值也随门静脉内径值的增大而降低(r~2=0.652,P0.001),门静脉内径值与达峰值回归方程:y=173.599-2.276x。结论:门静脉内径值与门静脉成像密度达峰时间呈正相关、与密度达峰值呈反向线性变化趋势。为获得最佳门静脉成像质量,应根据不同门静脉内径值选择最佳的扫描时间。     

多层螺旋CT下腔静脉直接成像的临床初步研究

目的 初步探讨MSCT下腔静脉直接成像的优越性.方法 回顾性分析本院2007年7月至2009年3月期间,28例行MSCT增强扫描的患者资料,其中2例同时行间接成像和直接成像,得到间接法下腔静脉成像10例,下腔静脉直接成像20例.采用双盲法对2种方法得出的下腔静脉图像按照图像质量和血管显示程度进行评价.结果 10例下腔静脉间接成像中,1例由于静脉期对比剂浓度太淡而失败.图像质量评价为良者2例,差者为7例,无评价为优者.20例下腔静脉直接成像中,血管显示分度为1度、2度、3度者分别为16、4和0例,图像质量为优、良、差和失败者分别为16、4、0和0例.检查成功率为100%,能较好的满足诊断要求.结论 下腔静脉直接成像图像质量明显优于下腔静脉间接法得到的图像.