福建莱姆病蜱媒及其宿主调查研究

１９９０～１９９５年，对福建莱姆病疫区的蜱媒及其宿主进行调查，查出蜱类１９种，宿主包括家野鼠类、野猪、野兔、獾、山羊等野生动物和狗、牛等家畜。从粒形硬蜱、台湾角血蜱和社鼠、褐家鼠分离出莱姆病病原体，粒形硬蜱可能是福建莱姆病的主要蜱媒。     

福建莱姆病生物媒介的调查

１９９０年３月～１９９３年９月，我们对福建省莱姆病疫区的蜱、虻类进行调查。共捕获蜱类１７种、虻类３种，对部份蜱、虻类肠道进行莱姆病病原体的分离与检测，结果从其中的粒形硬蜱（Ｉ．ｇｒａｎｕｌａｔｕｓ）中肠及其吸血宿主鼠类（社鼠和褐家鼠Ｒ．Ｃｏｎｆｕｃｉａｎｕｓ＆Ｒ．ｎｏｒｖｅｇｉｃｕｓ）肾脏共分离出４株莱姆病病原体－伯氏疏螺旋体，从台湾角血蜱（Ｈ．ｃｏｒｎｉｇｅｒａｔａｉｗａｎａ）中肠观察到同样病原体，表明粒形硬蜱和某些血蜱可能是福建莱姆病疫区传播该病的生物媒介。此外，我们还发现因虻类、蜂类叮咬而发生感染的病例，提示莱姆病的传播媒介可能还不仅局限于蜱类．     

福建省蜱类和鼠类的莱姆病调查及首次分离出4株莱姆病螺旋体

从福建省北部莱姆病感染率较高及已发现病人的林区捕获一批家、野鼠类,从鼠体收集到一批蜱类(硬蜱、血蜱),取蜱中肠和鼠肾脏分别接种BSKII培养基,结果共分离出4株莱姆病螺旋体——伯氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia burgdorferi)。从粒形硬蜱和社鼠分离出莱姆病螺旋体在国内外属首次报告。     

福建莱姆病蜱类媒介及其宿主的调查研究

１９９０～１９９５年间，作者对福建已发现莱姆病地区的蜱类媒介及其宿主进行调查，查出蜱类２０种，宿主包括家野鼠类、野猪、野兔、獾、山羊等野生动物和狗、牛等家畜。从蜱类、鼠类分离出多株莱姆病病原体，从台湾角血蜱查见病原体，粒形硬蜱可能是闽北莱姆病的主要蜱媒。     

中国莱姆病螺旋体主要生物媒介的调查研究

为研究中国莱姆病螺旋体的生物媒介———蜱的种类、带菌状况及在传播莱姆病中的作用 ,采用布旗法和动物诱捕法在山林地区采集蜱 ,进行分类鉴定 ,应用直接荧光抗体染色法查蜱中肠带菌率 ,BSK培养基分离病原体 ,单克隆抗体鉴定菌株。调查蜱叮咬率与人群莱姆病感染率、患病率以及蜱的季节消长与莱姆病慢性游走性红斑 (ECM )病例发生的季节性关系。在全国 2 0个省 (市、区 )共采集到170 0 0多只蜱 ,分属为 2科 8属 2 3种 ,蜱类分布的地区差异较大 ,北方林区以全沟硬蜱为优势种 ,南方则以二棘血蜱和粒形硬蜱为优势种。 9种蜱的中肠携带莱姆病螺旋体 ,其带菌率以全沟硬蜱、二棘血蜱和粒形硬蜱为高 ,分别为 2 0 .0 0 %～ 4 5.0 0 %、16.0 0 %～ 4 0 .0 0 %和 2 4 .0 0 %。从 8种蜱分离出 10 8株莱姆病螺旋体 ,其单克隆抗体反应与美国B31菌株有明显的差异 ,绝大多数中国菌株对H6831呈阴性反应。蜱叮咬率高的人群 ,莱姆病的感染率和患病率也高。全沟硬蜱的季节消长与ECM发生的季节性相一致。证实多种蜱的中肠内携带莱姆病螺旋体 ;我国北方林区莱姆病螺旋体的主要生物媒介是全沟硬蜱 ,南方林区二棘血蜱和粒形硬蜱是重要的生物媒介。     

我国莱姆病螺旋体生物媒介的初步调查

自1987年以来,我们在全国开展了莱姆病调查,从黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙、河北、新疆、湖北、四川、福建和北京等省、市采集的全沟硬蜱、粒形硬蜱、壤塘硬蜱、嗜群血蜱、二棘血蜱和长角血蜱分离出71株莱姆病螺旋体,其中55株从全沟硬蜱分离。全沟硬蜱是东北和西北针阔叶林区的优势蜱种,其带菌率为20~45%,表明全沟硬蜱是我国北方莱姆病螺旋体的主要生物媒介。虽然从我国南方的某些硬蜱属和血蜱属种类分离到莱姆病螺旋体,但是南方的主要生物媒介还不清楚。从我国蜱体内分离的螺旋体在超微结构、单克隆抗体反应和外表蛋白等方面与美国菌株有某些区别。     

中国20个省、区、市动物莱姆病初步调查研究

目的：广泛调查我国动物莱姆病分布情况。方法：血清流行病学和病原学研究。结果：１９８７～１９９７年间，牛、羊、狗、野兔和８种野鼠有莱姆病的感染存在，其中牛、羊、狗和野鼠的感染率分别为１８．１８％～３２．６１％、１７．１２％～６１．２１％、３８．５％～６０．００％和４１．１８％～８６．０５％；从黑线姬鼠和白腹巨鼠的胎鼠分离到莱姆病螺旋体，证实莱姆病螺旋体可通过胎盘垂直传播。９种蜱的中肠携带莱姆病螺旋体，带菌率以全沟硬蜱、二棘血蜱和粒形硬蜱为高，分别为２０．００％～４５．００％、１６．００％～４０．００％和２４．００％。从华南兔、８种野鼠和８种蜱分离出１２８株莱姆病螺旋体。证实黑线姬鼠和棕背是中国莱姆病螺旋体的重要储存宿主；多种蜱的中肠内携带莱姆病螺旋体，我国北方林区莱姆病螺旋体的主要生物媒介是全沟硬蜱，南方林区二棘血蜱和粒形硬蜱是重要的生物媒介。结论：我国动物莱姆病广泛存在     

中国六省蜱中莱姆病螺旋体分离与鉴定

目的 了解中国6省蜱中莱姆病螺旋体携带情况.方法 在6省各选取2个采样点捕蜱,采用病原分离培养和巢式PCR方法对蜱进行莱姆病螺旋体检测,通过基因测序确定分型.结果 6省共采集到2200余只蜱,约1000只蜱用于病原分离培养,从吉林省长白县全沟硬蜱标本中分离到13株螺旋体,从贵州省道真粒形硬蜱标本中分离到9株螺旋体.1255只蜱用于PCR检测,从6省的蜱标本中检测到莱姆病螺旋体特异片段,其中吉林省(长白县27.08%、通化县20.41%)、青海省(互助县25.06%、黄南县21.11%)和贵州省(道真县25.63%)蜱中莱姆病螺旋体阳性率较高,山西省(垣曲县4.72%、交城县3.64%)蜱中莱姆病螺旋体阳性率较低.通过序列同源性分析确定吉林、青海、甘肃和山西省蜱中莱姆病螺旋体基因型均为Borrelia garinii.贵州、湖南省的基因型均为Borrelia valaisiana.结论 6省蜱中均带有莱姆病螺旋体,且带菌率有差异;山西省蜱中存在Borrelia ganmi型莱姆病螺旋体,湖南省蜱中存在Borrelia valaisiana型莱姆病螺旋体.     

全沟硬蜱是我国北方地区莱姆病螺旋体的主要传播媒介

研究我国北方地区莱姆病螺旋体的生物媒介—蜱的种类、带菌状况及在传播莱姆病中的作用。用布旗法和动物诱捕法在山林地区采集蜱，分类鉴定，直接荧光抗体染色法查蜱中肠带菌率，ＢＳＫ培养基分离病原体，单克隆抗体鉴定菌株。调查蜱叮咬率与人群莱姆病感染率、患病率以及蜱的季节消长与莱姆病慢性游走性红斑（ＥＣＭ）病例发生的季节性关系。在北方１０省（市、区）共采集到１００００多只蜱，分属为２科７属１１种，以全沟硬蜱为优势种，占８０％～９５％。４种蜱的中肠携带莱姆病螺旋体，全沟硬蜱的带菌率高达２０．００％～４５．００％。从４种蜱分离到９８株莱姆病螺旋体，其中９０％以上是从全沟硬蜱分离的。全沟硬蜱叮咬率高的人群，莱姆病的感染率和患病率也高。全沟硬蜱的季节消长与ＥＣＭ发生的季节性相一致。证实我国北方地区至少有４种蜱的中肠内携带莱姆病螺旋体，莱姆病螺旋体的主要生物媒介是全沟硬蜱。     

蜱咬后的感染危险性和处理

蜱咬后的感染危险性和处理传染莱姆病的蜱（包括蓖子硬蜱和Ｉ，ｄａｍｍｉｎｉ硬蜱）比许多其他蜱叮咬时间更长。重要的是在发现后要立即将它除去，因为媒介蜱在开始吸足血以前是不大可能将莱姆病的伯氏包柔氏螺旋体或梨浆虫等一起传染的病原体传染给人。硬蜱稚虫比幼虫或...     

Enterotoxin production by strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical and non-clinical specimens with special reference to enterotoxin F and toxic shock syndrome.

Enterotoxin production by strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens of human and animal origin and from healthy human carriers was investigated. All nine patients admitted to hospital with symptoms of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) yielded enterotoxin-producing strains of S. aureus. Eight of these produced staphylococcal enterotoxin F (SEF). A significantly smaller proportion of strains (42% of 50 strains tested) isolated from other clinical specimens of hospitalized patients produced SEF. Production of SEF by strains isolated from clinical specimens of animal origin (48 strains) was not observed. Twenty-nine per cent of 24 S. aureus strains isolated from noses of hospital staff produced SEF. This result was not significantly different from that obtained from strains isolated from clinical specimens other than TSS. A similar percentage of strains isolated from healthy human carriers outside hospital produced SEF (25% of 24 strains tested). The results indicated that enterotoxin production, especially that of SEF, is associated with S. aureus isolated from patients suspected of TSS. There was no indication of an association between S. aureus isolated from other staphylococcal infections and SEF production. All strains were phage typed and 79% of the strains belonging to the international phage-group I produced SEF. All strains lysed by phage 187 were found to produce SEF.     

2004-2005年我国部分地区小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌宿主分布调查

目的了解2004-2005年小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌宿主分布情况。方法对从不同宿主样品中分离到的小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌进行生物化学鉴定、血清学分型、毒力基因PCR检测。结果2004-2005年从8种常见动物宿主及食品中共分离到230株小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌,35.65%分离自猪,致病性菌株中51.52%来自猪,所占比例最高,而分离自腹泻病人、兔的菌株均为致病性菌株。结论我国小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌宿主分布广泛,猪是最主要的宿主动物。     

脉冲场凝胶电泳用于霍乱弧菌分子流行病学研究

目的：从分子生物学基础上了解同一次流行、不同来源的霍乱弧菌之间的遗传相关性，为有效控制传染源提供依据。方法：采用PCR技术对2005年分离的70株霍乱弧菌检测CT基因后，进行PFGE分型研究。结果：分离自患者01、0139群霍乱弧菌均有CT基因，而分离自外环境1株01群稻叶菌株及1株0139菌株CT基因为阴性。所试菌株PFGE分型共呈3大亚类8种带型。结论：霍乱流行期间分离于患者的霍乱弧菌PFGE图谱基本一致，与外环境分离的非流行株在分化关系上较远。     

The distribution of serotypes of Escherichia coli in cow-pats and other animal material compared with serotypes of E. coli isolated from human sources.

The serotypes of 13,139 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from humans were compared with the serotypes of 1076 strains isolated from animals. 689 of these strains were isolated from fresh cow-pats on 22 sites in England and Wales. 708 different O/H combinations were found. Of these, 520 were found in human strains only, 130 from animal strains only and 58 O/H serotypes from humans and animals. Approximately half of the animal strains could not be typed with the full set of sera used.     

Enterotoxin production by strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical and non-clinical specimens with special reference to enterotoxin F and toxic shock syndrome

Enterotoxin production by strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens of human and animal origin and from healthy human carriers was investigated. All nine patients admitted to hospital with symptoms of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) yielded enterotoxin-producing strains of S. aureus. Eight of these produced staphylococcal enterotoxin F (SEF). A significantly smaller proportion of strains (42% of 50 strains tested) isolated from other clinical specimens of hospitalized patients produced SEF. Production of SEF by strains isolated from clinical specimens of animal origin (48 strains) was not observed. Twenty-nine per cent of 24 S. aureus strains isolated from noses of hospital staff produced SEF. This result was not significantly different from that obtained from strains isolated from clinical specimens other than TSS. A similar percentage of strains isolated from healthy human carriers outside hospital produced SEF (25% of 24 strains tested). The results indicated that enterotoxin production, especially that of SEF, is associated with S. aureus isolated from patients suspected of TSS. There was no indication of an association between S. aureus isolated from other staphylococcal infections and SEF production. All strains were phage typed and 79% of the strains belonging to the international phage-group I produced SEF. All strains lysed by phage 187 were found to produce SEF.     

耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因检测及同源性

目的探讨耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)耐药基因型及同源性。方法收集某院2015年9月—2016年2月临床标本分离的38株CRKP,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法检测耐药基因型,脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析菌株同源性。结果 38株CRKP主要来源于重症监护病房(ICU)及外科重症监护病房(SICU),分别占39.48%、34.21%。38株CRKP均检出blaKPC和blaSHV耐药基因,6株检出blaCTX耐药基因。PFGE显示共分成A、B、C、D4个谱型,其中以C型为主(65.78%,25/38)。A型菌株中菌株14、15、16携带blaKPC-2型、blaSHV型、blaCTX-M-15耐药基因,此3株细菌均是SICU患者分离的,菌株14和15分离自同一天,菌株16分离时间延后一周;C型菌株中,菌株10、18、25、28的同源性为100%,菌株10、18分离自ICU患者,菌株25、28分离自神经内一科患者(均从ICU转出),均是在ICU住院期间检出,且分离时间相差1 d。结论该院CRKP耐药基因型以blaKPC及blaSHV为主,存在克隆株医院内流行。     

Serological studies of British leptospiral isolates of the Sejroe serogroup. III. The distribution of leptospires of the Sejroe serogroup in the British Isles

Some 94 strains of leptospires belonging to the Sejroe serogroup isolated in the British Isles were identified to the serovar level using specific factor sera. Seventy strains were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, 66 from cattle, 2 from pigs and 1 each from a sheep foetus and a human. Twenty-four strains were identified as L. interrogans serovar saxkoebing, most strains were isolated from either wood mice, bank or field voles but strains were also isolated from badgers, a fox and a dog.     

Seasonal variations in the occurrence of Vibrio vulnificus along the Dutch coast.

The seasonal variation in the occurrence of V. vulnificus in relation to water temperature and salinity was studied along the Dutch coast. In two consecutive years V. vulnificus strains could be isolated in August when the water temperature was highest. The indole-positive strains isolated from North Sea water samples were identical to most strains isolated from human disease and from the environment. However, strains isolated from four of five patients living in countries around the North Sea were different from the North Sea isolates in that they were indole-negative and have a lower NaCl tolerance.     

日常食品及食物中毒样本中金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素的分型检测分析

目的通过对北京市海淀区日常食品及食物中毒样本检出的金黄色葡萄球菌进行肠毒素分型检测,比较两种分离菌株的肠毒素分布差异。方法实验所用的金黄色葡萄球菌为2007-2012年海淀区日常食品和食物中毒样本中分离检出的菌株,依据GB 4789.10-2010采用ELISA方法测定金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素(SEA-SEE)。结果 127株金黄色葡萄球菌中有108株肠毒素阳性,产肠毒素阳性率为85.0%。日常食品检出金黄色葡萄球菌93株,76株菌产肠毒素,产肠毒素阳性率为81.7%;食物中毒样本检出金黄色葡萄球菌34株,32株菌产肠毒素,产肠毒素阳性率为94.1%。产1种肠毒素和同时产3种肠毒素的菌株分别是47、37株,在产毒株中分别占43.5%和34.3%。食物中毒分离株产SEA和SED的比例(65.6%、65.6%)大于日常食品分离株(32.9%、30.3%).共有98株菌产SEE,在产毒株中占90.7%,肠毒素类型分布由高到低依次为E、A、D、C、B。结论食源性金黄色葡萄球菌产毒素能力较强,金黄色葡萄球菌食物中毒分离株和日常食品分离株在肠毒素分布上有差异。     

云南省2007--2009年流行性腮腺炎病毒SH和HN基因的遗传特征分析

目的 分析2007-2009年云南省腮腺炎病毒(MuV)分离株的SH和HN遗传特征.方法 采用反转录-聚合酶链反应从Vero细胞分离的病毒株基因组中扩增出SH基因和HN基因,测序后用Mega4.1软件分析其遗传特征.结果 云南省分离14株MuV的SH基因其核苷酸和氨基酸同源性为98.3%～100.0%和96.5%～100.0%,与其他省份比较其同源性为92.6%～99.4%和87.7%～100.0%,其中Wsh1和Wsh2与其他F基因型差异较大;与疫苗株同源性为84.5%～85.1%和77.2%;与其他基因型同源性为83.4%～90.9%和70.1%～86.0%.6株MuV分离株的HN基因与核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为99.3%～99.5%和99.1%～99.7%;与中国分离株SP株的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性均为99.8%;与其他基因型同源性为94.7%～96.8%和95.5%～99.1%;与疫苗株的同源性为92.4%～93.2%和95.5%～96.4%.结论 2007-2009年云南省流行的MuV均为F基因型;其HN基因比SH基因保守.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze genetic characterization of the small hydrophobic and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase genes of mumps virus(MuV)isolated in Yunnan province,China from 2007 to 2009.Methods Fourteen MuV strains were isolated in Yunnan,China from 2007 to 2009.Using RT-PCR,the SH gene fragments contained 316 nucleotides in all strains and HN gene of six strains were sequenced.The sequences were aligned with other mumps virus sequences downloaded from GenBank using Mega 4.1 software.Results Fourteen isolated strains were closely related to other reference strains of F genotypes.In SH gene,the homology of nucleotide and amino acid among the fourteen isolated strains were 98.3%-100.0%and 96.5%-100.0%,respectively,and 92.6%%-99.4%and 87.7%-100.0% of homology when compared with that of strains isolated from other provinces in China,respectively.Wsh1 and Wsh2 strains had less homology when compared to other strains of F genotypes.The fourteen strains had homology of 84.5%-85.1%and 77.2%compared to vaccine strains on nucleotide and amino acid,respectively,and had homology of 83.4%-90.9% and 70.1%-86.0% compared to that of other genotypes.In HN gene,the homology of nucleotide and amino acid among the six isolated strains were 99.3%-99.5% and 99.1%-99.7%,respectively,and also 99.8% and 99.8% of homology respectively when compared to the SP strain in China.All the six strains had homology of 92.4%-93.2% and 95.5%-96.4% when compared to the vaecine strains on nucleotide and amino acid,respectively,and had homology of 94.7%-96.8% and 95.5%-99.1%compared to other genotypes.Conclusion Fourteen strains isolated in Yunnan from 2007 to 2009belonged to F genotype of MuV while the HN gene seemed more conservative than SH gene.