小家鼠对南方常见基饵的接受性观察

目的 :了解小家鼠对南方常见基饵的接受性 ,为配制理想毒饵提供科学依据。方法 :采用有选择接受性试验测定各基饵的摄食系数。结果 :小家鼠对小米最嗜食 ,小米的摄食系数为 1.73 ,比摄食最差基饵多 1.46,是其取食量的 6.5倍 ;大米、碎面、小麦、玉米次之 ;花生米、稻米较差。结论 :南方毒杀小家鼠的基饵应以小米、大米为最佳选择     

毒鼠磷毒杀社鼠的浓度选择

室内毒杀试验表明,0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7和1.0%的毒鼠磷大米毒饵对社鼠的毒杀效果均高达100%。适口性以0.1、0.3和0.5%毒饵最好,这3种浓度的毒饵摄食量显著或极显著高于0.7%和1.0%。因此,毒杀社鼠应选择0.5%以下浓度为好。     

毒杀社鼠的引诱剂选择试验

在大米中分别加入9类不同物质作为引诱剂,对社鼠进行室内食量观察。结果表明,5%白糖、3%菜油 5%白糖和3%猪油 5%白糖的适口性最好。毒鼠磷正常毒饵与加糖毒饵对比显示,后者对社鼠的适口性更佳,两者的摄食量具有显著差异。因此,白糖在毒杀社鼠中可作为一种有效的引诱剂。     

自制小麦毒饵在多种场所的灭鼠适口性试验

灭鼠毒饵的适口性好与差，直接影响到灭鼠效率。因此毒饵基饵和引诱剂的选择就成了毒饵配制关键环节之一。常用的毒饵有以玉米、面粉为基饵再加食油、食糖混合剂的国际通用epa配方，另外可有苹果、葵花籽、大米、花生米、油炸类等。各种基饵满足鼠类所需的营养成分、热卡大致相同，因此通常灭鼠毒饵的基饵都在粮谷类中选择。但在食源丰富的场所，单以此基饵组成的灭鼠毒饵效果不甚理     

黄胸鼠和褐家鼠对15种食物的选择性试验

目的 为控制黄胸鼠和褐家鼠，筛选配制毒饵所用的基饵及工具捕捉用诱饵。方法 用稻谷、大米、玉米、小米、葵花子、南瓜子、花生米、蚕豆、豌豆、黄豆、油条、馒头、马铃薯、苹果、梨等15种食物分别与小麦对照，进行实验室有选择性摄食试验。结果 两种家鼠对所试食物的适口性以小米最好，其次为谷物、水果类，豆类最差。结论 药物控制黄胸鼠以小米、大米、稻谷、碎玉米粒、小麦作基饵较好；褐家鼠可用小米和小麦作基饵。用工具捕捉这两种家鼠最好的诱饵是馒头。     

溴代毒鼠磷加糖毒饵毒杀社鼠的现场试验

0.3%溴代鼠磷加糖毒饵现场毒杀社鼠的试验结果表明，试区总灭鼠率达93.2%，对社鼠的杀灭率为88.9%，是防治社鼠和其他山区野鼠的一种理想毒饵。     

大白鼠对醚菊酯毒饵的接受性及毒饵的防虫效果

目的：解决灭鼠毒饵久藏后生虫变质问题。方法：用醚菊酯杀虫剂配制防虫毒饵，对大白鼠进行接受性试验。结果：试鼠喜食0．1％和0．2％醚菊酯大米毒饵，摄食系数是0．95和0．84，对鼠无毒。试鼠对TN40-B型杀鼠晶大米毒饵也喜食，摄食系数是0．89。该毒饵对储粮害虫毒杀效果好，亦拟谷盗、杂拟谷盗和印度谷螟等害虫接触两种浓度毒饵48～96小时，毒杀率为80％～100％。LT50分别为12．56和404小时．平均致死时间为2．85和2．84天。此毒饵在室内置放一年多未见生虫变质。结论；本试验为解决灭鼠毒饵仓储生虫变质问题提供了科学依据。     

黑线姬鼠和布氏田鼠对一些食物的实验室适口性试验

目的筛选适用于防治黑线姬鼠和布氏田鼠的配制毒饵和捕鼠诱饵。方法用玉米粉(黑线姬鼠)和兔料(布氏田鼠)作标准饵,大米、小麦、花生米、黄豆、高粱米、荞麦、小米、玉米(整粒或渣)、黄米和莜麦作候选食物,对试鼠进行实验室单笼饲养有选择摄食试验。结果黑线姬鼠对被筛食物的适口性,以花生米最好,摄食系数为1.62,其次是高粱米(1.19)、大米(1.13)、小米(1.11)、小麦(1.10)、玉米粉(0.39),黄豆和荞麦最低,摄食系数分别为0.19和0.17。布氏田鼠对食物的适口性,也以花生米最好(1.80),其他依次为莜麦(1.54)、黄米(1.12)、小麦(1.07)、小米(1.00)、荞麦(0.95)、玉米渣(0.87)、大米(0.79)、高粱米(0.74),黄豆最低(0.30)。结论防治黑线姬鼠,可用大米、小麦、高粱米或小米作基饵配制毒饵;防治布氏田鼠则可用莜麦、小麦、黄米、小米或玉米渣作基饵配制毒饵。捕鼠器捕鼠,花生米是2种鼠的最佳诱饵。     

褐家鼠对三种谷物的无选择摄食试验观察

用玉米、大米、小麦,对北京地区的褐家鼠进行无选择摄食试验。结果表明:三种谷物轮换投饵(一日一换)比单纯用一种好,前者日均摄食量显著高于后者;在轮换投饵时,玉米用湿饵好,大米和小麦则干用湿用无显著差别;在单用一种谷物连续投饵时,玉米仍用湿饵好,大米、小麦干用湿用仍无显著差别,且连续投5天与连续投15天对三种谷物来说,其日均摄食量均无显著差别。     

社鼠能量与营养代谢的初步研究

饲养条件下，社鼠每日摄入干物质０．０７５ｇ／ｇ体重，摄入能量２４５．０３６千卡／ｋｇ０．７５；每日每只摄入蛋白质０．５０８ｇ、脂肪１．９２３ｇ、碳水化合物１．３６８ｇ。社鼠对于物质、能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的表现消化率分别为９２．９７％、９４．１２％、８７．９９％、９６．８８％、９２．３９％，同化率为８２．３２％。社鼠喜食高脂肪食物，对脂肪的消化能力高，选择高脂肪基饵，可能是提高灭鼠效果的一条途径。     

毒杀臭鼩鼱用基饵及引诱剂的选择

为了筛选毒杀臭鼩鼱用基饵,对当地常见的10种动物性、9种植物性食物及其6种混合物,进行了实验室和现场试验。结果表明,动物性以沙虫、牛肉,植物性以南瓜、米饭,混合物以牛肉加米饭的适口性最好。若同时考虑到来源、价格及适口性等诸因素,作者认为宜选牛肉与米饭的混合物作基饵配制毒饵;在四种引诱剂中,花生油和猪油均可提高牛肉加米饭混合饵的适口性,以前者更好。     

臭鼩鼱的选食性试验和药饵毒效观察

作者等在实验室和现场对臭鼩鼱的选食性及溴敌隆毒饵的灭效进行了观察。结果表明,其对猪肉 米饭与牛肉 米饭有同样的适口性,花生油作为引诱剂可明显提高饵料的摄食量。实验室以0.005%溴敌隆猪肉米饭毒饵连续喂饲臭鼩鼱2天,其毒杀率为100%;现场连续投毒6天,其灭效达96.56%,而对鼠类的灭效仅为20.53%。     

阿斯匹林与抗凝血灭鼠剂混配增效作用的试验研究——Ⅱ.混配毒饵对鼠类的适口性及现场灭效观察

本文报告了阿斯匹林与抗凝血剂混配毒饵对鼠类的适口性实验及现场灭效结果。按灭鼠研究方法测定的结果表明,阿斯匹林可与抗凝血剂起协同作用,提高杀灭效果,且能增加鼠类的适口性。实验测得,阿斯匹林与抗凝血剂混配毒饵对褐家鼠的摄食系数为1.51,小白鼠摄食系数为1.44。现场灭效试验证明,降低抗凝血杀鼠剂浓度与0.05%阿斯匹林合用,可取得抗凝血灭鼠剂常规使用浓度相同或更好的效果。     

草原鼢鼠实验室饵料筛选试验

目的 寻找对草原鼢鼠适口性好的饵料以配制毒饵,在草原鼢鼠交尾的高峰期进行防治.方法 以当地常见的饵料胡萝卜、马铃薯、红薯、玉米、花生米、莜麦分别做适口性对比.结果 胡萝卜对其他饵料摄食系数单独对比为0.65、0.36、0.39、0.25和0.44,群饲对比为0.50、0.90、0.01、0.21和0.13,以胡萝卜适口性最佳,马铃薯、红薯的适口性也较好,玉米、花生米、莜麦适口性差,群饲摄食系数均＜0.30.结论 防治草原鼢鼠以含水量较高的胡萝卜、马铃薯、红薯作为饵料配制毒饵为佳.     

Restricting access to palatable foods affects children's behavioral response, food selection, and intake.

BACKGROUND: Restricting children's access to palatable foods may appeal to parents as a straightforward means of promoting moderate intakes of foods high in fat and sugar; however, restricting access to palatable foods may have unintended effects on children's eating. The efficacy of restricting children's access to palatable foods as a means of promoting patterns of moderate intake of those foods is unknown. OBJECTIVE: Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that restricting access to a palatable food enhances children's subsequent behavioral responses to, selection of, and intake of that restricted food. DESIGN: Both experiments used a within-subjects design to examine the effects of restricting access to a palatable food on children's subsequent behavior, food selection, and food intake. The first experiment examined the effects of restriction within and outside the restricted context and the second experiment focused on the effects within the restricted context. RESULTS: In both experiments, restricting access to a palatable food increased children's behavioral response to that food. Experiment 2 showed that restricting access increased children's subsequent selection and intake of that food within the restricted context. CONCLUSIONS: Restricting access focuses children's attention on restricted foods, while increasing their desire to obtain and consume those foods. Restricting children's access to palatable foods is not an effective means of promoting moderate intake of palatable foods and may encourage the intake of foods that should be limited in the diet.     

Author Index to Volume 7

In the past decade, technology for modifying the fat content of foods has progressed and led to the development of highly palatable low-fat foods. Many Americans believe that weight loss can be accomplished by eating an ad libitum low-fat diet, and the development of highly palatable foods that are low in fat provides welcome additions to the food supply. However, in order to maintain high palatability, some of these foods have added sugars and other energy-bearing substances resulting in some low-fat foods which remain high in energy content and are energy-dense. Using such products as substitutes for higher-fat versions of foods is likely to bring about only small reductions in energy intake. A better strategy to reduce energy intake is to consume a low-fat diet made up of low-energy density foods such as fruits, vegetables, and other foods high in fiber and complex carbohydrates. Such a diet may include fat-replaced foods which are also reduced in energy since, for weight loss, a sustained reduction in energy intake is necessary. This can be best accomplished by eating a balanced diet not only low in fat content but also lower in energy.