湖北省连续8年鼠情监测结果分析

湖北省鼠情８年监测结果分析表明：城乡家鼠组成均以褐家鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠为主，其次为黑线姬鼠和黄毛鼠；城镇褐家鼠构成比高于农村，黄胸鼠所占比重逐年缩小，小家鼠比重增大。农村户外野栖鼠组成以黑线姬鼠和褐家鼠为主。各县、市家野鼠密度存在不同程度的差别，农村鼠密度明显高于城镇；８年来全省城乡鼠密度总趋势是家鼠密度明显下降，野栖鼠密度１９９０～１９９４年比１９８７～１９８９年有所上升。城乡家鼠季节性数量变动曲线波形基本相似，每年有两个数量高峰（３～５月和８～１０月），表明家鼠数量在时间分布上基本一致。结果还表明，褐家鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠的季节性数量变动曲线既有相似性，又有相抗性。农村野栖鼠的季节性数量高峰期年度间不稳定，农村野栖鼠优势种黑线姬鼠的数量变动，与野栖鼠季节性数量变动曲线相一致。     

上海市三年鼠情监测结果分析

1986～1988年,对上海市进行了三年鼠情监测,观察到在市区、郊县室内以小家鼠为优势种,分别占捕获鼠总数的67.84%和46.08%;其次是黄胸鼠。郊县监测点的褐家鼠、黑线姬鼠构成比高于市区,这可能与郊县生态环境相关。从三年逐月鼠密度曲线分析,观察到城乡家鼠数量波动,在时间上分布的变动趋势基本一致,每年出现两个数量高峰;即春季(3～5月)和秋季(9～10月),有时一个波也分裂为2～3个小波。同时观察到,灭鼠运动对鼠密度的变动影响,如1988年市区灭鼠质量与深度优于郊县,致使城、乡鼠密度有明显差异(P>0.01)。     

赣州市区家栖鼠类群落结构及季节消长研究

目的 了解赣州市区鼠类群落结构变化及其原因。方法夹夜法。结果共捕鼠297只，隶属2目2科3属4种，其群落结构为褐家鼠 小家鼠 臭鼩鼱 黄胸鼠，以褐家鼠和小家鼠为主要构成，鼠密度平均为3．09％。市区家栖鼠全年数量变动曲线出现初春(3～5月)与夏末(8～10月)两个高峰。结论赣州市区鼠类以褐家鼠和小家鼠为主要防制对象。     

湖北省三年鼠情监测结果分析

对部分城乡三年鼠情监测结果分析表明,鼠种构成以褐家鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠为主,鼠密度有两个高峰,分别出现在4～5月和9～10月,与出血热的流行高峰相吻合,鼠密度高峰在出血热高峰之前。通过几年大规模灭鼠,鼠密度和出血热发病率大幅度下降,鼠情及人间疫情监测结果相符。     

湖北省鼠情动态及防制对策

对湖北省部分城乡三年来的鼠情监测结果分析表明,我省城乡鼠种构成以三大家鼠(褐家鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠)为主,基本查清了与人类接触密切,且传播EHF的鼠类的分布规律,证实全省城乡鼠密度有两个高峰(4～5月和9～10月),分析出我省EHF和鼠密度两者的高峰相吻合,鼠密度高峰在病峰之前,为灭鼠防病提供了科学依据。通过几年来大规模城乡灭鼠活动,三年来全省密度逐年下降,证实我省灭鼠防病工作质量可靠,鼠密度和EHF发病率大幅度下降,与鼠情及人间疫情监测结果相吻合。     

景德镇市2009-2011年鼠情监测分析

目的根据景德镇城区3年来鼠情监测结果,分析家栖鼠的群落结构特征,为城市鼠类防治提供依据。方法采用夹夜法,晚放晨收,每月监测1次。对2009-2011年景德镇鼠情监测的资料进行分析。结果数据显示3年间共捕鼠4种273只。其中以褐家鼠为优势鼠种,占59.34%,小家鼠和黄胸鼠分别占37.36%和2.93%。全年季节消长的平均数据显示,3年内总鼠密度在6、8月呈现两个双高峰,平均每月捕鼠数量达到9.67只,而1、2、11和12月这4个月份捕获鼠数量明显少于其他月份。结论景德镇市区与农村家栖鼠以褐家鼠和小家鼠为主要防治对象,同时夏季灭鼠工作也应该考虑到。     

残存家栖鼠分布和季节消长的调查研究

本文报告了部队营区残存家栖鼠种和其数量分布特点及季节消长规律.在营区灭鼠达标后2个月内残存鼠以小家鼠为主,以后为褐家鼠所取代.残存家栖鼠活动的主要场所在营区食源和水源丰富的地方,且大都分布在楼房底层.残存小家鼠全年密度消长有所波动,而褐家鼠的密度和其鼠洞数量均基本上呈逐月上升趋势.灭鼠达标后3个月残存鼠密度接近基本无鼠害标准,半年时间可恢复到原来鼠密度水平.     

长江三峡宜昌地带鼠类种群数量变动及生态学研究

通过10年的鼠情监测,发现长江三峡宜昌地带鼠类种群密度野外与室内的变动趋势不一致。野外鼠类密度高峰在1983～1984年,达11.54～24.49%,其他年份在4～7.5%之间波动;主要影响因素是非密度制约因素,但密度制约因素亦有一定影响。室内鼠类种群数量变动的规律不明显,但密度普遍较野外高(1984年除外)。室内优势种为黄胸鼠、褐家鼠和小家鼠,野外是黄毛鼠和黑线姬鼠,但存在交替更换现象。黑线姬鼠、黄毛鼠、黄胸鼠、褐家鼠、小家鼠的孕鼠最高胎数分别为11、12、12、14和9。     

贵州省余庆县1986至2001年鼠情监测结果分析

目的：摸清贵州省余庆县鼠种及优势种，研究鼠类种群数量变化规律，为灭鼠工作提供科学依据。方法：1986—2001年每月定期在住宅、稻田、旱地3种生境采用夹夜法调查，收集鼠类标本，分类鉴定，统计鼠密度和鼠种组成。结果：余庆县家栖鼠和农田鼠种有8种，褐家鼠为家栖鼠优势种，占总捕鼠数的83．97％；黑线姬鼠为稻田、旱地耕作区优势种，占总捕鼠数的95．16％。家栖鼠类在每年3、10月出现两个数量高峰，农田鼠类在每年5—6月和10—11月出现两个数量高峰。结论：黑线姬鼠、褐家鼠是我县监测和防制的主要对象，每年3月和8月为防制的关键时期，化学防治是灭鼠的主要手段之一。     

突击灭鼠后家栖鼠密度回升因素分析

突击灭鼠后家栖鼠密度回升因素分析孟风英近几年来在灭家栖鼠方面开展的“一役达标”活动，使家栖鼠的数量在大范围内锐减。但灭后家栖鼠数量的复升速度各地快慢不一，而复升因素众说纷云，然灭田问鼠不力，是多数同志一致的意见，这就给人们一个提示，即在灭家栖鼠的同时...     

阿拉山口口岸灭鼠效果回顾性分析及鼠情反弹监控的探讨

目的总结、评价灭鼠效果、经验和教训,为持续巩固灭鼠成果及鼠情反弹监控提供科学依据。方法自2005年开始,在口岸城区、郊区及野外阳性点区连续5年的灭鼠、灭蚤,在城区用溴敌隆毒饵,在郊区和野外用人工捕获法、堵洞、投磷化铝和建立砖制溴敌隆毒饵站隔离防护带;将5年前、5年间和5年灭鼠后的鼠情监测结果对比分析。结果 2009年在口岸城区鼠形动物密度由5年前的9.0%降至0.2%,褐家鼠密度由20.0%降至0,染蚤率由93.3%降为0,印鼠客蚤指数由16.27降为0,原有的优势鼠种及媒介印鼠客蚤现已消退,鼠形动物密度是口岸开放20年以来的最低;在郊区灭鼠区鼠形动物密度由6.0%下降到3.0%,野外阳性点大沙鼠密度也由原来的9.0只/hm2下降到2.3只/hm2。结论当前口岸灭鼠措施、技术和药物有效,消除了口岸鼠疫疫情发生的潜在风险;为巩固成果、监控鼠情反弹隐患,探讨了创建口岸鼠防安全五道防线屏障建设。     

用稻谷和小麦测试城市外环境鼠密度

目的在盗食法测试城市外环境鼠密度中减少麻雀、人及其他动物的干扰。方法在武汉居民区及单位选定45个老鼠和53个麻雀盗食点。食饵盒内装2～5 g无毒稻谷,其上放3颗饱满的红色无毒麦粒,3 d检查结果。在2个居民区外环境各放置50个食饵盒,其内放相同稻谷和小麦,测试鼠密度,3 d检查结果,稻谷盗食出现谷壳,而小麦没有盗食的被判为麻雀盗食。结果鼠及麻雀盗食点稻谷消耗阳性率分别为95.6%和88.7%,两者差异无统计学意义,而小麦消耗阳性率分别为91.1%和5.7%,两者差异有统计学意义。2个居民区老鼠盗食率分别为1.9%和7.0%。结论无毒稻谷中增加无毒小麦测试鼠密度能减少麻雀干扰。     

北京市11年家鼠鼠情监测结果分析

北京市1985～1995年开展家鼠鼠情监测。结果：有褐家鼠、小家鼠两种，前者为农村优势种，后者为城镇优势种。每年有两个数量高峰（2～4月、9～11月）；自1986年以来开展大规模灭鼠活动，并未改变此规律，但使家鼠密度显著下降。近几年斑疹伤寒发病率大大降低。     

Urban and Rural Dimensions of Global Population Aging: An Overview

In keeping with the worldwide pattern of increased urbanization, the elderly population has become more concentrated in urban areas during the past 50 years. In developed countries as a whole, an estimated 73 percent of people aged 65 or over lived in urban areas in 1990, a figure that is projected to reach 80 percent by the year 2015. In developing nations, which are still predominantly rural, just over one-third of people aged 65 or over lived in urban areas in 1990, projected to exceed one-half by 2015. This article provides an overview of global data on urban elders, examines extant data on gender balances and migration patterns, and considers the importance of subnational urban/rural differences and whether rural elderly are disadvantaged relative to their urban counterparts.     

中国国民脑血管疾病死亡分析

目的 了解我国城市与农村居民脑血管疾病的危害与死亡特点。方法 根据我国居民病死伤原因资料，对不同性别、年龄、年代，及不同国家地区的脑血管病死亡水平进行对比分析。结果 脑血管病为我国居民主要死因之一，占全死因死亡的20％左右；其中以脑出血死亡为主，城市和农村脑出血死亡分别占脑血管病死亡的61％和73％。男性脑血管病死亡率高于女性；脑血管病死亡率随年龄增加而增加。结论 1989年以来，我国城市居民脑血管病死亡率呈下降趋势，农村则呈上升趋势。     

Contraceptive use and fertility in Honduras, 1981-84

This paper presents data on contraceptive use and fertility in Honduras obtained from a household survey conducted in 1984, and compares these data with similar information obtained from surveys carried out in 1981 and 1983. About half of the increase that has taken place in contraceptive use in Honduras is accounted for by sterilization. In 1981, 27 percent of women in union aged 15-49 years were practicing contraception; in 1984, the percentage of those 15-44 was 35 percent. The increase in urban areas was smaller (from 47 percent to 51 percent) than in rural areas (from 16 percent to 24 percent). Also, fertility remained almost unchanged in urban areas while declining in rural areas. Information from questions on place of purchase, price, and brand of contraceptive (for orals) was used to determine source of supply. The use of multiple questions to determine source results in a higher percentage of contraceptive use attributed to the Honduran Family Planning Association as compared with answers to a single question. The duration of breastfeeding in Honduras has increased, with the greatest changes occurring among women in urban areas and women with the highest levels of education. Efforts have been made to promote breastfeeding in urban areas and these results suggest that the efforts have been successful.     

Difference in rural and urban mortality: implications for health education and promotion.

Rural health care delivery is often inferior to that of urban areas. Although health services do not have to be identical in the two settings, quality services appropriate for the needs of rural communities are imperative. Moreover, health education and promotion should be seen as an immediate and viable strategy for (a) reducing risk factors and health care needs, and (b) increasing the cost effectiveness of existing services. The appropriateness and prioritization of health care services and health education/promotion can only be realized if health professionals are aware of rural versus urban needs. To facilitate our knowledge of such differences, the mortality rates of the 10 leading causes of death were compared for each county in Ohio and differences between rural and urban mortality were analyzed. Counties were categorized according to "density" (persons per square mile) and "percent urban" (percent of county area classified as urban). The analysis demonstrated that there were no significant differences between rural and urban counties in mortality due to cancer, pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and suicide. Mortality related to cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, accidents, and influenza/pneumonia was significantly higher in rural counties, while deaths due to chronic liver disease were significantly greater in urban counties.     

Out-of-pocket health spending and the rural underinsured

Multiple studies have documented higher uninsurance rates among rural compared to urban residents, yet the relative adequacy of coverage among rural residents with private health insurance remains unclear. This study estimates underinsurance rates among privately insured rural residents (both adjacent and nonadjacent to urban areas) and the characteristics associated with rural underinsurance. We found that 6 percent of privately insured urban residents were underinsured; the rate increased to 10 percent for rural adjacent and 12 percent for rural nonadjacent residents. Multivariate analyses suggest that rural residents' underinsurance status is related to the design of the private plans through which they have coverage.