Transanal endoscopic microsurgery: risk factors for local recurrence of benign rectal adenomas

OBJECTIVE: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a minimally invasive technique for excision of selected benign and malignant rectal neoplasms. It is considered a safe and effective treatment but recurrence rates of 1-13% are reported for benign lesions. The aim of this study was to assess risk factors for local recurrence of benign rectal lesions and to evaluate mortality and morbidity following TEM. METHOD: Data were prospectively collected from all patients undergoing TEM for benign adenomas from January 1998 to March 2005. The procedure was performed by a single surgeon and patients were regularly followed up. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-six procedures were included, with a median patient age of 74 years (range 22-92 years). The mean lesion area was 16 cm(2) (range 0.3-150 cm(2)) and the median distance from the dentate line was 9 cm (range 0-17 cm). Immediate complications included bleeding (six) and acute urinary retention (six). There has been one (0.68%) procedure-related death. After a median follow up of 39 months (range 4-89 months) there have been seven recurrences (4.8%), recurring at a mean time of 23.3 months (range 5-48 months). Only microscopic involvement of the circumferential resection margin was found to be significantly associated with recurrence (P = 0.0059). Recurrence was not associated with age, size of lesion, previous treatment, severity of dysplasia or use of the harmonic scalpel. CONCLUSION: TEM is a safe and effective treatment for benign rectal adenomas. Circumferential resection margin involvement is associated with recurrence, which tends to occur late. Therefore extended follow up is recommended.     

Postoperative morbidity and recurrence after local excision of rectal adenomas and rectal cancer by transanal endoscopic microsurgery

OBJECTIVE: Tumours in the middle and upper part of the rectum are not easy accessible to local excision. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) has been recommended for excision of sessile adenomas in the middle and upper part of the rectum, and for small cancers in patients not fit for major surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate postoperative morbidity and local recurrence after TEM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-nine patients were treated by TEM in the period 1994-2001. The median age was 74 years. The indications for TEM were rectal adenoma in 72 patients and rectal cancer in 7 patients. The tumours were located within 18 cm from the dentate line, median 10 cm. There were performed 69 transmural and 10 mucosal excisions. Mean follow up was 24 months (range 1-95 months). Twenty (25%) patients died during the follow up period, two because of metastases and 18 of other causes. RESULTS: Seven patients had complications. Two (2.5%) patients had peroperative perforation in the intra-abdominal part of the rectum treated by laparotomy. Five (6%) patients had postoperative cardiopulmonal or surgical complications. Eight patients with benign pre-operative histopathological examination had cancer. The local recurrence rate (13%) was similar for adenomas and for carcinomas. CONCLUSION: TEM is a safe technique well tolerated also by high-risk patients, and should be the preferred method in patients with benign tumours in the middle and upper part of the rectum, and in selected cases of early rectal cancer. Benign pre-operative histology does not preclude malignancy and some patients may need further treatment for unexpected malignancy.     

Local Recurrence After Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery for Rectal Polyps and Early Cancers

Background Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) allows for local excision of rectal neoplasms with greater exposure than transanal excision and less morbidity than transabdominal approaches. This study examines the implications of the procedure with respect to predictors of recurrence. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 144 consecutive TEMs from 1993 to 2004. Results The study comprises 107 patients presenting for TEM with benign disease and 32 patients with cancer. Patients had a mean age of 64 ± 14 (SD) years. TEM was performed for recurrent lesions in 17% of cases. Pathologic classification of the lesions after TEM was benign adenoma in 45%, adenoma with high-grade dysplasia (HGD) in 17%, cancer in 33%, and other in 4%. Complications occurred in 10%, and local recurrence occurred in 15% of patients. Median follow-up was 44 months, with a median time to recurrence of 14 months. Positive margins did not influence lesion recurrence. Recurrence of cancers correlated with the depth of tumor invasion (P < .05). On multivariate analysis, independent predictors of recurrence were lesion size and the presence of HGD within adenomas (P < .05). Five-year neoplastic recurrence probabilities were 11% for benign adenomas, 35% for adenomas with HGD, and 20% for cancers (P = .31); invasive recurrence probabilities were 0% for benign adenomas, 15% for adenomas with HGD, and 13% for cancers (P < .05). Conclusions Close endoscopic follow-up is warranted after TEM for both benign and malignant disease, with special attention to lesions with HGD. TEM can be performed safely for early rectal cancer with careful patient selection. Presented at the Society of Surgical Oncology, 58th Annual Cancer Symposium, Atlanta, Georgia, March 3–6, 2005.     

Local excision of rectal tumours by transanal endoscopic microsurgery

BACKGROUND: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) allows locally complete excision of rectal tumours and provides an alternative to conventional surgery for benign tumours. However, its role in the curative treatment of invasive carcinoma is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the morbidity and long-term results for rectal tumours excised by TEM. METHODS: Between February 1993 and January 2005, 200 patients underwent TEM for excision of adenomas (148) or carcinomas (52). The median tumour distance from the anal verge was 8 (range 1-16) cm. RESULTS: Mortality and morbidity rates were 0.5 and 14.0 per cent respectively. At a median follow-up of 33 (range 2-133) months, local recurrence had developed in 11 patients (7.6 per cent) with an adenoma. Histological examination of carcinomas revealed pathological tumour (pT) stage 1 in 31 patients, pT2 in 17 and pT3 in four. Immediate salvage surgery was performed in seven patients (13 per cent). At a median follow-up of 34 (range 1-102) months, eight patients (15 per cent) with carcinomas had developed local recurrence. The overall and disease-free 5-year survival rates for patients with carcinomas were 76 and 65 per cent respectively. CONCLUSION: TEM is an appropriate surgical treatment option for benign rectal tumours. For carcinomas, it is oncologically safe provided that resection margins are clear, but strict patient selection is required.     

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery – lessons from a single UK centre series

Objectives Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM), a minimally invasive technique has been employed in the excision of benign and selected malignant rectal tumours since 1983. We present a single surgeon's series of 102 procedures. Patients and methods A retrospective case note review of 102 procedures performed over a 6‐year period between 1996 and 2001. Results One hundred and two TEM procedures were performed on 100 patients. 68 for adenomas, 19 potentially curative excisions for carcinoma, 13 palliative procedures for advanced carcinoma and 2 for solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS). Four adenomas recurred and were successfully treated by various procedures. None went on to develop malignancy, or a further recurrence. Of the cancers, six T1 and 10 T2 were excised with curative intent. Three T3 cancers were excised before endorectal ultrasound was available in the unit and went on to have definitive procedures. One T1 and two T2 carcinomas were not completely histologically excised. These patients were offered definitive procedure and there have been no recurrences. 11 patients underwent palliative TEM procedures, 2 went on to have a recurrence of symptoms. Both underwent a successful second TEM procedure. Conclusions Although longer term follow up is still required, TEM appears to be an effective method of excising benign tumours and T1 carcinomas of the rectum. The role of TEM in the treatment of T2 carcinomas is, as yet, unclear and needs further evaluation although the results of our series and others are encouraging.     

Endoscopic mucosal resection vs transanal endoscopic microsurgery for the treatment of large rectal adenomas

Aim Large (> 2 cm) rectal adenomas are currently treated by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) or piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). The potential lower morbidity of EMR becomes irrelevant if it is less effective. We aimed to compare the safety and effectiveness of EMR and TEM for large rectal adenomas. Method Data from patients undergoing TEM or EMR for a rectal adenoma > 2 cm in eight hospitals were retrospectively collected. Patient‐ and procedure‐related characteristics, complications and recurrences were recorded. As EMR may require several attempts to achieve complete resection, early (after a single intervention) and late (permitting re‐treatment for residual adenoma within 6 months) recurrence rates were determined. Results Two hundred and ninety‐two (292) patients (49% male; mean age 67 years) were included; 219 were treated by TEM and 73 by EMR. Adenomas treated by EMR were smaller (median 30 vs 40 mm; P = 0.007). Perioperative complication rates were 2% for TEM and 6% for EMR (P = 0.171). Postoperative complications occurred in 24% of TEM patients and in 13% of EMR patients (P = 0.038). Median hospitalization after TEM was 3 days vs 0 days after EMR (P < 0.001). Median follow‐up was 12.6 months (0–47 months); Early recurrence rates were 10.2% in TEM patients and 31.0% in EMR patients (P < 0.001); late recurrence rates were 9.6% and 13.8%, respectively (P = 0.386). Conclusion After a single intervention, EMR of large rectal adenomas seems less effective, but safer than TEM. When allowing re‐treatment of residual adenoma within 6 months, EMR and TEM seem equally effective. A prospective randomized comparison seems to be necessary.     

Local resection of rectal tumours using the Salvati operating proctoscope – a safe and effective technique

BACKGROUND: Per-anal excision can be an effective method for treating large rectal adenomas and selected rectal cancers. This procedure is suitable for adenomas that are too large for colonoscopic excision and for early rectal cancers in patients that are unfit for major resection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 37 patients (16 male, 21 female) that had a local resection using a Salvati operating proctoscope. Fifteen had rectal cancer and 22 had rectal adenoma and all have been followed-up for a median of 14 months (range 2-65). Most cancers were staged pre-operatively with endorectal ultrasound and 6 cancer patients received adjuvant therapy. RESULTS: There were no intra-operative complications, 6 minor postoperative complications, none requiring re-intervention (1 peri-anal haematoma, 2 postoperative anaemia, 2 chest complications, 1 secondary haemorrhage) and no peri-operative deaths. Lesions were histologically completely excised in 33 (89%). Thirty-four (92%) did not have any recurrence, 2 (5%) adenomas recurred (both successfully treated with further local resection) and 1 (3%) failed to attend for follow-up. Six have since died, all from comorbid conditions. CONCLUSION: Local resection of rectal tumours using the operating proctoscope is a low cost technique with a low complication rate. Outcome of this treatment is good, and similar to other surgical modalities. Local tumour recurrences are uncommon and can be successfully treated with further local treatment.     

Recurrence after transanal endoscopic microsurgery for large rectal adenomas

Background

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) has revolutionized the technique and outcome of transanal surgery, becoming the standard of treatment for large sessile rectal adenomas. Nevertheless, only a few studies have evaluated the risk factors for local recurrence in order to recommend a “tailored” approach. The aim of this study was to identify predictor variables for recurrence after TEM to treat rectal adenoma.

Methods

This study is a retrospective analysis of a prospective database of patients treated for large sessile rectal adenomas by TEM at our institution, with a minimum follow-up of 12?months. Age, gender, tumor diameter, distance from the anal verge, degree of dysplasia, histology, and margin involvement were investigated.

Results

Between January 1993 and July 2010, 293 patients with a rectal adenoma ≥3?cm underwent TEM. Postoperative morbidity rate was 7.2?% (21/293) and there was no 30-day mortality. Over a median follow-up period of 110 (range?=?12–216) months, 13 patients (5.6?%) were diagnosed with local recurrence. The median time to recurrence was 10 (range?=?4–33) months, with 76.9?% of recurrences detected within 12?months after TEM. At univariate analysis, tumor diameter (p?=?0.007), and positive margins (p?p?=?0.003).

Conclusions

TEM provides excellent oncological outcomes in the treatment of large sessile benign rectal lesions, assuring a minimal risk of resection margin infiltration at pathology examination, which represents the only risk factor for recurrence.     

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal tumors: experience at Korea’s National Cancer Center

Background

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a minimally invasive alternative to transanal excision, enabling complete local excision of selected benign or malignant rectal tumors. This study aimed to determine the surgical and oncologic results for rectal tumors excised by TEM.

Methods

From November 2001 to October 2007, 45 patients underwent TEM for excision of adenoma (13 patients), carcinoid tumor (6 patients), and carcinoma (26 patients). The patients included 27 men and 18 women with a median age of 52 years (range, 22–72 years).

Results

The median tumor distance from the anal verge was 7 cm (range, 3–15 cm), and the median tumor size was 17 mm (range, 2–60 mm). There was no procedure-related morbidity or mortality. However, one patient with rectal carcinoma died of lung cancer during the follow-up period. Of 13 patients with adenomas, 1 patient (7.7%, 1/13) experienced local recurrence 5 months after surgery. No recurrence occurred for six patients with carcinoid tumors. Histologic examination of the carcinomas showed pathologic tumor (pT) stage 0 (ypT0) in 2 patients, pT1 in 17 patients (including ypT1 in 1 patient), pT2 in 6 patients, and pT3 in 1 patient. Immediate salvage surgery was performed for five patients (19%, 5/26). During a median follow-up period of 37 months (range, 5–72 months), one patient (3.8%, 1/26) experienced local recurrence. The overall and disease-free 5-year survival rates for patients with carcinoma were 96.2% and 88.5%, respectively.

Conclusions

The TEM procedure is a safe and appropriate surgical treatment option for benign rectal tumors. With strict patient selection, it is oncologically safe for early-stage rectal carcinomas.     

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a minimally invasive surgical technique that was developed more than two decades ago to manage distal colorectal neoplasias. The aim of the current study was to present a prospective review of 7 years of experience in using this equipment. All patients undergoing TEM between 1999 and 2007 were prospectively evaluated. Patients underwent regular endoscopic follow up. Cumulative incidence probability analysis was used to calculate rates of recurrence. The study involved 232 patients, median age 68 years (interquartile range (IQR), 37–90). The median neoplasia area was 12 cm² (IQR, 6–25 cm²) and the median height above the anal verge was 9 cm (IQR, 3–17 cm). Histology indicated 128 adenomas, 52 carcinomas in situ, and 52 adenocarcinomas. The median postoperative stay was 1 day (IQR, 1–3 days). There was one (0.5%) unplanned return to theatre and no postoperative deaths. Sixteen patients (6.9%) underwent more radical surgical procedures following the identification of carcinoma in the resected specimen. During a median follow up of 4.2 years (IQR, 2.6–6.2 years), the 5‐year cumulative incidence for local recurrence for benign pathology was 3.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2–6.7%, n = 180) and for cancers managed primarily by TEM excision it was 8.5% (95%CI: 1.4–23.9%, n = 36). TEM is an excellent treatment modality for benign rectal neoplasias of any size, and in any location. TEM is an oncologically inferior treatment for rectal cancer, however, when compared to more radical treatments. Its principal advantage in this setting is that it is associated with relatively minimal morbidity and mortality.     

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery versus endoscopic mucosal resection for large rectal adenomas (TREND-study)

Background

Recent non-randomized studies suggest that extended endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is equally effective in removing large rectal adenomas as transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). If equally effective, EMR might be a more cost-effective approach as this strategy does not require expensive equipment, general anesthesia and hospital admission. Furthermore, EMR appears to be associated with fewer complications. The aim of this study is to compare the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of TEM and EMR for the resection of large rectal adenomas.

Methods/design

Multicenter randomized trial among 15 hospitals in the Netherlands. Patients with a rectal adenoma ≥ 3 cm, located between 1–15 cm ab ano, will be randomized to a TEM- or EMR-treatment strategy. For TEM, patients will be treated under general anesthesia, adenomas will be dissected en-bloc by a full-thickness excision, and patients will be admitted to the hospital. For EMR, no or conscious sedation is used, lesions will be resected through the submucosal plane in a piecemeal fashion, and patients will be discharged from the hospital. Residual adenoma that is visible during the first surveillance endoscopy at 3 months will be removed endoscopically in both treatment strategies and is considered as part of the primary treatment. Primary outcome measure is the proportion of patients with recurrence after 3 months. Secondary outcome measures are: 2) number of days not spent in hospital from initial treatment until 2 years afterwards; 3) major and minor morbidity; 4) disease specific and general quality of life; 5) anorectal function; 6) health care utilization and costs. A cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis of EMR against TEM for large rectal adenomas will be performed from a societal perspective with respectively the costs per recurrence free patient and the cost per quality adjusted life year as outcome measures. Based on comparable recurrence rates for TEM and EMR of 3.3% and considering an upper-limit of 10% for EMR to be non-inferior (beta-error 0.2 and one-sided alpha-error 0.05), 89 patients are needed per group.

Discussion

The TREND study is the first randomized trial evaluating whether TEM or EMR is more cost-effective for the treatment of large rectal adenomas.

Trial registration number

(trialregister.nl) NTR1422     

An evaluation of transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal adenoma and carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery was introduced in the early 1980s. Since then, increasing numbers of rectal adenomas are being excised by this technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate our institution's experience with transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal adenoma and carcinoma. METHODS: Seventy-five patients (adenomas, n = 58) underwent more than 90 TEM resections over a period of 5 years. RESULTS: Postoperative complications were minimal with 3% (n = 2) in the adenoma group requiring transfusion and 0% 30-day mortality. One patient in each group developed transient fecal incontinence. During the follow-up period, 6 patients (10%) in the adenoma group underwent further local resections for their recurrences. Two patients in the carcinoma group (1 each of pathological T1 and T2 stage) developed recurrence at 24 months. A female with a T2 tumor was found to have an inoperable lesion and underwent sigmoid colostomy. Five of 17 patients had postoperative radiotherapy, and 2 patients developed radiation enteritis. Four patients died during follow-up due to unrelated reasons. CONCLUSION: The transanal endoscopic microsurgery technique appears to be safe and associated with minimal morbidity. Careful selection of patients with thorough preoperative assessment is necessary for carcinoma patients. Patients with T1 lesions and favorable histology should only be considered for curative resection by this technique.     

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery: local recurrence rate following resection of rectal cancer

Objective Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a safe and effective treatment for the excision of benign rectal adenomas. In recent years it has been used for the excision of malignant lesions, although its use in this context remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the local recurrence of rectal cancers following local excision by TEM. Method Forty‐two patients with rectal cancer were treated by TEM between 1998 and 2005. However, six patients went on to have immediate radical surgery and are excluded from the study. Of the remaining 36 the treatment intention was for cure in 16 (38.1%), compromise in 17 patients unfit for radical surgery (40.5%), and palliation in three (7.1%). Results The mean age of patients was 75 years (range 41–90). The mean lesion area was 15 cm² (range 0.8–42) and mean distance from the dentate line was 6.6 cm (range 0–11). The mean follow up was 34 months (range 4–94). During the follow‐up period there have been eight local recurrences (22%). The recurrence rates were 26% (6/23) for pT1, 22% (2/9) for pT2 and 0% (0/4) for pT3 lesions. The mean time to recurrence was 18.3 months (range 5–42). Conclusion Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is a safe procedure with obvious advantages over radical procedures. However, in this study the local recurrence rate is high. The recurrence rate may be an acceptable compromise in elderly or medically unfit patients but is hard to justify for curative intent.     

Local resection for early rectal tumours: Comparative study of transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) versus posterior trans-sphincteric approach (Mason's operation)

OBJECTIVE: To compare local resection of early rectal tumours by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) and the conventional posterior trans-sphincteric approach (Mason's operation). METHODS: The study group comprised 31 consecutive patients with early rectal tumours (18 villous adenomas, 13 adenocarcinomas) who underwent TEM in Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong. The control group consisted of 51 patients with early rectal tumours (27 villous adenomas, 24 adenocarcinomas) who underwent Mason's operation in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing. Outcome measures included morbidity and mortality, operation time, recurrence rate and postoperative pathological staging. RESULTS: Age, sex and pathological staging were similar in the two groups. The tumour size, operation time and blood loss were similar. The median distance from the anal verge was significantly higher in the TEM group (TEM/Mason = 8.0/6.4 cm, p = 0.042). The postoperative resumption of food intake (TEM/Mason = 1/5 days, p = 0.002) and the median hospital stay (TEM/Mason = 4/10 days, p = 0.005) were significantly shorter in the TEM group. Analgesic intake was significantly less in the TEM group (TEM/Mason = 0/100 mg, p = 0.0003). There was no operation-related mortality and the resection margins were clear in both groups. Two patients (3.9%) in the Mason's group developed postoperative wound infection, and two patients (3.9%) developed faecal fistulae. There was one secondary haemorrhage in the TEM group that required injection sclerotherapy. On median follow-up of 23 months, there was no tumour recurrence in the TEM group, whereas two patients (3.9%) in the Mason's group experienced recurrence during a median follow-up of 30 months. CONCLUSION: TEM is as effective as the conventional posterior trans-sphincteric approach (Mason's operation) for local curative resection of early rectal tumours. TEM is less invasive, with shorter hospital stay and fewer complications than conventional Mason's operation.     

经肛手套通路联合结肠镜微创手术治疗直肠肿瘤

目的：探讨经肛手套通路联合结肠镜微创手术治疗直肠肿瘤的可行性及疗效。方法杭州市第三人民医院肛肠外科自2012年10月至2013年3月,选择经评估适合行局部切除的直肠肿瘤患者8例,使用经肛手套通路联合结肠镜微创手术治疗。经肛手套通路的建立：将手套袖口连同扩肛器缝合固定于肛周,再将手套5指经由透明肛门镜翻转出肛门,将超声刀、无损伤肠钳和肠镜镜头分别从3个指套伸入并结扎固定。结果8例患者均成功完成肿瘤切除手术,制作手套入路装置平均耗时12．5（10．0～15．0） min,平均手术时间55．6（30．0～110．0） min,平均住院时间为5．0（3．0～8．0） d,术后病理提示绒毛状腺瘤3例,管状腺瘤2瘤,管状绒毛状腺瘤2例,锯齿状腺瘤1例,其中2例伴低级别上皮内瘤变,1例高级别上皮内瘤变,所有肿瘤组织标本边缘及基底部均为阴性。术后2例患者少量便血,随访1～5（中位3．1）月,无肿瘤复发。结论采用经肛手套通路联合结肠镜微创手术治疗直肠早期肿瘤具有简单和安全的特点,具有一定的应用价值。     

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is superior to transanal excision of rectal adenomas

Aim Comparison of transanal excision (TE) and transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) of rectal adenomas (RA) has rarely been performed. Method From 1990 to 2007, the results of TE (43 RA) and TEM (216 RA) were compared. Rectal adenomas were matched for diameter and distance from the anal verge. Results Operation time was 47.5 min for TE and 35 min for TEM (P < 0.001). Morbidity was 10% after TE and 5.3% after TEM (P < 0.001). Negative resection margins were observed in 50% after TE and 88% after TEM (P < 0.001). Fragmentation of the excised specimen was observed in 23.8% after TE and 1.4% after TEM (P < 0.001). In cases of fragmentation, positive resection margins were observed more frequently. Recurrence was 28.7% after TE and 6.1% after TEM (P < 0.001). After TE, RA with a negative resection margin had a local recurrence rate of 0%, compared with 59.6% with a positive margin (P < 0.001), and after TEM these rates were 3.2 and 7.7% (P = 0.3), respectively. Conclusion Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is superior to transanal excision of RA.     

INCOMPLETELY EXCISED BASAL CELL CARCINOMA: A MANAGEMENT DILEMMA?

Background: Reported recurrence rates for incompletely excised basal cell cancers (BCC) vary widely (30–67%). and the destructive potential of recurrent BCC is well known. When surgically treated BCC are reported by the pathologist as incompletely excised the surgeon is placed in the dilemma of whether to perform an immediate wider excision, or to reserve further treatment until there is clinical evidence of recurrence. The aim of the present study is to determine if there are any clinical or morphological features which may help in this management dilemma. Methods: Middlemore Hospital histology records were reviewed. In 1986, 82 out of a total of 723 BCC excised were reported to be incompletely excised. The management and recurrence rates of the incompletely excised BCC were determined from the patient records and telephone follow up where necessary. The clinical and morphological features were correlated with the recurrence rates, with the aim of developing a management strategy. Results: The overall recurrence rate was 30.0%. Median time to recurrence was 18.5 months (range 1.5–55 months). Neither the margin of incomplete resection (deep, lateral or both margins), the site of tumour, the histological variant, the sex of the patient, nor prior treatment had any discernible effect on recurrence rates. Conclusions: Observation is an acceptable management option in most situations, as only one-third of incompletely excised lesions needed further treatment. Most recurrences occurred early and careful follow up of these patients was indicated for at least 3 years.     

经肛门内窥镜下微创治疗直肠肿瘤40例初步经验

目的 评价经肛门内窥镜微创外科技术(TEM)治疗直肠宽基腺瘤和早期直肠癌临床效果.方法 分析2005年5月至2007年4月40例TEM手术的临床效果,结果 40例肿瘤直径中位值2.3 cm,肿瘤下缘距齿状线距离为(8.2±3.2)cm,肿瘤侵犯直肠周径范围为(32.3±18.5)%.平均手术时间为(90±43)min.平均住院4.8 d.无围手术期死亡.切缘瘤细胞均为阴性.病理示直肠绒毛状腺瘤24例、直肠腺癌10例、直肠类癌6例,10例腺癌中pTis2例,PT16例和pT22例.平均随访11个月,所有病例无局部复发.结论 TEM手术创伤小、保留肛门括约肌、缩短住院时间;既可作为直肠宽基腺瘤和pT1期直肠癌的治愈性手术,也可作为pT2直肠癌的姑息性治疗手段.     

经肛门微创系统治疗45例直肠肿瘤的临床分析以及经肛门内镜微创手术的进展

目的探讨经肛门内镜微创手术(TEM)治疗直肠肿瘤的安全性、疗效及预后,评价其临床应用价值及文献复习。方法回顾性分析2014年8月至2017年2月期间于佛山市第一人民医院行TEM治疗的45例直肠肿瘤患者的临床资料,总结其临床效果。结果所有患者的肿瘤病灶均完整切除,肿物直径为1.8±0.8 cm(1.0~4.0 cm),肿瘤距离肛缘为7.6±2.8 cm(6~17 cm);切缘行病理学检查均为阴性,其中全层切除18例,粘膜下及肌层部分切除27例;手术时间为72.7±18.1 min(40~120min),术中失血量的中位数为16.6 m L(5~200 m L);术后住院时间为4.9±1.7 d(4~7 d)。术后病理学检查示单纯直肠腺瘤13例,绒毛管状腺瘤13例,腺瘤伴低级别上皮内瘤变5例,腺瘤伴高级别上皮内瘤变7例,腺瘤癌变5例,均为Tis~T1期;另直肠类癌2例。术后发生创面大出血3例,均经保守治疗治愈;5例肛管及内痔损伤出血术中需加缝肛管创面;无大便失禁及肠穿孔情况。39例患者包括5例癌变患者术后常规随访,随访时间的中位数为15个月(2~30个月),随访期间均未出现肿瘤局部复发,未发生大便失禁和排便功能障碍。结论我们的结果与文献报道结果相近。TEM具有直视下操作、术野暴露清晰、切除范围准确、手术创伤小、复发率低等优点,是一种可用于治疗直肠肿瘤有效的、安全的微创手术方法,应在有条件的医院开展。