带掌背神经的腕掌背侧逆行岛状皮瓣再造手指的临床应用

目的探讨带掌背神经的腕掌背侧逆行岛状皮瓣再造手指的临床效果。方法设计有2条相邻掌背动脉供血,带掌背神经的腕、掌背侧逆行岛状皮瓣,利用废弃手指的骨肌腱支架或游离髂骨移植,再造有感觉的手指。结果再造手指18例,其中3例是手指脱套伤,获得成功,切取皮瓣最大面积达9cm×8cm。18例术后随访3个月-2年,术后7周左右再造手指的痛觉恢复,感觉在S3以上者为89%,其两点分辨觉为5～10mm。术后再造手指外形满意,感觉恢复接近正常,运动功能恢复可完成日常活动。结论应用带掌背神经的腕掌背侧逆行岛状皮瓣手术简单实用,成活率高,损伤小,术后的手指有感觉,外形较好。     

Use of an arterialized venous flap for resurfacing a circumferential soft tissue defect of a digit.

Circumferential defects of digit are uncommon but present a challenging problem to the clinician. The use of simple skin grafts tends to cause tendon adhesions and can limit digital range of motion. The use of local skin flaps, such as a cross-finger flap, is limited by the considerable skin loss in a defect that is circumferential in nature. Other options have included the use of reversed forearm flap or some free tissue transfer. We report a case in which the circumferential defect of an index finger, measuring 6 cm around the digit and 3 cm long, is resurfaced by the use of a free arterialized venous flap raised from the volar forearm skin.     

足背三叶皮瓣移植术的临床应用

目的 总结足背三叶皮瓣移植术的临床应用的经验。方法 在显微解剖研究的基础上，设计以胫前—足背血管为主干，分别以跗内侧或内踝前、第一跖背、跗外侧或外踝前血管为分支，构建成中内侧、第一跖背、足外侧三叶皮瓣，以单侧三叶皮瓣移植修复多指皮肤软组织缺损，以双侧三叶皮瓣移植修复多指皮肤软组织脱套性缺损。结果 临床应用共31例，皮瓣完全成活29例，1例皮瓣有二叶坏死，2例皮瓣有一叶坏死。结论 足背三叶皮瓣移植是修复多指皮肤软组织缺损及多指皮肤软组织脱套性缺损的较好方法。     

股前外侧皮瓣联合股外侧皮神经营养血管吻合技术治疗前中足严重脱套伤

目的 探讨股前外侧皮瓣联合股外侧皮神经营养血管吻合技术修复前中足严重脱套伤的临床疗效.方法 2016年3月-2019年6月,应用股前外侧皮瓣修复创面同时将股外侧皮神经营养血管与旋股外侧动脉降支远端吻合用以修复前中足严重脱套伤13例,并在患者出院后定期复诊、随访.结果 13例移植皮瓣全部成活,外观恢复满意,根据感觉功能评...     

Free medialis pedis flap as a coverage and flow-through flap in hand and digit reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Skin and soft-tissue defects of the hand and digit present a challenge for the hand surgeon especially in meeting the reconstructive needs of thickness, texture, color matching, and sensation. It becomes an even bigger challenge to reconstruct the defect in a devascularized finger with segmental loss of the neurovascular bundle. We use the relatively new flap, the medialis pedis flap, to solve the above conditions and compare it with traditional flaps. METHODS: From May of 1994 to March of 1997, the free medialis pedis flap was used to reconstruct 19 digit and hand defects; the flap sizes ranging from 1.5 x 3.0 cm to 3.0 x 9.0 cm. Sixteen flaps were used for simple coverage of digit defects, including 12 for single-digit and 4 for multiple-digit reconstruction. The remaining three flaps were used as coverage and a flow-through flap for devascularized fingers. RESULTS: All 19 flaps survived and achieved a good protective sensation. The appearance was very satisfactory, and the donor-site scars were without sensory problems. CONCLUSION: Compared with traditional flaps, the free medialis pedis has the following advantages: it provides good thickness, texture, and color matching for hand and digit resurfacing; it can be used as a flow-through flap and as coverage for a devascularized finger in a one-stage procedure; the size of the feeding vessels of the flap matches those of the digital vessels well; and it consists of glabrous skin rich in nerve endings, so it has good potential for sensory recovery. Because of all of these characteristics, the free medialis flap may become a better consideration for hand surgeons.     

游离股前外筋膜瓣修复手部软组织缺损

目的设计游离股前外筋膜瓣修复手背、掌侧皮肤缺损。方法本组14例手部软组织缺损患者,肌腱移植修复后采用游离股前外筋膜瓣覆盖修复,筋膜瓣上游离植皮。结果筋膜瓣全部成活,植皮9例成活,其余5例部分出现坏死,经换药或点状植皮愈合。经6个月～2年随访,外观和功能满意。结论应用肌腱移植联合游离股前外筋膜瓣,一次手术完成手部肌腱、软组织、皮肤及感觉神经重建,术后外形、功能恢复满意,尤其对供区损伤降至最小,为手掌、背部皮肤软组织缺损提供了一种较好的修复方法。     

Venous flaps in digital revascularization and replantation

This is a report on 15 patients who underwent replantation/revascularization of a single digit with a substantial dorsal soft tissue defect. The dorsal defect was covered with a venous flap, a free flap that has only venous inflow and outflow. Postoperatively, the venous flaps were warm, pink, and appeared to exhibit a blanch and refill phenomenon, clinically resembling capillary filling. The flaps from the dorsal aspect of an uninjured digit had a survival rate of 100 percent, with no partial necrosis, while the flaps from a forearm or dorsal foot donor site failed. The advantages of using venous free flaps are twofold. Not only does this technique provide for venous drainage, but it also provides flap coverage and avoids complications, such as vessel occlusion or hematoma formation, associated with skin grafting over a venous anastomosis, with subsequent loss of the skin graft.     

Distant pedicle flaps for soft tissue coverage of severely burned hands: an old idea revisited

Burns to the hand that are complicated by exposure of bone, joint or tendon cannot be closed with conventional skin grafts and require flap procedures to prevent further damage. Local or regional flaps may be unavailable if electrical or blast trauma produces a large zone of injury, or when forearm burn injury extends beyond fascia. Free tissue transfer may not be tolerated by critically ill burn patients. In these circumstances, distant pedicle flaps are one option for safe and effective soft tissue coverage. Over a 5-year period, we have performed six distal pedicle flaps for coverage of exposed hand structures when local or free flaps were contraindicated or unavailable. The patients required an average of 4.5 surgical procedures to complete hand reconstruction and soft tissue coverage. Soft tissue coverage was completely successful in five patients and partially successful in one patient. Single stage local or free flaps remain the treatment of choice when burned hands cannot be covered with skin grafts. When these flap options are not available, distant pedicle flaps provide a safe alternative.     

足背复合串联皮瓣修复手掌贯通伤

目的　介绍应用足背复合串联皮瓣修复合并组织缺损手掌贯通伤的方法。方法　 2 0 0 1年 1月 -2 0 0 3年 9月 ,对 7例严重手掌贯通伤 ,应用足背串联双叶皮瓣携带趾伸肌腱、跖背皮神经和自体髂骨植骨进行移植修复。结果　皮瓣全部成活 ,经 6个月～ 3年随访 ,手部外形满意 ,皮瓣质地柔软 ,两点分辨觉达 6～ 8mm ,植骨完全愈合 ,手指运动TAM达健侧 75 %。结论　应用足背复合串联皮瓣加植骨 ,可同时修复手掌、背侧皮肤软组织、骨、肌腱和神经的缺损 ,为治疗严重手外伤提供了一种有效 ,简单的手术方法。     

Free flaps in the reconstruction of hand and distal forearm injuries.

We report a series of 32 free flap reconstructions following acute hand and forearm trauma. The series consists of two dorsalis pedis flaps, four scapular flaps and 26 lateral arm flaps. One flap became infected and failed completely, and a partial necrosis occurred in another flap. The transfers covered large skin defects, exposed tendons, tendon grafts, bone, bone grafts, joints, nerves and nerve grafts. The donor site morbidity was negligible. Our study shows that free microvascular flaps are a safe and convenient alternative to conventional flaps in hand surgery. The lateral arm flap seems very suitable for small and medium size defects.     

Primary reattachment of avulsed skin flaps with negative pressure wound therapy in degloving injuries of the lower extremity

Large avulsed skin flaps of the lower extremity caused by degloving injuries eventually develop skin necrosis in most cases. The current treatment option involves excision of the degloved skin and reapplication as a full- or split-thickness skin graft. We considered that reattachment of avulsed skin flaps without excision would be theoretically beneficial, since some circulation may remain around the connected pedicle and thus facilitate graft take. Furthermore, securing the skin to the original anatomic position is much easier using retained landmarks. We treated a total of 12 patients (13 cases) with degloving injuries of the lower extremity. In all cases, the avulsed skin flap was defatted and sewn back to the original position, then negative-pressure wound therapy was applied over those grafts as a bolster for approximately 7 days. Most of the avulsed skin flap took excellently, particularly close to the connected pedicle. Nine cases did not need any additional surgical procedures. Four cases required secondary skin graft for a small area of open wound due to partial necrosis of the defatted skin, as well as the raw surface left by the primary skin defect in the initial operation. Primary reattachment of the avulsed skin flaps without excision is convenient and efficient to cover the open wound over the exposed fascia and periosteum in degloving injuries. This would potentially offer a better alternative to definitive wound closure.     

Avulsion injuries of the thumb

Similar findings in a series of seven avulsions of the thumb suggest that this injury is a well-defined entity. In all cases avulsion was the result of catching the digit in a rotating machine. In most cases a glove was worn. The usual clinical findings included extrinsic tendon avulsion from the forearm, nerve avulsion from the median nerve within the carpal tunnel, extensive arterial damage in the amputated thumb, and partial degloving of soft tissues. Successful replantation was possible in every case. We believe that vein grafts should be used routinely, anastomosed to normal distal vessels. The site of nerve injury should be identified by dissection of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel. Retrograde flaps should not be sutured for wound closure. We believe that replantation should be attempted in all cases of thumb amputation in which the part is available.     

手指皮肤缺损的修复

目的 回顾性分析手指皮肤缺损的治疗效果，提出手指皮肤缺损的分类，总结修复经验。方法 根据手指皮肤缺损的不同位置及面积，选用指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣、指动脉指神经蒂顺行推进皮瓣、第2掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣、拇甲瓣、趾腹皮瓣、桡动脉逆行岛状皮瓣、腹股沟轴形皮瓣、食指背侧岛状皮瓣、邻指皮瓣等19种皮瓣。共计114例129块皮瓣。结果 125块皮瓣成活，3块大部成活，1块坏死，成活率99．2％。结论 正确选用不同种类的皮瓣修复不同指别、不同位置及面积的手指皮肤缺损，可以获得良好的外形及功能。     

Microvascular soft tissue reconstruction of the digits.

INTRODUCTION: Composite tissue loss to digits following trauma may require flap coverage. Local reconstruction techniques are popular but can result in a functional limitation at the donor site. Small free flaps though complex, may provide a superior alternative. METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed the case-notes of all patients who had a small free flap to a digit following trauma. The time period was 4 years (2000-2004). Sixteen patients with 18 digital free flaps were identified. These comprised of 10 venous flow-through flaps, one lateral arm flap, one great toe to thumb pulp transfer, three first web space flaps from the foot, one medial plantar flap and two free posterior interosseous flaps. All 16 patients were invited for clinical review at an out-patients clinic. Ten patients (11 flaps) attended follow-up. Standardised assessment of outcome in terms of scar quality at both the recipient and donor sites, sensibility, range of motion and function of the hand was completed. RESULTS: Overall the average follow-up period was 14 months, with 16 out of 18 flaps surviving. Of the patients that attended for clinical review, the majority recovered excellent function of the hand (quick-DASH--av. 5.7) with satisfactory aesthetics, minimal pain or limitations in range of motion. The flaps were all soft and durable. Ten flaps recovered protective but not discriminative sensation (only one flap was innervated). The three patients whose donor site was the first-web space of the foot developed significant hypertrophic scarring. CONCLUSION: Small free flaps provide an acceptable method of reconstructing digital defects. Venous flow-through flaps provided the best overall results in this series. The donor site for first-web space flaps is probably unacceptable.     

小腿或足部软组织缺损伴骨、肌腱外露的显微外科修复

目的 报道小腿或足部软组织缺损伴骨、肌腱外露应用显微外科修复的临床效果。方法 采用6种类型的皮瓣进行修复30例，其中吻合血管的背阔肌皮瓣12例包括采用胸背血管-小腿腓肠血管吻合的3例、吻合血管的阔筋膜张肌皮瓣3例、股前外侧皮瓣1例、小腿外侧逆行岛状皮瓣l例、小腿内侧岛状皮瓣l例、腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣12例。结果 吻合血管的肌皮瓣、皮瓣移植16例全部成活。14例岛状皮瓣除4例腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣远端小部分坏死外，其余均成活。术后随访l～4年，修复小腿软组织缺损10例的功能与外观均较满意。修复足部20例，其中涉及足跟、足底负重区12例包括4例全足皮肤脱套伤，均恢复了行走功能。结论 小腿、足部软组织缺损伴骨、肌腱外露、骨髓炎患，应用显微外科修复可取得较满意的效果。最佳手术方案的制定，精细熟练的显微手术，血管危象的防治是手术成功的关键。     

指侧方皮支血管链皮瓣修复手指软组织缺损

目的报道采用手指侧方皮支血管链皮瓣一期修复手指皮肤软组织缺损伴骨或肌腱外露的方法,并观察其临床疗效。方法对17例17指手指皮肤软组织缺损伴骨或肌腱外露者,应用指侧方皮支血管链皮瓣一期修复。皮瓣面积：1．5cm×1．5cm-3．1cm×3．6cm。结果17例皮瓣全部成活,术后随访6个月～1年,伤指外形与正常指相近,皮瓣弹性、色泽良好。指腹饱满而不臃肿．质地柔软,有排汗功能,两点辨别觉达5-9mm。结论指侧方皮支血管链皮瓣一期修复手指皮肤软组织缺损伴骨或肌腱外露．疗程短,效果好,是可靠、有效的治疗方法。此皮瓣具有手术操作简便、不损伤指固有动脉及神经等优点．是修复手指皮肤缺损较理想的方法。     

会阴部皮肤缺损的修复

采用胸脐皮瓣，腹股沟皮瓣，大腿外侧皮瓣，大阴唇皮瓣修复会阴部皮肤缺损２２例。皮瓣的选择主要根据缺损组织的范围和功能。胸脐皮瓣的优点是不受受区条件的限制，可提供的皮瓣面积大。腹股沟皮瓣优点是操作简便。大腿外侧皮瓣游离移植可降低会阴部的创伤。大阴唇皮瓣主要用于阴道再造。     

Tendocutaneous free flap transfer from the dorsum of the foot

Tendocutaneous free flap transfer has been used to treat troublesome wounds involving skin and tendons, with the dorsum of the foot being the most frequent donor site. Free flaps consist of the dorsalis pedis artery, saphenous vein, branch of the superficial peroneal nerve, long extensor tendons, and overlying skin. We analyzed 13 cases of skin and tendon loss from the dorsum of the hand and wrist that were treated with tendocutaneous free flap from the dorsum of the foot. The size of the flap was from 6 × 5 cm to 11.5 × 7.1 cm (average, 9.2 × 5.9 cm), and the transferred tendons ranged from 1 to 5 in number (average, 2.9), and 5 to 17 cm in length (average, 9.2 cm). The transferred flaps survived in all cases, and the transferred tendons were functioning well except in two cases of electrical burn. The complications included two cases of tendon adhesion, one case of marginal necrosis of the flap, and three cases of donor-site wound problem.     

A free microsurgical transfer of a radial (Chinese) flap in reconstructing the lower limb

The microsurgical transplantation of the radial flap to the hind limb has as main advantages to offer a good quality and sensitive skin cover, the possibility to use the flap's radial artery as a vascular bypass and to raise composite flaps with tendon or bone in case of complex reconstruction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors present 9 free radial flap transfers to the foot. Patients' ages ranged from 22 to 50 years. Flap dimensions varied between 7 x 5 cm and 12 x 9 cm. Two flaps contained the flexor carpi radialis tendon to reconstruct the Achilles' tendon and one flap included a bone graft from the radial shaft to resolve a bone defect in the second metatarsal. All flaps were reinnervated by suturing the antebrachial cutaneous nerve of the flap to a cutaneous nerve in the recipient site. RESULTS: There was only one failure in an extensive crush injury. We recommend the radial flap in reconstructing complex defects for it's versatility and for the fact that it can include all types of tissue that may be necessary.