应对方式和社会支持对综合性医院住院病人焦虑、抑郁的影响

为调查应对方式和社会支持对住院病人焦虑、抑郁的影响,由病人自行填写焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表、应对方式量表、社会支持量表。结果发现,住院病人焦虑、抑郁发生率分别为40．3％和34．8％,其焦虑、抑郁得分与消极应对方式呈正相关．与社会支持呈负相关。     

看守所在押人员抑郁、焦虑情绪调查

目的 分析看守所在押人员抑郁和焦虑状态,为监管工作提供科学依据.方法 采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)对95名男性在押人员进行心理测评.结果 看守所在押人员焦虑和抑郁状态的阳性检出率分别达到整个群体的35.8%和43.2%.结论 看守所在押人员抑郁和焦虑状态高于普通群体,监管难度大.     

Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的心理状况调查分析

目的 了解2型糖尿病患者的心理状况。方法 采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）和焦虑自评量表（SAS）对67倒2型糖尿病患者进行调查，并与62例体检正常者进行对照。结果 2型糖尿病患者在SCL-90总分、阳性项目分、躯体化、焦虑、抑郁、恐怖以及SAS、SDS得分与对照组相比，差异有显著性（P〈0．05～0．01）。结论：2型糖尿病患者存在明显的心理障碍，主要表现为躯体化、焦虑、恐怖、紧张、抑郁，因此对2型糖尿病患者在药物治疗的同时，还应进行积极的心理干预。     

癌症患者家庭成员心理卫生状况调查分析

目的了解已确诊癌症患者家庭成员的心理卫生状况。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）、自编一般情况调查问卷,对63名癌症忠者家庭成员的心理卫生状况进行调查并与国内常模进行比较。结果癌症患者家庭成员心理问题发生率100％,严重心理问题为强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖,中度以上焦虑与抑郁发生率分别为20．36％和14．29％。结论癌症患者家庭成员心理问题严重,需要进行心理干预和健康教育。     

北京市三所高校大学生SARS流行期的心理状态现况调查

目的 :了解SARS流行时期大学生在封闭式管理下的心理状况。方法 :采用症状自评量表、ZUNG氏焦虑自评量表、ZUNG氏抑郁自评量表和一般状况调查表 ,以分层整群抽样的方法 ,对北京市三所重点大学 62 80名在校本科大学生和研究生进行了心理状况自评问卷调查。结果 :症状自评量表的因子阳性检出率为 7 3 % ,各因子得分均明显低于既往北京市大学生调查结果 ;除恐怖因子和精神病性因子外 ,各因子得分均低于或接近国内常模 (t=2 17-5 3 65 ,P <0 0 5 )。焦虑症状阳性检出率为 9 5 % ,抑郁症状阳性检出率为 2 9 6%。结论 :北京市SARS流行期间大学生存在焦虑、抑郁症状 ;采取了有效的传染病防治和健康教育等措施后大学生群体的心理健康状况良好。     

深圳特区内医务人员情绪健康状况调查

目的了解深圳特区内医务人员焦虑抑郁情绪状况及其影响因素。方法对深圳特区内公立医院的临床医生、护士、医技人员采用工作生活自编问卷、焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）进行调查,比较分析SAS、SDS标准分,采用Logistic回归分析法分析焦虑抑郁情绪的有关影响因素。结果共计抽取1423名医务人员,SAS、SDS标准分均高于国内正常人群常模（P＜0.01）,护士组SAS、SDS得分高于医生和医技人员组（P＜0.01）;Logistic回归分析结果显示,是否经常遭遇患者方暴力（言语或行为）、躯体健康自评因素对大部分医务人员的焦虑和抑郁情绪的发生有贡献,不同性别职业分组内有各自不同的影响因素。结论深圳特区内医务人员较国内普通人群的焦虑抑郁情绪严重,其中护士的焦虑抑郁情绪负荷重于临床医生和医技人员,临床医生、护士、医技人员的焦虑抑郁情绪的成因各自不同,躯体健康状况和遭遇患者方的暴力性言语和行为是造成深圳特区内医务人员焦虑抑郁情绪的重要因素,深圳特区内医务人员尤其是护士群体的心理健康状况值得重视。     

肝郁证候患者的心理研究

目的 探讨肝郁证候患者的心理健康状况.方法 对53例肝郁证候患者进行症状自评量表、焦虑自评量表及抑郁自评量表评定.结果 肝郁证候患者的心理健康水平比较低,常有明显的焦虑和抑郁等心理状况.结论 对肝郁证候在治疗的同时,应特别关注患者的心理健康,加强心理治疗,必要时及时应用抗抑郁或抗焦虑药物.     

精神分裂症患者家属的心理状况调查及对策

目的 了解精神分裂症患者家属的心理状况。方法 采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）扣抑郁自评量表（SDS）,对98名精神分裂症患者家属进行调查,并与全国常模进行比较。结果 精神分裂症患者家属存在严重的,躯体化、焦虑抑郁情绪及偏执等心理问题。结论 精神分裂症患者家属存在严重的心理问题,因此,应对家属提供心理帮助,以提高他们的生活质量,有利于病人的康复。     

广州地区某高校医学生心理状况的调查及对策

目的了解广州地区医学生的心理状况及探讨其相应对策。方法以SAS（焦虑自评量表）及SDS（抑郁自评量表）调查82名南方医科大学在校学生的心理状况。结果医学生的SAS得分高于一般人群（P〈0.05）,女学生得分高于男学生（P〈0.05）;SDS得分和一般人群相比无明显差异（P〉0.05）,男女学生之间无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论医学生的心理问题越来越严重,应该采取措施对学生进一步加强心理健康教育。     

综合性心理干预对新兵心理健康水平的影响

目的:了解部队新兵的心理健康水平,通过综合性心理干预提高他们的心理健康水平和战斗力。方法:选用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)等了解其心理健康状况,并运用多种形式组合的综合性心理干预。结果:采取综合性心理干预后新兵焦虑情绪的发生率由干预前35.34%下降为21.64%(χ2=16.81,P<0.01);抑郁情绪的发生率由干预前26.85%降为15.62%(χ2=14.89,P<0.01);SCL-90各因子分分析提示各种心理问题的发生率均有不同程度的下降,以焦虑、人际敏感、抑郁、强迫、敌对、躯体化明显;SCL-90焦虑、躯体化、抑郁、人际敏感、强迫等因子分明显低于干预前(P<0.05)。结论:通过综合性心理干预对提高和维护新兵的心理健康水平、保障部队的战斗力有积极意义。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.