人参皂苷Rg1诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经样细胞的作用

目的研究人参皂苷Rg1在体外能否诱导Wistar大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞。方法通过贴壁法分离大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,体外培养扩增,人参皂苷Rg1诱导分化,光镜下观察细胞形态,免疫细胞化学检测神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）和神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的表达,RT-PCR检测细胞NGF mRNA的表达。结果大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞可通过贴壁法成功分离并可以在体外大量扩增。人参皂苷Rg1诱导72h后,部分骨髓间充质干细胞（35．57％±3．59％）转变为神经元样细胞,免疫细胞化学染色NSE呈阳性,分化的神经元样细胞可能表达NGF mRNA。结论人参皂苷Rg1可以在体外诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞,并且可能表达NGF mRNA。     

骨髓间质干细胞的分离培养及向神经细胞分化的研究

目的 研究骨髓间质干细胞的分离培养方法及其向神经元细胞分化的条件及可行性。方法 取大鼠骨髓，采用贴壁培养筛选法，分离培养骨髓问质干细胞，经β-巯基乙醇诱导，骨髓问质干细胞可向神经元样细胞分化，免疫细胞化学方法对分化细胞进行鉴定。结果 分离的骨髓间质干细胞可体外增殖，经β-巯基乙醇诱导，骨髓间质干细胞可向神经元细胞分化，细胞突起增多，具有神经元的形态学特征；分化后的细胞表达神经元标志物-神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)和神经微丝(NF)。结论 骨髓组织中存在着骨髓间质干细胞，易分离和培养，体外可增殖，可横向分化为神经元，从而为中枢神经系统疾病的移植治疗提供了细胞来源。     

细胞密度与骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞的分化

景：细胞种植密度是影响干细胞分化的因素之一,对于细胞种植密度在骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化过程中的作用尚缺乏深入研究。 目的：观察细胞种植密度对骨髓间充质干细胞诱导向神经元样细胞分化的影响。 方法：采用贴壁培养法分离大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传至第4代后将其按2×102,2×103,4×103,8×103,2×104,4×104/cm2种植于六孔板,每组均加入碱性成纤维细胞生长因子+表皮生长因子+维甲酸诱导向神经元样细胞分化,并通过免疫组织化学染色鉴定,计算每组细胞出现神经元样细胞的比例,比较各组的分化率。 结果与结论：各组骨髓间充质干细胞加入诱导剂后均出现神经元样细胞,Nestin、NSE、GFAP细胞化学染色呈阳性。不同种植密度组出现神经元样细胞比例不同,以8×103/cm2组神经元样细胞比例最高,且神经元样存活时间最长,达7 d。结果说明骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化与细胞接种密度有关,过高或过低细胞密度均不利分化。     

全反式维甲酸诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞的研究

目的 体外探讨全反式维甲酸（ATRA）对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）分化为神经元样细胞的作用。方法 从大鼠股髓分离出MSCs，采用贴壁法体外扩增、传代，取5代后细胞采用EGF共培养，二巯基乙醇（2-ME）预诱导，再以ATRA为诱导剂诱导，然后免疫细胞化学检测巢蛋白（nestin）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）、酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）的表达情况。结果 MSCs诱导后具有神经元样细胞的形态，免疫细胞化学显示nestin、NSE、AchE有阳性表达，而GFAP、TH表达为阴性。结论 ATRA在体外能够有效的诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞，且可表达AchE。     

人骨髓间质干细胞的分离培养和诱导分化为神经元样细胞的研究

目的:探索成人骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)的分离培养及诱导分化为神经元样细胞的体外条件。方法:采用Ficoll淋巴细胞分离液(1.077g·mL-1)密度梯度离心法从人的骨髓中分离出MSCs进行体外扩增。收集第2代细胞流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面标志。逐渐加入表皮生长因子(EGF)、β-巯基乙醇(BME)和全反式维甲酸(ATRA)诱导MSCs向神经元细胞分化,通过免疫细胞化学法鉴定诱导后细胞神经元烯醇化酶(NSE)、神经巢蛋白(nsetin)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达情况。结果:流式细胞仪检测结果显示培养后的MSCs强表达CD29;较强表达CD44、CD166和CD105;不表达CD45、CD34和HLA-DR。诱导剂诱导后,MSCs分化为具有典型的神经元形态的细胞,免疫细胞化学显示78%的细胞NSE表达阳性;大约51%细胞nsetin表达阳性;所有细胞GFAP均阴性表达。结论:成人MSCs在体外可定向诱导分化为神经元样细胞,且具有较高的阳性分化率。     

体外定向诱导人骨髓基质细胞分化为神经元样细胞三种方法的比较

目的观察比较不同的体外定向诱导培养方法对人骨髓基质细胞(骨髓间充质干细胞)分化为神经元样细胞的影响。方法分离、扩增培养人骨髓基质细胞,分别采用人重组纤维母细胞生长因子(FGF-2)和人重组脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、2-巯基乙醇(2-ME)以及硫代甘油(TG)等3种不同的诱导剂,诱导骨髓基质细胞分化为神经元样细胞。用神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫组织化学方法对已分化的神经元样细胞进行鉴定和分化率分析。结果经3种诱导剂诱导的人骨髓基质细胞均出现神经元样细胞的分化,胞体呈神经元状,伸出较长轴突样和树突样突起且有分支。免疫组化鉴定显示,诱导分化后的神经元样细胞NSE染色呈阳性,GFAP免疫组化染色均呈阴性,其中FGF-2+BDNF诱导组神经元样细胞分化率为(68.220±5.743)%;2-ME诱导组为(50.700±3.374)%;TG诱导组为(32.240±3.800)%,3组之间差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论人骨髓基质细胞能够在诱导剂的诱导下发挥横向分化能力,3种体外诱导培养方法均可诱导人骨髓基质细胞分化为神经元样细胞。     

不同方法诱导成人骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化的比较

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞可以在体外通过多种诱导剂诱导分化为神经元样细胞，不同诱导剂的细胞分化率、细胞活力以及Nestin染色阳性细胞率不同。 目的：对比多种诱导剂诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化神经元样细胞结果，探寻一种较好的诱导剂。 方法：取健康成人骨髓于无菌层流室中，加入淋巴细胞分离液离心取白膜，将细胞置于含碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、表皮生长因子、DMEM、体积分数为10%胎牛血清的培养瓶中，37 ℃ 体积分数为5%CO2培养箱中培养，传至第3代分为β-巯基乙醇+二甲基亚砜组，脑源性神经生长因子+维甲酸组，胶质细胞源性神经营养因子+维甲酸组和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子组分别加入诱导剂，观察细胞型态变化，细胞活力测定，免疫组织化学检测神经细胞标志物。 结果与结论：锥虫蓝染色比较各组细胞活力，胶质细胞源性神经营养因子+维甲酸组细胞活力最高(P < 0.05)，β-巯基乙醇+二甲基亚砜组活力最低(P < 0.05)，脑源性神经生长因子+维甲酸组与碱性成纤维细胞生长因子组细胞活力差别无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。神经细胞标志物表达，胶质细胞源性神经营养因子+维甲酸组阳性率高于其余3组(P < 0.05)。结果提示，成人骨髓间充质干细胞可以诱导分化为神经元样细胞，胶质细胞源性神经营养因子+维甲酸组细胞活力高，神经标志物表达阳性率高(P < 0.05)。     

体外诱导人脐带间充质干细胞向胰岛β样细胞的分化

背景：体外实验中人们发现,常规诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化的胰岛β样细胞由于种种原因限制了其进一步的应用。关于人脐带间充质干细胞是否可以成功诱导的胰岛β样细胞尚未见系统报道。 目的：进一步验证人脐带间充质干细胞向胰岛β样细胞分化的可行性。 方法：采用胶原酶消化法分离人脐带细胞进行贴壁培养;传2代后,用高浓度葡萄糖(25 mmol/L)培养液DMEM(含体积分数为10％胎牛血清)以及碱性成纤维细胞和尼克酰胺诱导脐带间充质干细胞向胰岛β样细胞分化。倒置显微镜下观察间充质干细胞诱导后的形态变化,用胰岛β细胞特异染色方法双硫腙染色鉴定诱导后细胞游离锌离子浓度;免疫细胞化学鉴定诱导后细胞内是否储存有胰岛素。 结果与结论：第2代脐带间充质干细胞经过高糖诱导后,间充质干细胞形成细胞团;并且形成了双硫腙染色阳性的细胞团;免疫细胞化学表明诱导后细胞内的细胞胰岛素染色阳性。结果表明人脐带分离出的间充质干细胞在体外可以定向诱导分化为胰岛β样细胞,这种胰岛β样细胞具有表达、储存胰岛素的功能。     

人骨髓间充质干细胞的体外培养及向神经细胞的分化研究

目的探讨人骨髓间充质干细胞(hMSC)的体外培养生长特性及向神经细胞分化的诱导条件。方法采用密度梯度离心方法分离hMSC,体外扩增生长传代培养,倒置于显微镜下观察其生长特性。采用阿魏酸钠对传至3～6代的hMSC进行诱导培养,并以β-巯基乙醇作为对照,观察诱导培养不同时间后细胞的形态变化,应用免疫细胞化学方法鉴定诱导培养后细胞表面神经细胞特异性标志物神经丝蛋白(NF)及神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的表达。结果hMSC在体外培养条件下,能保持旺盛的增殖能力,阿魏酸钠诱导培养后6 h即可见细胞形态发生明显变化,24h后表现为典型的神经细胞样形态,NF和NSE呈阳性表达。结论hMSC在体外具有自我更新能力及多分化潜能;阿魏酸钠具有诱导体外培养的hMSC向神经细胞分化的作用。     

体外培养人骨髓间充质干细胞向表皮细胞分化及表皮细胞角蛋白的表达

背景：动物实验已经证实骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导可分化为表皮细胞。 目的：观察体外培养条件下人骨髓间充质干细胞向表皮细胞的分化及表皮细胞角蛋白表达。 方法：采用Ficoll-Paque密度梯度离心法提取人胚胎骨髓间充质干细胞,以免疫细胞化学及流式细胞仪测定细胞表面CD33、CD34标记物进行鉴定。取第3代骨髓间充质干细胞以30%条件培养基诱导其向表皮细胞分化,免疫细胞化学染色观察诱导后细胞形态与细胞角蛋白水平变化。 结果与结论：采用密度梯度离心法从人胚胎骨髓中分离培养得到细胞成分均一的骨髓间充质干细胞。骨髓间充质干细胞经体外诱导后,出现细胞角蛋白19表达阳性细胞,说明骨髓间充质干细胞在体外诱导后可能发生向表皮细胞分化。     

Morphological differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells into neuron-like cells after co-culture with hippocampal slice

Adult green mice marrow stromal cells were co-cultured with hippocampal slices. Differentiation to neuron-like or non-neuron-like cells occurred exclusively inside slice boundaries starting at day 3, and then decreased gradually over 35 days. Neuron-like cells tended to form network-like connections around day 14. The use of retinoic acid greatly increased the number of differentiated cells, and the most effective concentration was 10(-6) M. NeuN immunohistochemistry was positive in 9.6+/-1.7% of morphologically differentiated neuron-like cells. Both GFAP and Iba1 immunostaining were negative. We concluded that bone marrow stromal cells can be differentiated into neurons, and direct contact with the host brain tissue is essential for this to occur. Retinoic acid significantly increases the number of differentiated cells, as has been reported with other stem cells.     

多细胞因子诱导成年鼠骨髓基质细胞向神经细胞分化的实验研究

目的观察大鼠骨髓基质细胞(rBMSCs)的生长特点及诱导条件下分化成神经细胞的能力,并对其机制进行初步探讨。方法以密度梯度离心分离骨髓基质细胞,在神经干细胞培养液中培养,采用四唑盐(MTT)法观察在培养液中添加碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、表皮生长因子(EGF)对BMSCs增殖的影响;观察添加脑源性神经生长因子(BDNF)、神经生长因子(NGF)和维甲酸(RA)对rBMSCs的诱导分化情况;采用免疫组织化学法(ABC)检测诱导后的细胞表达神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、神经元核蛋白(NeuN)和胶质原性纤维酸性蛋白抗体(GFAP)等特异性标志物的情况;以流式细胞分选确定神经元的比例。结果bFGF和EGF能在体外促进rBMSCs增殖,BDNF、NGF和RA能诱导rBMSCs来源的神经干细胞(NSCs)表达NSE、GFAP等特异性标志物。结论EGF、bFGF、BDNF、NGF、RA及适宜的培养液可使rBMSCs定向转化为NSCs,获得足够的目的细胞,进而分化为神经元样和神经胶质样细胞。     

Expression of functional receptors and transmitter enzymes in cultured Muller cells

Glia represents the most numerous group of nervous system cells and CNS development and function depend on glial cells. We developed a purified Muller glia culture to investigate the expression of several neurotransmitter markers on these cells, such as dopaminergic, cholinergic, GABAergic and peptidergic receptors or enzymes, based on functional assays measuring second messenger levels or Western blot for specific proteins. Purified Muller cell culture was obtained from 8-day-old (E8) embryonic chick. Glial cells cultured for 15 days (E8C15) expressed D1A and D1B receptors mRNAs, but not D1D, as detected by RT-PCR. The binding of [3H]-SCH 23390 revealed an amount of expressed receptors around 40 fmol/mg protein. Dopamine (100 microM), PACAP (50 nM) and forskolin (10 microM) induced a 50-, 30- and 40-fold cAMP accumulation on glial cells, respectively, but not ip3 production. The dopamine-promoted cAMP accumulation was blocked by 2 microM SCH 23390. Carbachol stimulated a 3-fold ip3 accumulation. Western blot analysis also revealed the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, L-dopa decarboxylase, PAC1 receptor, GAD67 and beta2-nicotinic receptor subunit by these cells. These results indicate that several components of neurotransmitter signaling and metabolism are found in cultured Muller cells.     

Tubular structures in arachnoid cells

Summary Parallel and concentric tubules were observed in the cytoplasm of arachnoid cells overlying cerebral gliomas. The parallel tubules were 400–500 Å wide. Their electron dense walls, 150 Å thick lay 200–250 Å apart with distensions up to 400 Å in diameter at irregular intervals between the walls. The walls formed terminal loops limiting up to 4 adjacent tubules; transverse extensions were present between adjacent walls. The tubules sometimes communicated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum from which they may possibly arise. The concentric tubules were 250 Å wide: they communicated at irregular intervals.     

Coexpression of lactosyl and gangliotetraosyl gangliosides in rat cerebellar radial glial cells in culture

The expression of gangliosides of the lactosylceramide (LC) and of the gangliotetraosylceramide (GTC) series on the surface of cells from rat embryonic cerebellar tissue was investigated by double-color indirect immunofluorescence. GD3 was assumed to be representative of LC and was detected using a specific monoclonal antibody. GM1 was assumed to be representative of GTC and was detected using the binding of cholera toxin followed by the binding of cholera toxin antibodies. The expression of polysialosylated GTC (polysialosyl-GTC) was detected using the cholera toxin-cholera toxin antibody experimental approach after conversion of polysialosyl-GTC to GM1 by treatment of the cells with neuraminidase. To distinguish the major neural cell types present in the cultures the expression of the following cell type-specific markers was investigated: neuron-specific enolase and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) as probes for neuronal cells and the intermediate filament protein glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) as a probe for astroglial cells. More than 80% of cells dissociated from cerebellar tissue of 15-day-old rat embryos (E15) are positive for the expression of GD3 and about 50% for the expression of GM1 and polysialosyl-GTC, but most are negative for the expression of neuron-specific enolase, MAP-2, and GFAP. After culturing for 4 days (E15 + 4) most cells that show characteristics of neuronal cells are positive for the expression of polysialosyl-GTC and "inactivate" the expression of GD3. Most cells with characteristics of radial and stellate glial cells are also positive for the expression of polysialosyl-GTC, but unlike neuron-like cells, they do not "inactivate" the expression of GD3.     

Proportion of parvalbumin-positive basket cells in the GABAergic innervation of pyramidal and granule cells of the rat hippocampal formation

Recent studies have indicated that hippocampal GABAergic neurons in both the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn contain immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PARV). Although the distribution of PARV-positive neurons has been previously described, detailed quantitative electron microscopic studies of the PARV-positive axon terminals in the hippocampal formation are lacking. In the present study, immunocytochemical methods were used to localize PARV-positive neurons and axon terminals to determine their similarity to GABAergic neurons. The PARV-positive cells and axon terminals are associated closely with the pyramidal and granule cell layers. In agreement with previous studies, the morphology of PARV-positive neurons is similar to that of GABAergic cells, including the basket cells of both the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn. The PARV-positive axon terminals form exclusively symmetric synapses with somata, dendrites, dendritic spines, and axon initial segments. However, these terminals represent only a portion of the total number of terminals that form symmetric synapses. Quantitative results indicate that only 32-38% of the total number of terminals forming symmetric axosomatic synapses with principal cells of the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn are PARV positive. Together with previous findings from light microscopic double-labeling studies, these data indicate that the PARV-positive terminals arise from a subpopulation of GABAergic hippocampal neurons. Finally, it is important to note that the terminal plexus of PARV-positive hippocampal axons overlaps at all postsynaptic sites with a plexus of PARV-negative axons.     

De novo and salvage pathways of DNA synthesis in primary cultured neurall stem cells

We studied the de novo and salvage pathways of DNA synthesis in sphere-forming neural stem cells obtained from mouse embryos by a neurosphere method. The former pathway needs folic acid (FA) for nucleotide biosynthesis, while the latter requires deoxyribonucleosides (dNS). We examined the proliferative activity of sphere-forming cells in E14.5 embryos by counting the number of spheres formed in media that lacked FA and/or dNS. Proliferation failure and apoptosis occurred in a deficient medium lacking of both FA and dNS. Spheres formed in the deficient medium supplemented with dNS, without FA, did not produce neuron, but rather only seem to generate astrocytes and oligodendrocytes when plated under differentiation condition in culture. On the other hand, a subpopulation of cultured cells formed spheres in the deficient medium supplemented with FA alone in an appropriate concentration, and did possess the self-renewing and multipotential characteristics of neural stem cells. Spheres formed in the media containing low dose Azathioprine and methotrexate, inhibitors of de novo DNA synthesis, were selectively prevented from producing neurons even in the presence of FA. These results suggested that activating de novo DNA synthesis was needed for neural stem cells to proliferate with multipotentiality.     

Acetylcholine receptors in cultured human muscle cells

Primary cultures prepared from human muscle biopsies were examined for the presence and distribution of acetylcholine receptors, as measured by the binding of ¹²⁵iodine-labelled α-bungarotoxin. The toxin bound to the human muscle cultures with a similar time dependence and specificity as found in muscle cultures from other species. The amount of toxin bound was lower than that obtained for neonatal mouse muscle under similar conditions.The distribution of receptors was similar in cultures derived from the muscles of patients with a variety of neuromuscular disorders. The toxin was located along the myotubes in a fairly even distribution; however, variations in labelling along a single myotube were observed, as well as variations between different myotubes in the same culture. Occasionally, the toxin also bound to other cells, which may have been monouncleated.Cultures prepared from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy produced multi-layered cell clusters, instead of the usual monolayer of cells. Within these clusters, only the myotubes bound α-bungarotoxin.     

Ciliated and goblet cells in craniopharyngioma

Summary A case of a suprasellar epithelial cyst in a 48-year-old man is reported. The cyst was lined with two different types of stratified epithelium: one was two to three or more layers of squamous cells with overlying ciliated columnar cells and goblet cells at the surface and the other was typical stratified squamous epithelial cells. The tumor was neither a pure Rathke's cleft cyst nor a typical craniopharyngioma but was considered essentially to be a craniopharyngioma with ciliated columnar cells and goblet cells. Thus it might be considered a mixed form of these two tumors. This case indicates the close relationship between craniopharyngiomas and Rathke's cleft cysts.     

Polyaxonal amacrine cells of rabbit retina: morphology and stratification of PA1 cells.

Polyaxonal amacrine cells are a new class of amacrine cell bearing one to six branching, axon-like processes, closely resembling the axons of Golgi type II cells found elsewhere in the central nervous system. Of the four types of polyaxonal amacrine cell that we have recognized in rabbit retina, three have been described previously in brief communications, and one is the subject of this paper. Type 1 polyaxonal (PA1) amacrine cells have larger cell bodies than most amacrine cells in Golgi preparations, averaging about 13 microns in diameter. These are typically positioned interstitially in the middle of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), although some are also found in the amacrine and ganglion cell layers. Axons and dendrites are broadly stratified in the middle of the IPL, in the vicinity of the a/b sublaminar border. Sparsely branching dendrites have a conventional appearance, branching at a narrow angle, and giving rise to smaller daughter branches, which taper gradually toward their termination. An unusual feature of the dendrites is the zig-zag course of some terminal branches. Clusters of small, pedunculated spines are common on proximal dendrites, and spines are virtually absent on axons. Axons emerge from proximal dendrites within 50 microns of the soma, and more rarely from the soma, in a tapering initial segment, commonly interrupted by one or two large swellings. Subsequent branching is at a wide angle, and the fine caliber is maintained in the transition from parent to daughter branches. The uniform thickness of the axonal branches is interrupted at intervals by boutons en passant. Although the extent of the dendritic tree is large, exceeding 500 microns in radial extent from the cell body, for cells a few millimeters distant from the visual streak, the axonal tree is much larger, and its radial extent is measured in millimeters. PA1 amacrine cells are believed to be polarized in their functional organization, with a primarily recipient dendritic tree and a primarily transmissive axonal tree. PA1 amacrine cells co-stratify with nab cone bipolar cells and with certain small tufted amacrine and ganglion cells at the a/b sublaminar border. The co-stratification of both axons and dendrites at the a/b sublaminar border of the IPL suggests that PA1 amacrine cells are important modulators of neural activity in the middle of the IPL, affecting both ON and OFF responses, and perhaps ON-OFF cells selectively.