高效价自身冷抗体致血型鉴定和交叉配血困难的处理方法

目的：探讨高效价的自身冷抗体致血型鉴定和交叉配血困难的处理方法。方法：对高效价自身冷抗体致血型鉴定和交叉配血困难的患者,通过ABO血型鉴定、冷抗体效价滴定、血清抗体筛查、抗人球蛋白试验以及凝聚胺和微柱凝胶交叉配血等血清学检测,寻找血型鉴定和交叉配血困难的原因,并提出相对应的处理方法。结果：收集由于高效价自身冷抗体引起血型鉴定和交叉配血困难共7例,其中6例患者冷抗体效价在128～256之间,通过37℃水浴,血型鉴定正反定型一致,交叉配血相合;1例患者冷抗体效价为1024,通过37℃加热洗涤和4℃冷吸收之后进行血清学试验,血型鉴定正反定型一致,交叉配血相合。结论：高效价自身冷抗体引起的血型鉴定和交叉配血困难时,可以根据自身冷抗体效价的高低以及冷凝集强度,选择37℃水浴或37℃加热洗涤、4℃冷吸收等不同鉴别试验进行排除,以期达到正确的血型鉴定和有效的交叉配血,保证临床输血安全。     

高效价冷凝集素对血型鉴定和交叉配血的影响相关分析

目的:探讨血清中高效价冷凝集素致血型鉴定和交叉配血困难的结果分析。方法:采用37℃加热洗涤和4℃冷吸收法处理患者红细胞及血清,消除高效价冷凝集素的干扰,用盐水法做血型正反鉴定,用盐水介质和聚凝胺法交叉配血。结果:经处理后的标本,血型正反定型一致,交叉配血结果无异常。结论:用加热洗涤和冷吸收法可排除高效价冷凝集素的干扰,利于血型鉴定和交叉配血。     

冷凝集素在血型鉴定和交叉配血不合中的鉴别

目的分析冷凝集素在血型鉴定和交叉配血中的影响,在血型鉴定和配血时提供参考和依据,向临床及时提供安全的血液。方法选取2008年9月—20010年9月在我院进行过血型鉴定和交叉配血不合的临床病例30例。对血型鉴定组患者进行吸收放散试验、血型鉴定、抗体筛选;对交叉配血组患者采用抗人血球蛋白法、微柱法、聚凝胺法进行交叉配血。结果红细胞在经过37℃0.9%氯化钠溶液的洗涤,将病人血清放入在0~5℃冰箱中进行充分吸收,再采用血型鉴定、凝聚胺、微柱法进行配血,可有效的将冷凝集素的一些干扰排除,无假凝集现象出现。结论冷凝集素对血型鉴定和交叉配血方面的影响,工作人员必须做出快速的判断,及时向临床提供充足安全的血液,以免延误了病人最佳抢救时间。     

冷凝集素对血型鉴定和交叉配血的干扰及处理方法

目的:分析高效价冷凝集素对血型鉴定与交叉配血的干扰,及其处理方法。方法:选取南阳市中心医院收治的冷凝集素增高的40例患者作为研究对象,提取其红细胞进行研究。用生理盐水(37~45℃)反复洗涤红细胞,再将洗涤之后的红细胞和血清做吸收放散处理,最后进行正反定型和交叉配血。结果:经过上述处理之后的标本在正反定型和交叉配血过程中没有出现异常现象。结论:含高效价冷凝集素的血液样本经不同种方法处理,在随后进行的正反定型试验中结果正常,接受交叉配血的患者也没有出现异常反应。     

不规则抗体中抗-M抗体的检测及意义

目的:探讨不规则抗体检测中抗-M抗体的检测及其对血型鉴定和交叉配血试验的影响。方法:检测IgG性质抗体用2-巯基乙醇(2-Me)应用液破坏IgM型抗-M;推断抗-M抗体用自制NN型的多人份A细胞核B细胞制备反定型标准红细胞;处理冷凝集用37℃生理盐水洗涤4次后做正定型,洗涤后的红细胞加等量自身血清,在4℃吸收后做反定型。结果:在20 018例住院患者中,检出139例同种不规则抗体,其中17例存在抗-M抗体,抗-M抗体占不规则抗体的比率为12.23%(17/139)。NN型的反定型红细胞正反定型一致。选择与受血者ABO同型的MM型或MN型红细胞交叉配血,卡式配血结果不合;选择与受血者ABO同型的NN型红细胞交叉配血,盐水和抗人球蛋白介质均不凝集,卡式配血结果主次侧均相合。结论:患者血清中存在抗-M抗体影响血型定型及配血,筛选相应红细胞输注无输血不良反应。     

新生儿ABO同型血交叉配血不合原因及安全输血分析

目的 探讨新生儿ABO同型血交叉配血不合的主要原因及相应的安全输血策略和措施.方法 选取2018年6月至2020年4月我院收治的105例ABO同型血交叉配血不合的新生儿为研究对象,采用微柱凝胶法实施ABO血型正反定型,进行Rh血型检测、自身抗体检测、Coomb's试验、不规则抗体筛选、特异性鉴定与冷凝集素检测;采用凝聚...     

ABO疑难血型鉴定与临床输血的研究

目的：研究ABO疑难血型,为安全输血提供质量保障。方法：采用血型血清学,对盐水介质正、反定型不合者用人血清鉴定,采用微柱凝集,吸收放散和血型物质的检测,在显微镜下观察红细胞的凝集状态,以准确判断ABO疑难血型。结果：成人2例被定为A3和Ax亚型;13例白血病抗原性减弱和3例异基因骨髓移植者在显微镜下鉴定为弱抗原A型（9）和B型（6）及AB（1）;高效价冷抗体3例,排除干扰后被定为AB（2）和O型（1）;心脏手术患儿血型抗体未形成30例,出生7d~3岁,分别被定为无抗体O型（16）,A型（8）,B型（6）。51例患者经盐水介质和Polybrine配血后输注,未发生溶血反应。结论：用微柱凝集、吸收放散和血型物质的检测,排除干扰后在显微镜下观察结果,能准确及时判断ABO疑难血型。     

ABO血型定型困难患者配血不合的输血处置对策

目的:通过调查分析36例患者ABO血型定型困难的影响因素,找寻解决临床疑难交叉配血不合的最佳方法,确保临床输血安全。方法:通过正反定型试验、红细胞吸收放散试验,分别检测患者红细胞上有无A、B、H抗原,运用唾液ABH血型物质的测定方法检测患者唾液中有无ABH血型物质。运用抗体筛选试验,查找患者ABO血型定型困难的原因。结果:36例ABO血型定型困难患者血清中存在IgM自身冷凝集素22例、不规则同种免疫性抗体及IgM冷凝集素1例、不规则抗体3例、IgM加IgG自身免疫性抗体3例、低温抗B抗体1例、弱抗-A和(或)弱抗-B抗体6例。结论:ABO血型定型的影响因素很多,患者血清中存在IgM自身冷凝集素、ABO血型系统以外的不规则同种免疫性抗体、(IgM加IgG)自身免疫性抗体以及患者自身年龄、病因易造成抗原或抗体减弱等因素均可导致ABO血型定型困难,影响临床输血治疗。     

宝鸡地区148例疑难配血原因分析及处理

目的:分析基层医院交叉配血不合的原因及处理方法。方法:对疑难配血的患者做ABO及Rh血型鉴定、抗体筛选及抗体鉴定、交叉配血试验。结果:共收集148例交叉配血不合的患者,同种抗体128例(冷抗体14例),占86.5%,自身抗体13例,占8.8%,蛋白凝集7例,占4.7%。结论:不规则抗体和蛋白凝集是造成疑难配血的主要原因。正确的血型鉴定、抗体筛选、交叉配血试验是提供安全有效输血的保障。受血者血清中有同种抗体,选择无相应抗原的供者血液交叉配血,温自身抗体的患者同种抗体不能完全去除,用多个血液同时与患者交叉主侧同型盲配,取凝集相对较弱的给予输注。     

DEL型血诱导Rh(D)阴性患者产生抗-D并致配血不合

分析1例Rh(D)阴性患者输注DEL型血后产生高效价抗-D致交叉配血不合的原因,为Rh(D)阴性患者安全输血提供策略建议。采用盐水试管法和微柱凝胶抗人球蛋白法进行不规则抗体筛查和性质鉴定,采用微柱凝胶抗人球蛋白法对不规则抗体进行特异性鉴定和效价测定;将配血不合红细胞与患者血清在37℃温吸收后在56℃热放散,对所得放散液采用微柱凝胶抗人球蛋白法进行抗体特异性鉴定,同时采用吸收放散法对献血员红细胞进行DEL型检测。患者血清中不规则抗体筛查结果为阳性,抗体性质为IgG型,抗体特异性为抗-D,效价为2 048,配血不合红细胞吸收放散液抗体特异性鉴定为抗-D,经吸收放散检测该献血员为DEL型(回顾调查该患者在17 d前输注的一袋红细胞也为DEL型)。Rh(D)阴性患者接受DEL型血输注,具有产生抗-D的潜在风险,所产生的抗-D可再次结合DEL型红细胞致配血不合。对于有输血史、妊娠史、有生育要求的女性以及输血依赖等群体输注应持谨慎态度。对已经产生抗-D患者,在非紧急情况不应输注,避免溶血性输血不良反应的发生,提高输血的安全性和有效性。     

11例IgG型免疫溶血性贫血的IgG亚型分布及临床分析

目的:研究11例IgG型免疫溶血性贫血患者IgG亚型的分类及其效价,评价IgG各亚型的疾病类型、贫血程度及疗效等情况.方法:用抗人球蛋白试验确定11例IgG型免疫溶血性贫血患者,进一步用免疫沉淀法鉴定其IgG亚型及效价,分析IgG亚型的类型及效价与其临床疾病、贫血程度及疗效相关性.结果:11例IgG型AIHA患者中,以IgG1型最为常见,效价多＞2430.其中1例为药物诱发所致,2例特发性温抗体自身免疫溶血性贫血(WAIHA)为IgG1型,引起的贫血程度为中等,对激素疗效佳;8例继发性WAIHA患者中,也以IgG1型最为多见,效价多＞2430;3例并发含有IgG3亚型患者的贫血较为严重,治疗效果不理想;而IgG4和IgG2亚型者较为少见.结论:分析IgG型免疫溶血性贫血患者的IgG亚型及效价,可作为Coombs'试验的辅助实验,它有助于探讨疾病的发生发展,并有助于分析贫血的严重程度、疗效及预后.     

孕妇产前抗体效价预测新生儿溶血病

目的：探讨O型及Rh阴性孕妇血清中抗体效价来预测新生儿溶血病的关系。方法：采用血型血清学方法,对1256对夫妇血型不合的O型及Rh阴性孕妇检测ABO、RhD血型、抗体筛选、抗体效价。效价≥64的建议服中药治疗,定期检测抗体效价。对新生儿（出生0～7d）发生黄疸后,抽静脉血检测溶血3项。结果：1244名O型孕妇血清中IgG抗-A（B）效价≥64者564例,占45.3%;对12名Rh阴性孕妇血清中产生抗D抗体5例,效价均≥64,占41.6%,7例抗体筛选阴性。IgG抗-A（B）效价≥64并发生ABO-HDN占49.5%。ABO-HDN占产前的比例（279/1244）为22.4%。结论：动态监测夫妇血型免疫抗体效价,及时采取措施以降低孕妇体内IgG抗体效价,降低新生儿发病率,减少并发症,提高人口素质。     

A cold agglutinin disease,difficult to distinguish from paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria

A 58-year-old male started passing dark brown colored urine in January 2002. An annual medical examination in the same month revealed a mild anemia and an increased serum LDH level. Because of the instability of the data of his peripheral red cell count and hemoglobin concentration as measuring with a blood cell auto-analyzer, and also the hemolytic findings in a test tube at room temperature (25 degrees C), he was referred to our hospital. Laboratory data revealed Hb 11.2 g/dl, reticulocytes 73.1% (233,000/microliter), indirect-bilirubin 2.8 mg/dl, LDH 757 U/l, and hemosiderinuria, suggesting some intravascular hemolysis. The cold agglutinin titer was > 1,024, direct and indirect Coombs tests were both positive, and the Donath-Landsteiner antibody (D-L antibody) was initially assessed as false positive because of a high titer of cold agglutinin. He was finally diagnosed as having a cold agglutinin disease (CAD) with anti-I autoantibody. Serologic tests for syphilis and mycoplasma, and various virus tests were all negatives. After avoiding cold exposure, his symptoms, including hemoglobinuria, disappeared. However, during 9 months follow-up, he still showed a high titer of cold agglutinin. This case suggests that CAD should be considered when peripheral blood cell count data are unstable as assessed by a blood cell auto-analyzer.     

Autoantibodies to lipocortin-1 are associated with impaired glucocorticoid responsiveness in rheumatoid arthritis.

Autoantibodies to the antiinflammatory protein lipocortin-1 have been found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receiving oral glucocorticoids. The highest antibody titers correlated with a requirement for high maintenance doses of steroid (> 7.5 mg/day prednisolone). Forty-two patients with RA were grouped according to high or low autoantibody titer. In 18 patients, peripheral blood leukocyte counts and phenotypic analysis were performed before and 4 h after a single intravenous (iv) dose of 100 mg hydrocortisone. The group with low titer antibody exhibited a normal poststeroid peripheral blood lymphopenia, but the response in the group with high antibody titer was considerably blunted. In a 2nd study, 24 patients received 3 separate doses of 1000 mg iv methylprednisolone. After 8 weeks the group with the high titer antibody had shown no improvements in clinical or laboratory variables observed in the group with low titer antibody. Thus, the presence of high titer antilipocortin-1 antibody is associated with impaired responses to glucocorticoid therapy both in terms of clinical efficacy and effects on the immune system. This could explain the relative glucocorticoid resistance reported in a proportion of patients with RA.     

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Due to Anti-Jkb: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Although anti-Jkb is a well-defined cause of severe acute or delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions, it is rarely associated with severe Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN), even with high antibody titer. To date, only 13 cases have been reported, so the possible reasons for that still remain unclear. Most of HDN due to anti-Jkb are mild-to-moderate, and usually have a good prognosis. A 41-years-old woman, who had a positive antibody screening test in her 13th week of pregnancy, was sent to the blood bank for study before an amniocentesis. Antibody identification and red blood cell (RBC) phenotyping of the patient and his husband were performed, plus arrays study in the amniotic fluid. An anti-Jkb was identified in the patient’s serum with a titer of 1:1, and her RBC phenotype was O Rh(D) positive, C(+), c(+), E(?), e(+), K(?), Jka(+), Jkb(?). The RBC genotype of the fetus was B Rh(D) positive, Jka(+), Jkb(+). Antibody titer remained stable and the pregnancy was uneventful. At birth, there was no need of phototherapy or exchange transfusion for the newborn and her Jk(b+) typing result was confirmed in a cord blood sample. Although most of HDN cases due to anti-Jkb have a good outcome, monitoring antibody titer should be done to prevent fatal complications. Furthermore, antenatal antibody screening should be performed in every pregnant woman irrespective of her Rh(D) antigen status in order to detect red cell alloimmunization to other clinically significant blood group antigens.     

A last resort modality using cryofiltration apheresis for the treatment of cold hemagglutinin disease in a Veterans Administration hospital

Cold hemagglutinin disease is a cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia (cAIHA) caused by an autoantibody, such as IgM, directed against the I-antigen present on the surface of erythrocytes. Cold exposure can activate this system causing hemolysis, hemagglutination, microvascular thrombosis, or acrocyanosis. Thus, surgical procedures requiring hypothermia, such as coronary artery bypass surgery, present a significant problem in patients with cAIHA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of cryofiltration apheresis (CFA), used as a last resort, for the treatment of cAIHA. Effectiveness was evaluated by clinical assessment and laboratory evaluations of cold agglutinin titer, immunoglobulins, and other plasma proteins. Safety was evaluated by vital signs, monitoring, and laboratory measurements of complements, hematology and blood chemistry. Five patients with cAIHA were treated by CFA using the cryoglobulin (CG) filter (Pall Medical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Four patients received only one CFA procedure, while one patient received four CFA treatments. The cold agglutinin titers were fairly low, ranging from 1 : 1 to 1 : 2048. However, a wide thermal amplitude(4-37 degrees C) was observed in most patients. Two out of five patients responded favorably with reduction in titer. The two responders had acute forms of cAIHA with serum positive for cryoglobulins. The three non-responders had chronic forms of cAIHA with negative cryoglobulins. CFA effectively removed cryoprotein precipitates while conserving other plasma components. The CG filter was biocompatible with no complement activation or observed complications due to CFA or CG filter. While the mechanism of action in treating this type of patient population with CFA is unknown, the plausible theories are discussed.     

43例待产孕妇Rh血型抗体筛查阳性分析

目的：研究多次妊娠妇女体内Rh血型抗体与新生儿溶血病的关系。方法：运用微柱凝胶免疫法鉴定Rh抗体和分型,抗人球试验法测定抗体效价。结果：待产孕妇16845例,检出意外抗体48例,其中43例为Rh血型抗体且夫妇ABO顺式相容。分析抗体特异性种类和效价,抗D抗体8例,效价8～512;抗c抗体5例,效价16～128;抗E抗体16例,效价8～64;抗C抗体12例,效价4～8;抗e抗体2例,效价8。由此得出Rh血型抗原性强弱为D〉c〉E〉C〉e。结论：多次妊娠妇女体内Rh相关抗体效价强弱是引起新生儿溶血的原因之一。     

DNA免疫吸附序贯联合免疫抑制剂治疗系统性红斑狼疮的临床观察

目的：观察DNA免疫吸附治疗对系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者抗dsDNA抗体的清除作用以及序贯联合免疫抑制剂治疗的疗效反应。方法：收集2017年8月至2021年8月荆州市中心医院风湿免疫科收治的SLE患者，选择体内抗dsDNA抗体高滴度阳性的活动期SLE患者36例，常规治疗基础上联合DNA免疫吸附治疗，观察患者治疗前、后自身抗体及血液生化指标的变化，吸附治疗后给予免疫抑制剂，随访至少12周。结果：吸附治疗后患者体内抗dsDNA抗体滴度显著下降，平均降幅(66.4%±12.8%），高滴度抗核抗体的患者显著减少。随访中，33例患者病情维持稳定，3例患者在1～2年后，抗dsDNA抗体再次上升，重复行DNA免疫吸附治疗，病情稳定。结论：DNA免疫吸附可以在短期内明显清除抗dsDNA抗体，有助于快速缓解病情，序贯联合免疫抑制剂治疗有助于实现疾病的长期稳定。