隐匿阴茎60例术式改进及诊疗体会

目的:探讨提高治疗隐匿阴茎的手术方式及疗效.方法:对60例隐匿阴茎的患者综合应用Shiraiki、Johston、Devine手术方式进行治疗.结果:60例隐匿阴茎患者术后得到明显矫正,自然状态下阴茎显露约在2～3 cm,包皮得到充分利用,整形术后包皮呈现解剖形态,皮瓣创伤小,血循好,无血肿及坏死,包皮水肿轻,术后20 d左右水肿基本消退.随访6个月至2年阴茎显露明显改善,无回缩及环形瘢痕.结论:隐匿阴茎的手术治疗应根据隐匿阴茎的程度、阴茎皮肤缺损多少、耻骨阴茎根部脂肪厚度灵活综合应用Shiraiki、Johston、Devine术式,个体化选择和设计相应术式,可获理想疗效.     

儿童隐匿型阴茎手术矫治23例分析

目的观察分析儿童隐匿型阴茎手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析Devine术治疗23例儿童隐匿型阴茎的效果并总结经验。结果隐匿型阴茎患儿术后切口均愈合良好,随访时间为6～11个月,阴茎长度较术前增加,阴茎外观明显改善。结论 Devine术治疗小儿单纯性隐匿阴茎的效果良好,是一种理想术式。     

改良Devine术治疗隐匿性阴茎

目的探讨改良Devine术式治疗隐匿性阴茎的疗效。方法治疗隐匿性阴茎患儿62例,手术通过Devine术的改进型来完成。结果所有手术均获成功,平均手术时间30 min。随访1~10年,阴茎发育良好,外观满意,无并发症发生。结论改良Devine术简单易行,术野暴露好,手术效果好,术后并发症发生率低。     

改良Devine术治疗儿童隐匿阴茎63例

目的观察改良Devine术即经阴茎腹侧包皮狭窄环切开加阴茎固定术治疗儿童隐匿阴茎的效果。方法2005年2月-2008年2月我院采用该术式治疗儿童隐匿阴茎共63例。结果63例患儿出院时阴茎外观形态满意,阴茎体完全显露。术后随访1至6个月,包皮内板轻微水肿10例,术后1个月恢复正常;包皮水肿1例,2个月后消退。结论改良Devine术设计合理,简单有效,术后阴茎外观形态好,适合于儿童隐匿阴茎的治疗。     

改良Devine术治疗小儿隐匿性阴茎的临床分析

早期外科手术是治疗隐匿性阴茎的主要治疗手段,一般应在患儿学龄前实施手术治疗为宜,Devine、Shiraki及Johnstons矫正术是目前常见的手术方式,其中Devine手术被公认为治疗隐匿性阴茎的经典术式,但有更多的缺点：术中看来,操作更加困难;修复阴茎包皮后拉伸短缺和可怜的外表,术中需要保护阴茎背神经与血管的,否则由于表面的静脉和淋巴回流障碍,术后水肿引起阴茎。针对上述不足之处,采用了改良Devine手术,采用了阴茎脱套技术,有效地较少了术后阴茎水肿;充分切除阴茎内膜下发育欠佳的浅筋膜,有效改善了阴茎牵拉回缩;保留了耻骨脂肪垫;同时包皮环切术修整了包皮外观。综上所述,改良Devine手术可以有效治疗小儿隐匿性阴茎,并在最大程度上减轻了术后并发症,值得临床广泛应用。     

36例隐匿性阴茎的临床分析报道

目的探讨隐匿性阴茎的Devine改良术式及其治疗疗效。方法 2007年1月至2009年6月采用Devine改良术式治疗隐匿性阴茎患儿57例,观察并总结其手术疗效。结果手术时间为30~60min,平均为45min,术中未见明显出血。患儿住院时间为2~7d,平均为5d,阴茎龟头显露满意,且未见切口感染等并发症,切口Ⅰ期愈合后出院。57例患儿均获得10个月~3年随访,患儿阴茎发育良好,外观于正常儿童接近,包皮无狭窄能自然外翻,阴茎头显露良好,晨间勃起正常,勃起长度延长在2.3cm以上,未见疼痛、难消性水肿、勃起障碍等并发症。结论 Devine改良术式在达到手术治疗隐匿性阴茎需求同时减轻了术中损伤,降低了术后水肿、疼痛的并发症发生率,操作简单、外观良好,为一种有效治疗术式。     

改良Devine术治疗小儿完全型隐匿阴茎临床观察

目的探讨改良Devine术在小儿完全型隐匿阴茎中的临床治疗效果。方法 50例小儿完全型隐匿阴茎患儿,随机分为对照组与观察组,每组25例。对照组患儿实施常规的Devine术治疗,观察组患儿实施改良的Devine术治疗,对两组患儿手术时间、手术过程中的组织损伤情况以及术后阴茎长度等进行对比分析。结果两组患儿术后的阴茎长度与术前进行对比,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);但是对照组患儿的术后长度与观察组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患儿的手术时间方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患儿的包皮水肿的发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患儿在手术过程中都没有出现尿道、神经及血管的损伤。结论将改良Devine术应用于小儿完全型隐匿阴茎患儿的治疗中,具有安全性好、创伤小、治疗效果好、操作简单等诸多的优点,并且能够很好的克服传统Devine术中的不足,具有非常好的临床治疗效果,值得在临床应用中推广。     

Sugita术式治疗儿童隐匿阴茎的临床观察

目的 观察Sugita术式治疗隐匿阴茎的近期疗效.方法 对住院的92例中重度隐匿性阴茎患儿实施Sugita术式治疗,观察其近远期手术疗效.结果 术后4~5 d拆除其阴茎包扎敷料同时拔除尿管,住院5~6 d;所有病例随访时间为10个月至2年,平均随访时间为12.4个月;所有患儿排尿正常,12例患儿出现包皮水肿,于术后8~12周完全消肿.所有患儿阴茎显露良好,家长对其手术疗效表示满意.结论 Sugita术式治疗小儿隐匿性阴茎,手术效果良好,并发症较少,术式设计佳,易于掌握.     

改良Brisson术治疗小儿隐匿阴茎的临床观察

目的介绍使用改良Brisson手术治疗隐匿性阴茎20例的方法和效果。方法手术通过用阴茎腹侧倒"V"形切口改良Brisson术来完成,松解阴茎至阴茎悬韧带直至阴茎体完全伸展外露后,修剪包皮系带,背侧中间剪开至适当长度后与内板对合缝合包皮,从阴茎腹侧倒V形切口,在阴茎阴囊角处成型缝合包皮。术后加压包扎3⁵ d拆除绷带后出院。结果手术时间305 d拆除绷带后出院。结果手术时间30⁵0 min,随访650 min,随访6¹2个月,阴茎发育及外观效果满意,1例较肥胖的患儿术后显露效果不佳。3例水肿患儿术后3个月内均基本消退。结论本术式相对简单损伤小,外观良好,手术时间短,术后恢复快,我们认为是治疗隐匿性阴茎比较理想的手术方式之一。     

改良Brisson术对学龄期儿童隐匿性阴茎患者生长发育及生活质量的影响

目的 :探讨改良Brisson术治疗学龄期儿童隐匿性阴茎的临床疗效.方法 :将86例隐匿性阴茎患儿按照随机数表法分为对照组(行Devine术进行矫正治疗)和观察组(行改良Brisson术治疗)各43例.对比两组手术情况、并发症发生率及术后3个月生活质量评分.结果 :观察组术后阴茎伸长长度、外观评分均优于对照组(P<0.05),而术后并发症发生率与对照组相比无显著差异(4.65%vs 6.98%,P>0.05);术后3个月,观察组生活质量评分高于对照组(P<0.05).结论 :对隐匿性阴茎进行改良Brisson术治疗,有利于患儿阴茎恢复正常形态,促进其正常发育,对改善患儿生活质量具有重要意义.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.