老年认知功能缺损者二项必选数字记忆测验结果分析

目的：探讨认知功能缺损程度对二项必选数字记忆测验(简称二项测验)成绩的影响。方法：用简易智力状态量表和韦氏成人智力量表简式调查出38例认知功能缺损者(研究组)和19例无认知功能缺损者(对照组)，同时实施二项数字测验。结果：(1)研究组与对照组二项测验容易条目、困难条目、总分的得分差异均无显著性。(2)智商70-89者困难条目分及总分显著高于智商50-69及34-49者；各组间容易条目分的差异均无显著性。(3)二项测验的假阳性率随着认知功能缺损的加重而有增加趋势。结论：二项测验成绩在一定程度上受认知功能缺损的影响，尤其是严重认知功能减退者，应注意假阳性率的问题。     

老年精神分裂症和Alzheimer氏病患者认知功能的对照研究

目的：探讨老年精神分裂症和Alzheimer氏病在额叶执行功能和记忆方面的神经心理功能障碍及其特征;了解老年精神分裂症和Alzheimer氏病人认知功能与社会生活功能的关系。方法：采用简易智力状态检查（MMSE）、韦氏记忆量表（WMS）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、日常生活能力量表（Alzheimer氏病）,对34例45岁（含45岁）以前起病反复发作或持续到老年的精神分裂症、28例Alzheimer氏病及31例正常对照组进行对照研究。结果：老年精神分裂症和Alzheimer氏病都有记忆障碍和额叶执行功能障碍。老年精神分型症语义记忆受损严重程度与Alzhe-imer氏病无明显差异,而对新信息在延迟期的快速遗忘损害要轻;老年精神分裂症的额叶执行功能障碍对记忆损有选择性,两者密切相关,Alzheimer氏病的记忆损害与额叶执行功能障碍的相关不明显。老年精神分裂症的社会日常生活功能优于Alzheimer氏病,与正常老年人无明显差异。结论：老年精神分裂症认知功能损害不同于Alzhe-imer氏病,有一定的特征性。提示老年精神分裂症和Alzheimer氏病认知功能障碍的差别在于各自神经生物学病理机制的不同。     

Alzheimer病与Parkinson病患者记忆损害的比较研究

目的：测查Alzheimer病、Parkinson病患者的记忆功能，了解这两种疾病病人记忆损伤的特征。方法：采用多维记忆评估量表中的12个分测验对30例原发性Parkinson病患者、30例临床诊断可能的Alzhdmer病患者及年龄、性别和教育程度与2个病人组相匹配的2个正常对照组进行外显记忆、内隐记忆及日常生活记忆等记忆功能的评定。结果：AD组在所有的分测验和记忆因子上均差于对照组；PD组在图画再认、数字广度、汉词回忆、图形再生、经历定向等分测验和记忆广度、再认记忆、自由回忆、日常记忆、外显记忆等记忆因子上均显著低于对照组：经以教育年限为协变量校正后发现。除自由组词、残图命名、数字广度、空间广度、汉词回忆、常识记忆、记忆广度、内隐记忆外，AD组在其余各分测验和记忆因子上均存显著差于PD病人组。结论：AD病人存在着广泛的记忆功能障碍：PD病人存在着工作记忆和策略记忆的障碍：两者的记忆功能障碍存在着明显的不同。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的认知缺陷

目的:探讨稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病tients with COPD(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者的认知功能,明确其认知功能的变化及认知功能损害的相关因素。方法:选择稳定期COPD患者37例进行血气参数及肺功能测定,选择同期北京市城区健康居民40例为对照组,两组年龄、性别及受教育程度无显著性差异(P>0.05),均采用扩充痴呆量表(Expansive Scale of Dementia,ESD)进行认知功能评价。根据动脉血氧分压值(PaO2)及FEV1占预测值百分比将患者分组。结果:COPD组ESD总分及学习、记忆、计算、结构等四项分测验评分均明显低于对照组(总平均分相差16分,208.1±17.6/224.3±10.6,t=5.19,P<0.001,四项分测验均值相差3-5分,差异均有统计学意义)。PaO2<60mmHgCOPD组ESD总分及学习、记忆力和计算力等三项分测验评分明显低于PaO2≥60mmHgCOPD组(总平均分相差12分,199.4±12.1/211.8±18.4,t=2.05,P=0.048,其他分测验也相差2-5分,其中学习项相差最多22.9±6.8/18.0±2.3,t=2.35,P=0.025)。FEV1占预测值百分比<50%COPD组与FEV1占预测值百分比≥50%COPD组ESD总分分别为205.7±18.1及211.5±16.7,两组评分差异无统计学意义。回归分析显示,PaO2及受教育程度与影响COPD患者ESD评分,两者的标化回归系数分别为0.425和0.245(均P<0.01)。结论:稳定期COPD患者ESD评分明显低于正常对照组,主要表现在学习、记忆、计算、结构等方面。ESD评分主要影响因素为受教育程度及PaO。     

早期Alzheimer病患者语义记忆研究

目的：评估早期Alzheimer病患者语义记忆损害。方法：自编语义记忆测试工具，对22例Alzheimer病患者语义记忆损害评估作了纵向的研究．其中男10例，女12例。同时进行简明精神状况量表评定。结果：AD患者的2次MMSE评分明显差于正常对照组（P〈O．001）。在两个词的并列关系中，AD患者语义性启动操作起初并不同步。在并列条件测试中．先出现高启动效应．然后下降。在特征条件测试中，始终呈低启动效应。结论：AD病患者有着显著的动态语义记忆退化。     

精神分裂症患者一级亲属的事件相关电位及与神经认知功能的相关性

目的:探索精神分裂症患者无症状一级亲属的早期认知功能改变的内源性标记物，及与认知功能特定的维度受损相关性。方法:选取符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第5版(DSM-5)精神分裂症诊断标准的患者22例，其无症状一级亲属24例，正常对照27例。采用听觉oddball范式进行事件相关电位N200、P300测试，采用精神分裂症认知功能成套测验(MCCB)进行神经认知功能测评。结果:精神分裂症组的N200、P300潜伏期较一级亲属组和正常对照组均延长，P300振幅降低；一级亲属组的P300潜伏期较正常对照组延长(均P<0.05)。精神分裂症患者组在6项神经认知功能测验中的评分明显低于一级亲属组和正常对照组(均P<0.05);而一级亲属组各项认知功能评分与正常对照组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。精神分裂症组和一级亲属组的N200潜伏期与符号编码评分均呈负相关(r=-0.15、-0.49,均P<0.05),P300潜伏期与词语学习均呈负相关(r=-0.12、-0.49,均P<0.05)。结论：ERPs可为精神分裂症无症状一级亲属的早期认知功能改变的识别提供客观依据。     

认知技巧心理康复治疗对颅脑创伤患者心理推理能力和社会功能缺陷的影响

目的:探讨认知技巧心理康复治疗对颅脑创伤患者心理推理能力和社会功能缺陷等的影响。方法:以2015年10月-2017年2月我院收治的90例颅脑创伤(外伤后6个月以上的稳定期颅脑创伤)患者为对象,盲法随机分为对照组和观察组各45例,对照组实施常规康复治疗,观察组在对照组基础上另实施认知技巧心理康复治疗,比较治疗前后两组意外创伤病人早期心理他评量表评分,采用眼区情绪识别测验、心理推理能力故事图片任务(TOM-PST)和社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)评分分别评估治疗前后两组心理推理能力和社会功能缺陷,比较治疗前后两组认知功能[威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)]。结果:与治疗前相较,两组治疗后焦虑、抑郁、退缩评分、SDSS评分明显降低,眼区情绪识别测验总分、TOM-PST评分、WSCT测试中概念化水平百分数明显升高,WSCT测试中的总时间及错误思考时间明显缩短(t_(观察组)=-20.725、-14.523、-14.703、73.360、58.612、12.942、-20.623、-28.294,t_(对照组)=-11.887、-6.378、-6.305、41.116、33.729、6.533、-11.136、-14.449,F_(观察组)=23.567,F_(对照组)=14.058;P0.01),且治疗后观察组的各项指标变化较对照组明显(t=-10.118,-6.388,-7.420,29.206,16.668,8.210,12.501,16.567,5.562,-6.054,-10.495;P0.01)。结论:认知技巧心理康复治疗对颅脑创伤患者的临床积极作用明显,不仅可有效缓解患者不良情绪,且明显改善其心理推理能力、社会功能缺陷及认知功能。     

老年糖尿病患者某些认知功能的临床探讨（二）

本文对 81例 型老年糖尿病患者及其 3 0名健康老年人进行了认知功能的评定。在 81例糖尿病患者中 ,18例接受胰岛素注射治疗、3 5例口服药物治疗及 2 8例饮食控制治疗。结果 :胰岛素注射治疗组的患者在数字广度、数学符号及 Stroop测验的成绩明显低于正常对照组 ,口服药物组在 Stroop测验的成绩也明显低于正常对照 ,而饮食控制组具有良好的认知功能。研究提示 :胰岛素注射和口服药物治疗的患者存在有一定的认知功能障碍。     

老年人社会参与和认知功能的关系：感知压力的中介作用

目的:分析老年人社会参与的活动类型和认知功能的关系,并探讨感知压力在社会参与和相关认知功能领域的中介作用。方法:于2019年4—6月对福州市某医院健康体检的老年人进行认知功能评估,采用社会活动参与量表、感知压力量表、蒙特利尔认知功能评估量表、Boston命名测验、Rey听觉词语学习测验、Stroop色词测验量表分别调查老年人的社会参与、感知压力、整体认知功能和特定认知领域。结果:纳入研究的110例受试者中,平时有参加团体活动、体育锻炼和智力活动的老年人MoCA评分高于未参加这些活动的人群;感知压力在老年人社会参与和认知功能之间存在中介效应,Bootstrap检验显示间接效应β=0.153(P0.001,95%CI=0.079～0.247),中介效应的效应量为38.3%;并且社会参与可以通过感知压力对Boston命名测试、RAVLT即时回忆和延迟回忆存在正相关。结论:老年人通过参与社会的团体活动、体育锻炼和智力活动对认知功能具有益处,感知压力可以中介社会参与和整体认知功能、语言功能、记忆力的关系。     

精神分裂症患者认知功能与精神症状相关性研究

目的探讨精神分裂症患者认知功能与精神症状的相关性。方法对67例精神分裂症患者,采用中文版精神分裂症认知功能成套测验共识版（M CCB）作为评价工具进行认知功能测评,采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PAN SS）评定患者精神症状,同时调查患者临床特征,采用Pearson相关分析探讨两者之间相关性。结果患者的PAN SS量表总评分与符号编码、持续操作、迷宫、情绪管理及总测验成绩呈显著负相关（P〈0.01）,复合量表分（分值为负）与数字序列、迷宫、情绪管理及总测验成绩呈正相关,阳性症状与M CCB量表10个认知分测验成绩和总成绩均无相关性,阴性症状与符号编码、持续操作、言语记忆、迷宫、情绪管理及总测验成绩呈显著负相关（P〈0.01）。发病年龄与空间广度呈显著正相关（r=0.25,P〈0.05）。结论精神分裂症患者认知功能与阴性症状显著相关,阴性症状越重认知损害越明显;工作记忆与发病年龄相关,发病年龄越早,损害越明显。     

老年抑郁症的心理社会因素研究

目的:探讨老年抑郁症的心理社会因素.方法:按CCMD-3心境障碍抑郁发作诊断标准,收集33例60岁以上首次发作的患者(抑郁组),32名健康老年人(对照组).采用生活事件量表、艾森克问卷、简易智力状态检查表和社会支持评定量表等,进行测评分析.结果:抑郁组与对照组精神疾病家族史(分别为5例/0例,χ2=5.253,P=0.022)、现患躯体疾病(16例/6例,χ2=6.415,P=0.011)、血管危险因素(10例/3例,χ2=4.447,P=0.035)和长期困境(19例/3例,χ2=14.437,P=0.000)的差异有显著性,而抑郁组MMSE总分26.2±2.3低于对照组27.3±0.8(t=2.552,P=0.015).抑郁组负性生活事件分值17.9±15.0低于对照组10.7±7.8(t=2.42,P=0.019);抑郁组社交问题分值3.5±6.9高于对照组1.2±3.8(u=1.982,P=0.047).抑郁组社会支持总分39.5±6.8低于对照组42.9±4.2(t =2.434,P=0.018);抑郁组对支持的利用度5.9±2.7低于对照组8.4±1.6(u=3.844,P=0.000).抑郁组神经质分60.0±8.8高于对照组51.7±4.9(t=4.737,P=0.000);抑郁组与对照组的神经质个性(24例/3例,χ2=26.851,P=0.000)的差异有显著性.结论:慢性应激、高度神经质和认知功能损害严重是老年抑郁症的重要危险因素.     

老年痴呆患者认知功能障碍的分析

目的：采用MMSE评价AD患者认知功能障的特点。方法：采用MMSE量表对62例AD患者及159例正常老年人进行测评。应用t检验，多元回归分析对MMSE总分，各项得及其影响因素进行分析。结果：痴呆组MMSE总分及各项得分队体命外均显著低于正常对照组（P＜0．05）。轻度痴呆组在时间地点定向，语言即刻记忆，注意和计算，短程记忆、阅读理解，言语表达及图形描述得分析上高于中度痴呆组，差异有统计学显著性（P＜0．05）。受教育程度与MMSE总分，注意和计算，阅读理解及图形描述得分关系密切（P＜0．05），结论：老年性痴呆患者存在普遍的认知损害。受教育程度是影响痴呆患者智能的重要因素。     

连线测验(中文修订版)在早期识别阿尔茨海默病中的作用

目的：中文修订版的连线测验（TMT）在识别轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）和轻度阿尔茨海默病（AD）中的作用。方法：对正常老人94名．遗忘型MCI组107例和轻度AD组54例进行MMSE、TMT在内的8种神经心理测验。结果：正常老人与MCI组TMT完成率均高于轻度AD组。年龄与教育程度对TMT—B的影响比TMT—A更大。TMT-A、B与MMSE、CFT模仿、CWCR、CFT回忆、AVLT延迟回忆均有显著相关性。完成TMT—A、B测验．NC组、MCI组与轻度AD组两两比较均有显著差异，TMT可以清楚的区分三组。结论：TMT对MCI病人有一定的辅助识别作用，对轻度AD病人有较强的辅助识别作用．     

Symptoms of sleep disturbance in persons with Alzheimer's disease and normal elderly

We retrospectively analyzed sleep time and sleep disturbance symptoms in 399 healthy, non-demented elderly (NDE) and 263 persons with a diagnosis of possible (n = 53) or probable (n = 210) Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our primary objective was to determine differences in subjective sleep disturbance between these samples. Secondary objectives were to determine if subjects with time in bed (TIB) < or =6 h per night reported more sleep disturbance and whether sleep complaints were associated with more severe cognitive and/or functional impairment. The prevalence of 'sleep problems' (a single item) was significantly lower in NDE (18.3%) than AD (27.6%), and the proportions of each cohort reporting TIB < or =6 h per night were very low (NDE: 6.0%; AD: 3.5%) and not significantly different. Less TIB was correlated with better cognitive function for AD (P < 0.01), and cognition and function were significantly worse for AD subjects with estimates of >6 h of TIB compared with those with estimates of < or =6 h (P < 0.05). Greater sleep disturbance was correlated with greater functional impairment in both cohorts; but only in AD did greater estimated TIB also correlate with greater functional impairment (all P < 0.05). In general, estimated TIB was not associated with mood in either cohort; however, in both cohorts depression was significantly associated with sleep disturbance symptoms and was significantly worse in those who reported having 'sleep problems'. There was no association between subjective perception of 'sleep problems', the number and frequency of sleep disturbance symptoms, and estimated TIB in either group.     

Differences of peripheral inflammatory markers between mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

Multiple pathogenic factors may contribute to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Peripheral markers have been used to assess biochemical alterations associated with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) involved in its pathophysiology. The present study was conducted to evaluate inflammatory peripheral markers in elderly patients with MCI, patients with AD and normal elderly subjects. We measured plasma levels of different cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-alpha) and platelet levels of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) from 34 patients with MCI, 45 patients with AD and 28 age-matched control subjects. MCI and AD patients showed similarities in TNF-alpha and COX-2 levels, and differences in IL-6 and INF-alpha. Whereas augmented IL-6 levels have been found in AD patients, a significant increase in INF-alpha has been detected only in patients with MCI possibly associated with the depression stage frequently found in cognitive impairment. In conclusion, inflammatory response may be an early factor in AD development and these changes in circulating markers are possibly related to the progression of MCI to AD.     

Altered ionized magnesium levels in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease

Magnesium deficiency is present in several chronic, age-related diseases, including cardiovascular, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The aim of the present study was to study magnesium homeostasis in patients with mild to moderate AD. One hundred and one elderly (≥65 years) patients were consecutively recruited (mean age: 73.4±0.8 years; M/F: 42/59). In all patients, a comprehensive geriatric assessment was performed including cognitive and functional status. Admission criteria for the AD group (diagnosed according to the DSM-IV and the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria) included: mild to moderate cognitive impairment (MMSE score: 11-24/30, corrected for age and education). Blood samples were analyzed for serum total magnesium (Mg-tot) and serum ionized magnesium (Mg-ion). AD patients had significantly lower MMSE scores (20.5±0.7 vs 27.9±0.2; p<0.001), and for the physical function tests. Mg-ion was significantly lower in the AD group as compared to age-matched control adults without AD (0.50±0.01 mmol/L vs 0.53±0.01 mmol/L; p<0.01). No significant differences were found in Mg-tot between the two groups (1.91±0.03 mEq/L vs 1.95±0.03 mEq/L; p=NS). For all subjects, Mg-ion levels were significantly and directly related only to cognitive function (Mg-ion/MMSE r=0.24 p<0.05), while no significant correlations were found in this group of patients between magnesium and ADL or IADL. Our results show the presence of subclinical alterations in Mg-ion in patients with mild to moderate AD.     

影响老年糖尿病患者发生认知障碍的危险因素分析

目的 探讨影响老年糖尿病患者发生认知障碍的危险因素。方法 选取2015年10月~2017年10月解放军第三二二医院内分泌科收治的115例老年糖尿病患者为研究对象。根据简明精神状态量表评估结果,将患者分为认知正常组72例与认知功能障碍组43例,收集患者的体格检查资料、量表评分结果、实验室检查指标,统计分析可能影响认知功能障碍发生的危险因素。结果 ①与认知正常组相比,认知功能障碍组患者的冠心病发生率、SBP、DBP较高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。②两组患者FPG、FINS、C-P、2hPG、2hINS、2hC-P、HOMA-IR、HbAI、TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C、ALB、前白蛋白等,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。③认知功能障碍组患者的ADL评分、GDS评分高于认知正常组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。但两组患者的多病共存、多重用药、视力下降、便秘、听力下降的发生率、ICI-Q-SF评分、MNA-SF评分,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。④正常组仅有6例患者未出现并发症,分别有16例、20例、18例、10例、2例患者合并存在1种、2种、3种、4种、5种并发症。认知功能障碍组有7例患者未合并并发症,分别有9例、14例、8例、3例、2例患者合并存在1种、2种、3种、4种、5种并发症。两组患者的慢性并发症数量,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。⑤多因素Logistic分析结果发现,仅有舒张压、ADL评分、GDS评分是影响患者认知功能障碍发生的独立性危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论 舒张压偏高、日常生活功能低下、存在抑郁倾向是影响老年糖尿病患者发生认知功能障碍的主要危险因素。     

Gender differences in the cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease

Summary Introduction: There is evidence for gender differences in cognitive functioning. Men and women with Alzheimer's disease (AD) might also differ in the pattern of cognitive deficits. We hypothesised that gender differences in the cognitive deficits of Alzheimer's disease may be related to pre-existing gender differences in cognitive functioning. Method: The performances of 84 subjects with AD and 438 non-demented elderly, using the structured interview for the diagnosis of dementia of the Alzheimer type, multi-infarct dementia and dementias of other aetiology according to ICD-10 and DSM-III-R (SIDAM), were investigated. Subscores for different cognitive functions were compared between men and women. Confounding variables, i.e. age, degree of cognitive impairment, level of education, presence of lifetime diagnosis of major depression and of recent depressive symptoms, were accounted for by multiple regression analyses. Results: Non-demented elderly women had inferior visuoconstructive skills than men. In agreement, women with Alzheimer's disease also had inferior visuoconstructive skills, but in addition they tended to perform worse in items for intellectual abilities than men. Conclusion: Women seem to have minor weaknesses in spatial thinking compared to men. This may explain the inferior test results of non-demented and demented women in visuoconstructive tasks. However, our data also give some evidence for additional domain specific gender differences of cognitive impairment of AD that could not be observed in non-demented elderly, i.e. inferior test results in items for intellectual abilities in demented women compared with demented men. Gender differences in the neurodegenerative process of AD may add to gender differences in domain specific cognitive impairment. Further research on this topic is needed.     

Associations between sleep duration and cognitive impairment in mild cognitive impairment

The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) increases among elderly people and is associated with a high risk of dementia. Identifying factors that may contribute to the progress of MCI to dementia is critical. The objective of this study was to examine the association of objective sleep with cognitive performance in MCI patients. A subsample of 271 participants with a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease (AD; N = 50) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI; N = 121) and 100 persons who were not cognitively impaired (NI) were recruited from a large population‐based cohort in the island of Crete, Greece (3140 older adults aged >60 years). All participants underwent extensive neuropsychiatric/neuropsychological evaluation and a 3‐day 24‐hr actigraphy. Objective sleep variables and their association with neuropsychological performance were examined across the three groups, controlling for demographics, body mass index, depression, sleep apnea symptoms and psychotropic medications. Patients with AD had significantly longer 24‐hr total sleep time (TST) compared to the MCI and NI groups. Long 24‐hr TST was associated with reduced performance on tasks that placed significant demands on attention and processing speed in the MCI group and the AD group. Elderly patients with MCI have similar objective sleep duration to normal controls, whereas AD patients sleep longer. Long sleep duration in patients with multidomain subtypes of MCI is associated with critical non‐memory cognitive domains. It appears that within the MCI group those that sleep longer have more severe cognitive impairment.     

伴迟发性运动障碍的慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能研究

目的:了解伴迟发性运动障碍(TD)的慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的损害情况。方法:以82例伴TD的(TD组)、70例不伴TD的慢性精神分裂症患者(非TD组)为研究对象,两组一般情况相匹配,选用韦氏记忆测验(WMS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及连线测验(TMT)进行认知功能评定。结果:①两组在WMS方面比较无统计学差异。②两组在WCST方面比较,TD组错误应答数、选择错误率、错误思考时间、持续应答数及概念化水平百分数成绩均显著差于非TD组。③两组在TMT方面比较,TD组PartB耗时数显著长于非TD组,而两组PartA耗时数无显著差异。结论:伴TD的慢性精神分裂症病人存在明显的认知功能损害,且可能涉及额叶皮层。