泌尿生殖道支原体检测结果及药敏分析

目的了解本地区泌尿生殖道支原体感染情况并分析其对13种抗生素的耐药性,为临床治疗及病原学调查提供实验室依据。方法采用法国生物梅里埃的IST2支原体试剂盒和珠海丽珠试剂厂生产的ICS试剂盒进行检测和药敏试验。结果556例标本中,泌尿生殖道支原体感染338例,阳性率为60．8％。其中解脲支原体（UU）阳性率为87．6％,人型支原体（MH）阳性率为2．4％,UU＋MH混合感染阳性率为10．0％。结论泌尿生殖道支原体感染以解脲支原体（UU）为主,对原始霉素、美满霉素、强力霉素和四环素敏感,对环丙沙星和罗红霉素耐药性高,UU＋MH混合感染的耐药性较严重。因此,加强支原体的药物敏感度检测、了解支原体的流行状况和耐药趋势,对临床选择用药有重要的意义。     

梅州地区不孕不育患者支原体检测分析

目的：分析女性不孕患者白带支原体和男性不育患者精液支原体的感染及耐药性,及支原体培养的假阳性情况。方法对310例女性不孕患者白带和122例男性不育患者精液进行支原体培养与药敏试验,对白带和精液直接涂片革兰染色后进行真菌镜检,并对解脲支原体阳性标本进行核酸检测。结果432例检测标本检出支原体225例,感染率52．08％;白带标本支原体感染率为66．13％,其中解脲支原体（UU）感染162例（52．26％）,人型支原体（MH）感染12例（3．87％）,合并感染31例（10．00％）;精液标本支原体感染率为16．39％,其中解脲支原体感染14例（13．93％）、人型支原体感染2例（1．64％）、合并感染4例（3．28％）,女性患者支原体感染率与男性患者相比,二者感染率差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;单纯 UU 感染对抗菌药物敏感率较高的是交沙霉素、阿齐霉素、克拉霉素、美满霉素和强力霉素;单纯 MH 感染对交沙霉素、强力霉素全部敏感;Uu＋Mh 合并感染对强力霉素、美满霉素较为敏感;女性支原体感染阳性者的白带合并阴道念珠菌感染占16．58％,男性中未见合并感染;211例 UU 阳性标本进行解脲支原体核酸检测,阳性率为92．89％。结论支原体感染以 UU 感染为主,UU 与 MH 的耐药性不同,生殖道支原体感染的治疗可首选美满霉素或强力霉素,念珠菌感染有可能导致支原体培养的假阳性。     

妇女泌尿生殖道支原体检测和药敏分析

目的探讨妇女泌尿生殖道支原体检测和药敏分析。方法2008年1月至2009年1月本院妇科门诊或住院160例患者进行支原体检测和药敏。结果160例患者标本支原体阳性84标本例,阳性检出率52．50％。解脲脲原体（UU）阳性标本37例（44．04％）,人型支原体（MH）阳性标本4例（4．76％）,UU＋MH混合阳性标本47例（51．20％）。结论尿道炎、宫颈炎、盆腔炎患者,支原体阳性检出率高达52．50％。说明支原体感染在女性生殖道感染患者所占份额较大。药物敏感试验观察支原体对强力霉素、交沙霉素、美满霉素、阿奇霉素较为敏感,对其他抗生素耐药逐渐增高,指导临床上对支原体感染引起的女性生殖道感染合理用药,减少耐药性的发生。     

600例泌尿生殖道感染患者支原体培养及药物敏感状况分析

目的了解门诊泌尿生殖道炎症患者支原体感染情况及对抗生素的耐药率。方法对300例女性及300例男性首诊患者进行支原体培养及药物敏感试验,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果女性单纯解脲脲原体(UU)阳性153例,占51%;单纯人型支原体(MH)阳性6例,占2%;UU合并MH60例,占20%;男性单纯解脲脲原体(UU)阳性48例,占16%;单纯人型支原体(MH)阳性12例,占4%;UU合并MH12例,占4%;女性感染率显著高于男性(P<0.05)。UU、MH及UU合并MH对强力霉素、美满霉素和交沙霉素较为敏感。结论UU在泌尿生殖道感染患者中感染率较高,单纯UU、MH及UU合并MH的耐药率存在一定差异,治疗支原体感染应根据药敏试验结果针对单纯性感染和混合感染选用敏感性较高的大环内酯类和四环素类抗生素。     

517例泌尿生殖道支原体感染者病原学特点分析

目的探讨泌尿生殖道支原体感染情况及10种抗菌药物的敏感性现状分析。方法采用支原体培养、鉴定、药敏一体试剂盒。结果517例泌尿生殖道支原体阳性,其中解脲支原体（UU）406例阳性率78．53％,人型支原体（MH）32例阳性率6．19％,（UU＋MH）混合感染79例阳性率15．28％。其中UU对10种抗茵药物敏感性最高的是美满霉素、交沙霉素、强力霉素（均在85％以上）,耐药性最高的是罗红霉素、阿齐霉素、大观霉素。人型支原体对10种抗茵药物敏感性最高的是美满霉素、交沙霉素、强力霉素（均在90％以上）,耐药性最高的是罗红霉素、阿奇霉素、林克霉素。结论目前治疗泌尿生殖道支原体感染者应首选美满霉素、交沙霉素、强力霉素。     

非淋菌性尿道炎患者支原体感染培养及药敏结果分析

目的了解引起非淋菌性尿道炎患者解脲支原体（UU）和人型支原体（MH）的感染情况及抗生素的耐药率。方法应用支原体鉴别培养及药敏试验试剂盒,对904例非淋菌性尿道炎患者的生殖道标本进行检测,其中男317例,女587例。结果904例非淋菌性尿道炎患者中检出支原体600例（66.4%）,其中UU358例（39.6%）,MH100例（11.1%）,UU和MH混合感染142例（15.7%）;男性中,UU感染率35.0%,MH感染率13.6%,UU和MH混合感染率15.1%,总感染率为63.7%;女性中,UU感染率42.1%,MH感染率9.7%,UU和MH混合感染率16.0%,总感染率为67.8%。药敏试验结果显示,支原体型别不同、患者性别不同对12种抗生素的耐药谱均不相同。结论非淋菌性尿道炎患者中支原体感染率女性比男性高,男女患者均以UU感染为主,UU和MH混合感染次之,同时,UU和MH的感染率以及耐药率在患者性别之间均存在一定差异,要治疗支原体感染应以交沙霉素和左氧氟沙星为最好,其次是阿奇霉素、克拉霉素和美满霉素。     

广东省茂明市水东地区STD门诊869例性病患者支原体检测和药敏分析

目的：了解近年本地区STD门诊患者支原体感染及耐药情况，为临床选择治疗提供参考依据。方法：对869例STD门诊性病患者进行了支原体培养。并对阳性标本进行12种抗生素药敏试验。采用支原体培养、鉴定、药敏一体化试剂盒进行检测。结果：支原体阳性感染率为37．4％（325/869）。解脲支原体（UU）、人型支原体（MH）及UU＋MH混合感染的阳性率分别为39．00％（265/869）、1．13％（7/869）、6．10％（53/869）。UU对12种抗生素敏感性最高的是交沙霉素91．3％，其次是强力霉素、美满霉素（均为86．0％）、耐药性最高的为红霉素87．2％，其次是甲砜霉素71．3％、络美沙星68．7％。MH对12种抗生素敏感性最高的是交沙霉素、强力霉素、美满霉素；耐药性最高的为红霉素100％，其次是氧氟沙星、洛美沙星。结论：交沙霉素、强力霉素、美满霉素应作为本地区目前治疗泌尿生殖道支原体感染的首选抗菌素。     

1270例泌尿生殖道感染患者支原体检测和耐药性分析

目的了解泌尿生殖道支原体感染状况及耐药性变化趋势。方法利用支原体试剂盒,对1 270例泌尿生殖道感染患者的尿道（宫颈）分泌物进行解脲支原体（UU）和人型支原体（MH）培养鉴定及药敏检测。结果支原体感染阳性581例,阳性率45.7%,其中UU单独感染357例,MH单独感染30例,UU和MH混合感染194例;男性591例,占46.5%,女性679例,占53.5%。药敏结果显示,美满霉素、强力霉素对2种支原体均保持稳定的高敏感性。结论美满霉素、强力霉素应作为目前治疗泌尿生殖道UU和MH感染的首选药物,临床诊治前应尽可能进行支原体培养及药敏试验,以合理、规范用药。     

2217例生殖道患者支原体感染状况及药敏分析

目的对生殖道门诊患者支原体感染的状况及耐药情况进行分析,以及了解其特点。方法对我院男科和妇科门诊2217例患者采样进行支原体培养和药敏试验,并对结果用x2检验进行统计学处理。结果支原体的检出率为单独解脲支原体（UU）42．2％;单独人型支原体（MH）3．6％;MH＋UU19．7％,总阳性率为65．5％。uu和MH两者P〈0．01有统计学意义。男性42．3％,女性72．7％,两者P〈0．01有统计学意义。强力霉素、美满霉素、交沙霉素对支原体的敏感率〉90％;其它大多数药物对uu的敏感性普遍高于MH;MH对罗红霉素的敏感性最低,uu对甲砜霉素敏感性最低。结论生殖道患者中支原体感染率较高;且女性〉男性;UU〉MH。仅3种药物对两种支原体敏感率都较高,对uu敏感率普遍高于MH,男性不育症患者感染状况与男性生殖道炎症患者相似。     

泌尿生殖道支原体培养结果及药敏分析

目的了解本地区支原体引起的泌尿生殖道感染的状况以及对药物的敏感性。方法采用法国生物梅里埃IST支原体培养鉴定以及药敏试验试验试剂盒,对581例泌尿生殖道感染患者进行支原体培养鉴定以及药物敏感试验。结果支原体阳性且半定量计数大于或等于10^4 CFU的有72例（12．4％）,其中解脲支原体（UU）阳性51例（8．7％）,人型支原体（Mh）阳性9例（1．6％）,UU合并Mh阳性12（2．1％）;20-40岁年龄段发病达41．3％;女性患者UU感染率为20．7％（48／231）,男性患者UU感染率为12．9％（15／116）,两者差异有统计学意义。支原体对交沙霉素最敏感,敏感率为100％;四环素敏感性最差,其敏感率为10％。结论支原体为非淋病菌性尿道炎主要病原体,对多种抗生素产生耐药性;临床的治疗应尽可能进行支原体培养及药敏试验。     

Patterns of Reproductive Isolation in Toads

Understanding the general features of speciation is an important goal in evolutionary biology, and despite significant progress, several unresolved questions remain. We analyzed an extensive comparative dataset consisting of more than 1900 crosses between 92 species of toads to infer patterns of reproductive isolation. This unique dataset provides an opportunity to examine the strength of reproductive isolation, the development and sex ratios of hybrid offspring, patterns of fertility and infertility, and polyploidization in hybrids all in the context of genetic divergence between parental species. We found that the strength of intrinsic postzygotic isolation increases with genetic divergence, but relatively high levels of divergence are necessary before reproductive isolation is complete in toads. Fertilization rates were not correlated to genetic divergence, but hatching success, the number of larvae produced, and the percentage of tadpoles reaching metamorphosis were all inversely related with genetic divergence. Hybrids between species with lower levels of divergence developed to metamorphosis, while hybrids with higher levels of divergence stopped developing in gastrula and larval stages. Sex ratios of hybrid offspring were biased towards males in 70% of crosses and biased towards females in 30% of crosses. Hybrid females from crosses between closely related species were completely fertile, while approximately half (53%) of hybrid males were sterile, with sterility predicted by genetic divergence. The degree of abnormal ploidy in hybrids was positively related to genetic divergence between parental species, but surprisingly, polyploidization had no effect on patterns of asymmetrical inviability. We discuss explanations for these patterns, including the role of Haldane's rule in toads and anurans in general, and suggest mechanisms generating patterns of reproductive isolation in anurans.     

Reproductive hazards in the workplace

To ensure comprehensive health care delivery to individuals in their childbearing years, nurses must consider the impact of workplace hazards on human reproduction. A number of variables, including the changing role of women in society, economic issues, and unexplained adverse reproductive outcomes are indications for routine assessment of reproductive health hazards in the workplace.     

Reproductive Decision-Making in the Age of AIDS

The forecast for the HIV epidemic in the United States includes increasing numbers of infected women and children, the latter of whom will be born to infected mothers. As the epidemic progresses, nurses will be more frequently called on to assist women in making difficult reproductive decisions. Using four levels of analysis, this discussion explores current knowledge about reproduction in HIV-infected women and suggests interventions and nursing actions.
Beth is a 32-year-old mother with a history of drug use. She was tested for the HIV when she was 8 months pregnant at the urging of her sister. She was surprised when the test was positive and unprepared for the events that followed: abandonment by her obstetrician, delivery at a strange hospital, and isolation on the post-partum unit. Her 5-year-old son is not infected .
Carmen, now 17 years old, was infected with HIV through sexual activity at age 14. When she became pregnant at 16, her doctor told her not to have the baby. Despite religious convictions and personal desires, she had an abortion. She says, "That may have been my only chance to have a baby and now it's gone."     

Reproductive functions in eating disorders.

This article reviews current knowledge about the effects of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and partial syndromes on ovulation, menstruation, sexuality, fertility, pregnancy and fetal-infant health. Eating disorders may result in failure to ovulate, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, reduced sex drive, infertility, hyperemesis gravidarum, low maternal weight gain in pregnancy, small babies for gestational date, low birth weight infants, increased neonatal morbidity and problems in infant feeding. The available information suggests that clinicians should inquire about nutritional intake, a history of eating disorders and weight reducing behaviours as part of the routine assessment of patients with the disorders of reproductive function listed above. If an eating disorder is discovered before conception, the woman should be encouraged to delay pregnancy until the eating disorder is treated and effectively under control. If the woman is pregnant, early diagnosis and treatment are essential to reduce maternal and fetal complications. The infants of eating-disordered women should be carefully followed to ensure adequate nutritional intake. Problems in reproductive function related to eating disorders offer rich opportunities for multispecialty collaboration in primary and secondary prevention programmes directed toward both mother and infant.     

Reproductive disturbances in patients with epilepsy

In persons with epilepsy, both seizures and antiepileptic drugs can disturb reproductive health. For example, seizures can alter the release of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, while some antiepileptic drugs alter concentrations of sex steroid hormones. Women with epilepsy are at increased risk for polycystic ovary syndrome and disorders of the menstrual cycle. Studies have found reduced fertility rates among men and women with epilepsy. The reasons for this reduction in fertility are likely to be both psychosocial and physiologic, and again, both epilepsy itself and antiepileptic drugs are implicated. Sexual dysfunction is common among patients with epilepsy and can have a somatic, psychological, or social basis. To provide the best care for patients with epilepsy, particularly women of reproductive age, clinicians must consider both the gender-based biology of epilepsy and the effects of antiepileptic drugs on reproductive health.